This paper analy z es the role played by experience in the loyalty and intent to return of sports tourists to a running race. The data for this study w ere coll ec ted through an online questionnaire filled in by 984 participants of one of the most important international running races in Italy. A regression analysis was conducted to evaluate the data. The results showed that aesthetic dimensions (the valence and the venue) were the principal determinant of loyalty for active sports tourists. The principal determinants of the intent to return were the venue and the technical quality (the value and the challenge). This study provides suggestions for future research and gives useful insights into managerial implications for sports tourism management.
KeywordsExperienceService QualitySport TourismIntent to ReturnLoyalty
Holbrook, M.B. and Hirschman, E.C. (1982) The Experiential Aspects of Consumption: Consumer Fantasies, Feelings, and Fun. Journal of Consumer Research, 9, 132-140. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/208906
Schmitt, B.H. (1999) Experiential Marketing: How to Get Customers to Sense, Feel, Think, Act, and Relate to Your Company and Brand. The Free Press, New York.
Pine, B.J. and Gilmore, J.H. (1999) The Experience Economy: Work Is Theatre & Every Business a Stage. Harvard Business School Press, Boston.
Kao, Y.-F., Huang, L.-S. and Wu, C.H. (2009) Effects of Theatrical Elements on Experiential Quality and Loyalty Intentions for Theme Parks. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 13, 163-174. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10941660802048480
Higham, J. (2005) Introduction to Sport Tourism Destination Analysis. In: Higham, J., Ed., Sport Tourism Destinations, Elsevier, Oxford, 17-24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-7506-5937-6.50009-2
Hinch, T.D. and Higham, J.E. (2001) Sport Tourism: A Framework for Research. International Journal of Tourism Research, 3, 45-58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1522-1970(200101/02)3:1 3.0.CO;2-A
Hinch, T.D. and Higham, J.E. (2004) Sport Tourism Development. Channel View Publication, Clevedon.
Turco, D. (1998) Traveling and Turnovers: Measuring the Economic Impacts of a Street Basketball Tournament. Journal of Sport Tourism, 5, 7-14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10295399808718646
Chalip, L., Green, C. and Hill, B. (2003) Effects of Sport Media on Destination Image and Intentions to Visit. Journal of Sport Management, 17, 214-234. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsm.17.3.214
Higham, J.E. and Hinch, T.D. (2002) Tourism, Sport and Seasons: The Challenges and Potential of Overcoming Seasonality in the Sport and Tourism Sectors. Tourism Management, 23, 175-185. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0261-5177(01)00046-2
Gibson, H.J. (2003) Sport Tourism: An Introduction to the Special Issue. Journal of Sport Management, 17, 205-213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsm.17.3.205
McGehee, N.G., Yoon, Y. and Cárdenas, D. (2003) Involvement and Travel for Recreational Runners in North Carolina. Journal of Sport Management, 17, 305-324. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsm.17.3.305
Funk, D.C., Toohey, K. and Bruun, T.J. (2007) International Sport Event Participation: Prior Sport Involvement, Destination Image, and Travel Motives. European Sport Management Quarterly, 7, 227-248. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/16184740701511011
Kurtzman, J. and Zauhar, J. (1998) Golf—A Touristic Venture. Journal of Sport Tourism, 4, 7-12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10295399808718638
Hutchinson, J., Lai, F. and Wang, Y. (2009) Understanding the Relationships of Quality, Value, Equity, Satisfaction, and Behavioral Intentions among Golf Travellers. Tourism Management, 30, 298-308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2008.07.010
Petrick, J.F. and Backman, S.J. (2002) An Examination of the Construct of Perceived Value for the Prediction of Golf Travelers’ Intentions to Revisit. Journal of Travel Research, 41, 38-45.
Shonk, D.J. and Chelladurai, P. (2008) Service Quality, Satisfaction, and Intent to Return in Event Sport Tourism. Journal of Sport Management, 22, 587-602. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsm.22.5.587
Kaplanidou, K. and Gibson, H.J. (2010) Predicting Behavioral Intentions of Active Event Sport Tourists: The Case of a Small-Scale Recurring Sports Event. Journal of Sport & Tourism, 15, 163-179. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14775085.2010.498261
Kaplanidou, K. and Vogt, C. (2010) The Meaning and Measurement of a Sport Event Experience among Active Sport Tourists. Journal of Sport Management, 24, 544-566. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsm.24.5.544
Zeithaml, V.A., Berry, L.L. and Parasuraman, A. (1996) The Behavioral Consequences of Service Quality. Journal of Marketing, 60, 31-46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1251929
Gronroos, C. (1982) An Applied Service Marketing Theory. European Journal of Marketing, 16, 30-41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/EUM0000000004859
Gronroos, C. (1984) A Service Quality Model and Its Marketing Implications. European Journal of Marketing, 8, 36-44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/EUM0000000004784
Parasuraman, A., Zeithaml, V.A. and Berry, L.L. (1988) Servqual. Journal of Retailing, 64, 12-40.
Kotler, P. (2000) Marketing Management: The Millennium Edition. Person Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River.
