Electrocoagulation of pulp and paper industry effluent with SS-304 electrode has been carried out under varying process variable such as pH, current density, time and dose of electrolyte to find out the optimum conditions. Maximum reduction efficiency of Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) 82% and color more than 99% from pulp and paper industry wastewater at the following conditions pH = 7, current density = 24.80 mA/cm 2 time = 40 min and dose of electrolytes = 1.0 g/L. Moreover, effects of electrolytes dosage on electricity consumption were observed and found to be that NaCl is better in comparison of Na 2 SO 4 in respect of lower down the electricity consumption. But application of NaCl causes the formation of hazardous compounds as secondary pollutants within treated water. Therefore, Na 2 SO 4 could be a potent replacement of NaCl to enhance the conductivity of paper industry effluent treated by EC process. The treated water has been compared with standard of Central Pollution control board (CPCB) and World Health organization, and found to be suitable for the reuse in irrigation.
KeywordsPulp Paper IndustryElectrocoagulation TreatmentWastewaterReuseChemical Oxygen DemandColor
Choudhary, A.K., Kumar, S. and Sharma, C. (2011) Constructed Wetlands: An Approach for Wastewater Treatment. Elixir Pollution, 37, 3666-3672.
Anushree, A., Kumar, S. and Sharma, C. (2016) Ce1-xCoxOy Nanocatalysts: Synthesis, Characterization and Environmental Application. Catalysis Science & Technology, 6, 2101-2111. https://doi.org/10.1039/C5CY01083G
Ali, M. and Sreekrishnan, T. (2001) Aquatic Toxicity from Pulp and Paper Mill Effluents: A Review. Advances in Environmental Research, 5, 175-196. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1093-0191(00)00055-1
Thompson, G., Swain, J., Kay, M. and Forster, C. (2001) The Treatment of Pulp and Paper Mill Effluent: A Review. Bioresource Technology, 77, 275-286. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0960-8524(00)00060-2
Kumar, D., Gaurav, V.K. and Sharma, C. (2018) Ecofriendly Remediation of Pulp and Paper Industry Wastewater by Electrocoagulation and Its Application in Agriculture. American Journal of Plant Sciences, 9, 2462-2479. https://doi.org/10.4236/ajps.2018.912178
Mahesh, S., Garg, K.K., Srivastava, V.C., Mishra, I.M., Prasad, B. and Mall, I.D. (2016) Continuous Electrocoagulation Treatment of Pulp and Paper Mill Wastewater: Operating Cost and Sludge Study. RSC Advances, 6, 16223-16233. https://doi.org/10.1039/C5RA27486A
Chen, G., Chen, X. and Yue, P.L. (2000) Electrocoagulation and Electroflotation of Restaurant Wastewater. Journal of Environmental Engineering, 126, 858-863. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9372(2000)126:9(858)
Inan, H., Dimoglo, A., Simsek, H. and Karpuzcu, M. (2004) Olive Oil Mill Wastewater Treatment by Means of Electro-Coagulation. Separation and Purification Technology, 36, 23-31. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1383-5866(03)00148-5
Rodgers, J.D., Jedral, W. and Bunce, N.J. (1999) Electrochemical Oxidation of Chlorinated Phenols. Environmental Science & Technology, 33, 1453-1457. https://doi.org/10.1021/es9808189
Nasr, B. and Abdellatif, G. (2005) Electrochemical Oxidation of 2,4,6-Trinitrophenol on Boron-Doped Diamond Anodes. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, 152, D113. https://doi.org/10.1149/1.1904942
Patel, U.D. and Suresh, S. (2008) Electrochemical Treatment of Pentachlorophenol in Water and Pulp Bleaching Effluent. Separation and Purification Technology, 61, 115-122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2007.10.004
Mazighi, A., et al. (2015) Economic Study of Groundwater Defluoridation of the North African Sahara. Desalination and Water Treatment, 54, 2681-2691. https://doi.org/10.1080/19443994.2014.906327
Martínez-Huitle, C.A. and Brillas, E. (2009) Decontamination of Wastewaters Containing Synthetic Organic Dyes by Electrochemical Methods: A General Review. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 87, 105-145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2008.09.017
Kuokkanen, V., Kuokkanen, T., Rämö, J. and Lassi, U. (2013) Recent Applications of Electrocoagulation in Treatment of Water and Wastewater—A Review. Chemistry & Materials Science, 3, 89-121. https://doi.org/10.4236/gsc.2013.32013
Särkkä, H., Bhatnagar, A. and Sillanpää, M. (2015) Recent Developments of Electro-Oxidation in Water Treatment—A Review. Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry, 754, 46-56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jelechem.2015.06.016
Chen, G. (2004) Electrochemical Technologies in Wastewater Treatment. Separation and Purification Technology, 38, 11-41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2003.10.006
Zodi, S., Potier, O., Lapicque, F. and Leclerc, J.-P. (2009) Treatment of the Textile Wastewaters by Electrocoagulation: Effect of Operating Parameters on the Sludge Settling Characteristics. Separation and Purification Technology, 69, 29-36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2009.06.028
Rajni, S., Satish, K. and Chhaya, S. (2011) Tertiary Treatment Option for Pulp and Paper Mill Wastewater to Achieve Effluent Recycling Tertiary Treatment Option for Pulp and Paper Mill Wastewater to Achieve Effluent Recycling. IPPTA, 23, 155-159.
