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Vietnam’s Future Water Usage Model: A Controlled Living Experiment
Department of Environmental Science, Fukuoka Women’s University, Fukuoka, Japan
ESG Promotion Department, TOTO Ltd., Fukuoka, Japan
Water and Lifestyle Research Laboratory, Fukuoka, Japan
Graduate School of Education, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
Department of Architecture, Okayama University of Science, Okayama, Japan
Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
Urban Institute & Departments of Urban and Environmental Engineering, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
- 1 Department of Environmental Science, Fukuoka Women’s University, Fukuoka, Japan
- 2 ESG Promotion Department, TOTO Ltd., Fukuoka, Japan
- 3 Water and Lifestyle Research Laboratory, Fukuoka, Japan
- 4 Graduate School of Education, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
- 5 Department of Architecture, Okayama University of Science, Okayama, Japan
- 6 Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
- 7 Urban Institute & Departments of Urban and Environmental Engineering, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
Journal of Water Resource and Protection·Volume 10 (2018)·Pages 204–214·Published 27 February 2018·DOI10.4236/jwarp.2018.102012
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Abstract
The purpose of this study was to explore the water usage profile of future Vietnamese households by carrying out a controlled living experiment with Vietnamese high-income households. By studying showering time, flow rate and toilet-use frequency of these households, the study revealed the water usage believed to be representative of future households in light of continued urbanization. This study also determined that the average time of showering was 9.7 minutes per person per day with an average flow rate of 12 L/minute for the existing shower head and 6.6 L/minute for the water-saving shower head. Toilet usage frequency was 5.25 times per person per day, and there was no difference with the results for an average (middle-income) household.
KeywordsWater-Saving EquipmentWater UsageControlled Living ExperimentVietnamese Household
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