The aim of this study was to install and assess the efficiency of a constructed wetland for wastewater treatment from bullfrog farming ( Lithobates catesbeianus ) at fattening growth phase. Water detention time was not controlled since wastewater input flow varied according to the biomass of animals maintained in stalls. The study was divided into two phases, with higher and lower bullfrog biomass respectively for phase I and II. A higher removal of nitrite, biochemical oxygen demand, and thermotolerant coliforms was observed at phase I whereas a higher removal of turbidity, nitrate, total phosphorus, total suspended solids, total dissolved solids, and chlorophyll a occurred at phase II. Wastewater treatments using constructed wetland systems with high organic load require a higher water detention time for a better load removal. The treatment effect was positive since this wastewater flowed directly into fishponds or streams, which might promote eutrophication. Thus, wastewater treatment is essential to minimize the impact caused by frog farming on receiving water bodies, promoting the sustainability of this activity in Brazil.
Pires, C.V., Oliveira, M.G.D.A., Rosa, J.C. and Costa, N.M.B. (2006) Qualidade nutricional e escore químico de aminoácidos de diferentesfontesproteicas. Ciência e Tecnologia dos Alimentos, 26, 179-187. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0101-20612006000100029
Spear, P.A., Boily, M., Giroux, I., Deblois, C., Leclair, M.H., Levasseure, M. and Leclair, R. (2009) Study Design, Water Quality, Morphometrics and Age of the Bullfrog, Rana catesbeiana, in Sub-Watersheds of the Yamaska River Drainage Basin, Québec, Canada. Aquatic Toxicology, 91, 110-117.
Cribb, A.Y., Carvalho, L.T. and Mendonça, R.C.S. (2009) O consumo de carne de rã: Caracterização, tendências e perspectivas. Documents 75, Embrapa Agroindústria de Alimentos, Rio de Janeiro.
Ferreira, C.M., Pimenta, A.G.C. and Paiva-Neto, J.S. (2001) Introdução à ranicultura. Boletim Técnico do Instituto de Pesca, 33, 2-16.
Borges, F.F., Amaral, L.A. and Stéfani, M.V. (2012) Characterization of Effluents from Bullfrog (Lithobates catesbeianus, Shaw, 1802) Grow-Out Ponds. Acta Limnologica Brasiliensia, 24, 160-166. https://doi.org/10.1590/s2179-975x2012005000035
Henry-Silva, G.G. and Camargo, A.F.M. (2006) Efficiency of Aquatic Macrophytes to Treat Nile Tilapia Pond Effluents. Scientia Agricola, 63, 433-438. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0103-90162006000500003
Sipaúba-Tavares, L.H and Braga, F.M.S. (2008) Constructed Wetland in Wastewater Treatment. Acta Scientiarum. Biological Sciences, 30, 261-265.
Travaini-Lima, F. and Sipaúba-Tavares, L.H. (2012) Efficiency of a Constructed Wetland for Wastewaters Treatment. Acta Limnologica Brasiliensia, 24, 255-265. https://doi.org/10.1590/s2179-975x2012005000043
Millan, R.N., Sipaúba-Tavares, L.H. and Travaini-Lima, F. (2014) Influence of Constructed Wetland and Soil Filter Systems in the Dynamics of Phytoplankton Functional Groups of Two Subtropical Fish Farm Wastewaters. Journal of Water Resource and Protection, 6, 8-15. https://doi.org/10.4236/jwarp.2014.61002
Maltais-Landry, G., Maranger, R., Brisson, J. and Chazarenc, F. (2009) Nitrogen Transformations and Detention in Planted and Artificially Aerated Constructed Wetlands. Water Research, 43, 535-545.
Chung, A.K.C., Wu, Y., Tam, N.F.Y. and Wong, M.H. (2008) Nitrogen and Phosphate Mass Balance in a Sub-Surface Flow Constructed Wetland for Treating Municipal Wastewater. Ecological Engineering, 32, 81-89.
Golterman, H.L., Clymo, R.S. and Ahnstad, M.A.M. (1978) Methods for Physical and Chemical Analysis of Freshwaters. 2nd Edition, Blackwell Scientific Publication, Oxford.
Koroleff, F. (1976) Determination of Nutrients. In: Grasshof, E. and Kremling, E., Eds., Methods the Seawater Analysis, Verlag Chemie Weinhein, New York.
Nusch, E.A. (1980) Comparison of Different Methods for Chlorophyll and Pheopigments Determination. Archiv für Hydrobiologie, 14, 14-36.
Boyd, C.E. and Tucker, C.S. (1992) Water Quality and Pond Soil Analysis for Aquaculture. Agricultural Experiment Station, Alabama.