Sridhar, R., Sivakumar, V., Prince Immanuel, V. and Prakash Maran, J. (2011) Treatment of Pulp and Paper Industry Bleaching Effluent by Electrocoagulant Process. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 186, 1495-1502. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2010.12.028
Government of India (2018) Ministry of New and Renewable Energy.
Srivastava, S.P. and Srivastava, S.P. (2013) Solar Energy and Its Future Role in Indian Economy. International Journal of Environmental Science: Development and Monitoring, 4, 81-88.
Marmanis, D., Dermentzis, K., Christoforidis, A., Ouzounis, K. and Moumtzakis, A. (2014) Electrochemical Treatment of Actual Dye House Effluents Using Electrocoagulation Process Directly Powered by Photovoltaic Energy. Desalination and Water Treatment, 56, 2988-2993.
Valero, D., Ortiz, J.M., Exposito, E., Montiel, V. and Aldaz, A. (2010) Electrochemical Wastewater Treatment Directly Powered by Photovoltaic Panels: Electrooxidation of a Dye-Containing Wastewater. Environmental Science & Technology, 44, 5182-5187.
Al Suleimani, Z. and Nair, V.R. (2000) Desalination by Solar-Powered Reverse Osmosis in a Remote Area of the Sultanate of Oman. Applied Energy, 65, 367-380. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0306-2619(99)00100-2
Mahesh, S., Prasad, B., Mall, A.I.D. and Mishra, I.M. (2006) Electrochemical Degradation of Pulp and Paper Mill Wastewater. Part 2. Characterization and Analysis of Sludge. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 45, 5766-5774. https://doi.org/10.1021/ie0603969
Pelegrini, R., Reyes, J., Durán, N., Zamora, P.P. and de Andrade, A.R. (2000) Photoelectrochemical Degradation of Lignin. Journal of Applied Electrochemistry, 30, 953-958. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1004007730721
Kalyani, K.S.P., Balasubramanian, N. and Srinivasakannan, C. (2009) Decolorization and COD Reduction of Paper Industrial Effluent Using Electro-Coagulation. Chemical Engineering Journal, 151, 97-104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2009.01.050
Zodi, S., Merzouk, B., Potier, O., Lapicque, F. and Leclerc, J.-P. (2013) Direct Red 81 Dye Removal by a Continuous Flow Electrocoagulation/Flotation Reactor. Separation and Purification Technology, 108, 215-222. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2013.01.052
Daneshvar, N., Ashassi Sorkhabi, H. and Kasiri, M.B. (2004) Decolorization of Dye Solution Containing Acid Red 14 by Electrocoagulation with a Comparative Investigation of Different Electrode Connections. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 112, 55-62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2004.03.021
El-Naas, M.H., Al-Zuhair, S., Al-Lobaney, A. and Makhlouf, S. (2009) Assessment of Electrocoagulation for the Treatment of Petroleum Refinery Wastewater. Journal of Environmental Management, 91, 180-185. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2009.08.003
Vik, E.A., Carlson, D.A., Eikum, A.S. and Gjessing, E.T. (1984) Electrocoagulation of Potable Water. Water Research, 18, 1355-1360. https://doi.org/10.1016/0043-1354(84)90003-4
Brillas, E., et al. (1998) Aniline Mineralization by AOP’s: Anodic Oxidation, Photocatalysis, Electro-Fenton and Photoelectro-Fenton Processes. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 16, 31-42. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0926-3373(97)00059-3
Zaied, M. and Bellakhal, N. (2009) Electrocoagulation Treatment of Black Liquor from Paper Industry. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 163, 995-1000. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.07.115