Mackereth, F.J.H., Heron, J. and Talling, J.F. (1978) Water Analysis: Some Revised Methods for Limnologists. Scientific Publications Freshwater Biological Association, London.
Greenberg, A.E., Clesceri, L.S. and Eaton, A.D. (1992) Standard Methods for Examination of Water and Wastewater. American Public Health Association, Washington DC.
Statsoft Inc. (2007) Statistical Data Analysis Software System. Version 8.0. World Wide Web Electronic Publication. http://www.statsoft.com
Sipaúba-Tavares, L.H., Fávero, E.G.P. and Braga, F.M.S. (2002) Utilization of Macrophyte Biofilter in Effluent from Aquaculture: I. Floating Plant. Brazilian Journal of Biology, 62, 713-723. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1519-69842002000400019
Brix, H. (1994) Functions of Macrophytes in Constructed Wetlands. Water Science and Technology, 29, 71-78.
Lin, Y.F., Jing, S.R., Lee, D.Y. and Wang, T.W. (2002) Nutrient Removal from Aquaculture Wastewater Using a Constructed Wetlands System. Aquaculture, 209, 169-184.
Schulz, C., Gelbrecht, J. and Rennert, B. (2003) Treatment of Rainbow Trout Farm Effluents in Constructed Wetland with Emergent Plants and Subsurface Horizontal Water Flow. Aquaculture, 217, 207-221.
Mercante, C.T.J., Vaz-dos-Santos, A.M., Moraes, M.D.A.B., Pereira, J.S. and Lombardi, J.V. (2014) Bullfrog (Lithobates catesbeianus) Farming System: Water Quality and Environmental Changes. Acta Limnologica Brasiliensia, 26, 9-17. https://doi.org/10.1590/s2179-975x2014000100003
Pinto, F.R., Henares, M.N.P., Cruz, C. and Amaral, L.A. (2010) Remoção de Escherichia coli de efluentes de carciniculturapor macrófitas aquáticas flutuantes. ARS Veterinaria, 25, 147-150.
Diniz, C.R., Ceballos, B.S.O., Barbosa, J.E.L. and Konig, A. (2005) Uso de macrófitas aquáticas como solução ecológica para melhoria da qualidade de água. Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agrícola e Ambiental, 9, 226-230.
Mouriño, J.L.P. and Stéfani, M.V.D. (2006) Evaluation Methods of Feces Collection for Determination of Protein Digestibility in Bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana). Ciência Rural, 36, 954-958.
Castro, J.C., Barboza, W.A., Silva, K.K.P. and Pires, S.C. (2008) Níveis de energiametabolizável para rações de rã-touro. Boletim do Instituto de Pesca, 34, 519-525.
Dias, D.D.C., De Stéfani, M.V., Ferreira, C.M., França, F.M., Ranzani-Paiva, M.J.T. and Santos, A.A. (2010) Haematologic and Immunologic Parameters of Bullfrogs, Lithobates catesbeianus, Fed Probiotics. Aquaculture Research, 41, 1064-1071.
Seixas Filho, J.T., Navarro, R.D., Silva, L.N. and Souza, L.N. (2011) Alimentação de girinos de rã-touro com diferentes níveis de proteína bruta. Ciência Animal Brasileira, 12, 250-256. https://doi.org/10.5216/cab.v12i2.8029
Castro, C.S., Argentim, D., Novelli, P.K., Costa, J.M., Menezes, C.S.M., Neto, A.C. and Agostinho, C.A. (2014) Feed Digestibility and Productive Performance of Bullfrogs Raised in Cages and Fed in Different Periods and High Frequency. Aquaculture, 433, 1-5.
Biudes, J.F.V. and Camargo, A.F.M. (2010) Uso de macrófitas aquáticas no tratamento de efluentes de aquicultura. Boletim Ablimno, 38, 1-10.
Lin, Y.F, Jing, S.R., Lee, D.Y., Chang, Y.F, Chen, Y.M. and Shih, K.C. (2005) Performance of a Constructed Wetland Treating Intensive Shrimp Aquaculture Wastewater under High Hydraulic Loading Rate. Environmental Pollution, 134, 411-421.
Schwartz, M.E. and Boyd, C.E. (1995) Constructed Wetlands for Treatment of Channel Catfish Pond Effluents. The Progressive Fish-Culturist, 57, 255-266. https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8640(1995)057 2.3.CO;2
Borges, F.F., Stéfani, M.V. and Amaral, L.A. (2014) Quality of the Effluents of Bullfrog Tadpole Ponds. Boletimdo Instituto de Pesca, 40, 409-417.