Bani-Melhem, K. and Smith, E. (2012) Grey Water Treatment by a Continuous Process of an Electrocoagulation Unit and a Submerged Membrane Bioreactor System. Chemical Engineering Journal, 198-199, 201-210. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2012.05.065
Mollah, M.Y.A., Morkovsky, P., Gomes, J.A.G., Kesmez, M., Parga, J. and Cocke, D.L. (2004) Fundamentals, Present and Future Perspectives of Electrocoagulation. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 114, 199-210. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2004.08.009
Rajeshwar, K., Ibanez, J.G. and Swain, G.M. (1994) Electrochemistry and the Environment. Journal of Applied Electrochemistry, 24, 1077-1091. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00241305
Khansorthong, S. and Hunsom, M. (2009) Remediation of Wastewater from Pulp and Paper Mill Industry by the Electrochemical Technique. Chemical Engineering Journal, 151, 228-234. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2009.02.038
Tezcan, U., Topal, S. and Ates, F. (2016) Electrocoagulation of Tissue Paper Wastewater and an Evaluation of Sludge for Pyrolysis. Desalination and Water Treatment, 57, 28724-28733. https://doi.org/10.1080/19443994.2016.1196153
Bockris, J.O., Conway, B.E., Yeager, E. and White, R.E. (1981) Comprehensive Treatise of Electrochemistry: Electrochemical Processing. Springer, Berlin.
Nassar, M.M., Fadaly, O.A. and Sedahmed, G.H. (1983) A New Electrochemical Technique for Bleaching Cellulose Pulp. Journal of Applied Electrochemistry, 13, 663-667. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00617824
Alverez-Gallegos, A. and Pletcher, D. (1999) The Removal of Low Level Organics via Hydrogen Peroxide Formed in a Reticulated Vitreous Carbon Cathode Cell. Part 2: The Removal of Phenols and Related Compounds from Aqueous Effluents. Electrochimica Acta, 44, 2483-2492. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0013-4686(98)00371-5
Lucas, M.S. and Peres, J.A. (2009) Removal of COD from Olive Mill Wastewater by Fenton’s Reagent: Kinetic Study. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 168, 1253-1259. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.03.002
Lazarova, V., Hills, S. and Birks, R. (2003) Using Recycled Water for Non-Potable, Urban Uses: A Review with Particular Reference to Toilet Flushing. Water Science & Technology Water Supply, 3, 69-77. https://doi.org/10.2166/ws.2003.0047
Rezende, A.A.P., de Matos, A.T., Silva, C.M. and Neves, J.C.L. (2010) Irrigation of Eucalyptus Plantation Using Treated Bleached Kraft Pulp Mill Effluent. Water Science & Technology, 62, 2150-2156. https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2010.945
Kiziloglu, F.M., Turan, M., Sahin, U., Kuslu, Y. and Dursun, A. (2008) Effects of Untreated and Treated Wastewater Irrigation on Some Chemical Properties of Cauliflower (Brassica olerecea L. var. botrytis) and Red Cabbage (Brassica olerecea L. var. rubra) Grown on Calcareous Soil in Turkey. Agricultural Water Management, 95, 716-724. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2008.01.008
Gaurav, V.K., Kumar, D. and Sharma, C. (2018) Assessment of Metal Accumulation in the Vegetables and Associated Health Risk in the Upper-Most Ganga-Yamuna Doab Region, India. American Journal of Plant Sciences, 9, 2347-2358. https://doi.org/10.4236/ajps.2018.912170
Vigneswaran, S. (2004) Recycle and Reuse of Domestic Wastewater Waste Recycle, Reuse, and Reclamation. Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS), Developed under the Auspices of the UNESCO, Eolss Publishers, Oxford. http://www.eolss.net..eolss.net