Rust, R.T. and Oliver, R.L. (1994) Service Quality: Insights and Managerial Implications from the Frontier. In: Rust, R.T. and Oliver, R.L., Eds., Service Quality: New Directions in Theory and Practice, Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks, 1-19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781452229102.n1
Brady, M.K. and Cronin, J.J. (2001) Some New Thoughts on Conceptualizing Perceived Service Quality: A Hierarchical Approach. Journal of Marketing, 65, 34-49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1509/jmkg.65.3.34.18334
Babakus, E. and Boller, G.W. (1992) An Empirical Assessment of the SERVQUAL Scale. Journal of Business Research, 24, 253-268. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0148-2963(92)90022-4
Yoshida, M. and James, J.D. (2011) Service Quality at Sporting Events: Is Aesthetic Quality a Missing Dimensions? Sport Management Review, 14, 13-24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.smr.2009.06.002
Addis, M. and Holbrook, M.B. (2001) On the Conceptual Link between Mass Customisation and Experiential Consumption: An Explosion of Subjectivity. Journal of Consumer Behaviour, 1, 50-66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cb.53
Otto, J.E. and Ritchie, J.B. (1996) The Service Experience in Tourism. Tourism Management, 17, 165-174. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0261-5177(96)00003-9
Pine, B.J. and Gilmore, J.H. (1998) Welcome to the Experience Economy. Harvard Business Review, 76, 97-105.
Pullman, M.E. and Gross, M.A. (2004) Ability of Experience Design Elements to Elicit Emotions and Loyalty Behaviors. Decision Sciences, 35, 551-578. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0011-7315.2004.02611.x
Arnould, E.J. and Price, L.L. (1993) River Magic: Extraordinary Experience and the Extended Service Encounter. Journal of Consumer Research, 20, 24-45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/209331
Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1997) Finding Flow: The Psychology of Engagement with Everyday Life. Basic Books, New York.
Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1977) Beyond Boredom and Anxiety. Jossey-Bass, San Francisco.
Gupta, S. and Vajic, M. (2000) The Contextual and Dialectical Nature of Experiences. In: Fitzsimmons, J. and Fitzsimmons, M., Eds., New Service Development, Sage, Thousand Oaks, 33-51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781452205564.n2
Tian-Cole, S. and Illum, S.F. (2006) Examining the Mediating Role of Festival Visitors’ Satisfaction in the Relationship between Service Quality and Behavioral Intentions. Journal of Vacation Marketing, 12, 160-173. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1356766706062156
Tian-Cole, S., Crompton, J.L. and Willson, V.A. (2002) An Empirical Investigation of the Relationships between Service Quality, Satisfaction and Behavioral Intentions among Visitors to a Wildlife Refuge. Journal of Leisure Research, 34, 1-24.
Crompton, J.L. and Love, L.L. (1995) The Predictive Validity of Alternative Approaches to Evaluating Quality of a Festival. Journal of Travel Research, 34, 11-24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/004728759503400102
Prahalad, C.K. and Ramaswamy, V. (2004) Co-Creating Unique Value with Customers. Strategy & Leadership, 32, 4-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/10878570410699249
Bolton, R.N., Lemon, K.M. and Bramlett, M.D. (2008) The Effect of Service Experiences over Time on a Supplier’s Retention of Business Customers. Management Science, 52, 1811-1823. http://dx.doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.1060.0594
Etgar, M. and Fuchs, G. (2009) Why and How Service Quality Perceptions Impact Consumer Responses. Managing Service Quality, 19, 474-485. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09604520910971566
Lavidge, R.J. and Steiner, G.A. (1961) A Model for Predictive Measurements of Advertising Effectiveness. Journal of Marketing, 25, 59-62. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1248516
Bell, S.J., Auh, S. and Smalley, K. (2005) Customer Relationship Dynamics: Service Quality and Customer Loyalty in the Context of Varying Levels of Customer Expertise and Switching Costs. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 33, 169-183. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0092070304269111
Park, J.H., Stoel, L. and Lennon, S.J. (2008) Cognitive, Affective, and Conative Responses to Visual Simulation: The Effects of Rotation in Online Product Presentation. Journal of Consumer Behavior, 87, 72-87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cb.237
Baker, D.A. and Crompton, J.L. (2000) Quality, Satisfaction and Behavioral Intentions. Annals of Tourism Research, 27, 785-804. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0160-7383(99)00108-5
Tian-Cole S. and Scott, D. (2004) Examining the Mediating Role of Experience Quality in a Model of Tourist Experiences. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 16, 79-90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/J073v16n01_08
Lee, J.-H., Kim, H.-D., Ko, Y.J. and Sagas, M. (2011) The Influence of Service Quality on Satisfaction and Intention: A Gender Segmentation Strategy. Sport Management Review, 14, 54-63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.smr.2010.02.002
Cronin, J.J., Brady, M.K. and Hult, G.T. (2000) Assessing the Effects of Quality, Value, and Customer Satisfaction on Consumer Behavioral Intentions in Service Environments. Journal of Retailing, 76, 193-218. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0022-4359(00)00028-2
Getz, D. (2008) Event Tourism: Definition, Evolution, and Research. Tourism Management, 29, 403-428. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2007.07.017
Berry, L.L., Seiders, K. and Grewal, D. (2002) Understanding Service Convenience. Journal of Marketing, 66, 1-17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1509/jmkg.66.3.1.18505
Kelley, S. and Turley, L. (2001) Consumer Perceptions of Service Quality Attributes on Sporting Events. Journal of Business Research, 2, 161-166. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0148-2963(99)00084-3
Brown, S.W. and Swartz, T.A. (1989) A Gap Analysis of Professional Service Quality. Journal of Marketing, 53, 92-98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1251416
Schneider, B., White, S.S. and Paul, M.C. (1998) Linking Service Climate and Customer Perceptions of Service Quality: Tests of a Causal Model. Journal of Applied Psychology, 83, 150-163. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.83.2.150
Lee, Y.-K., Lee C.-K., Lee, S.-K. and Babin, B.J. (2008) Festivalscapes and Patrons’ Emotions, Satisfaction, and Loyalty. Journal of Business Research, 61, 56-64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2006.05.009
Yoon, Y.S., Lee, J.S. and Lee, C.K. (2010) Measuring Festival Quality and Value Affecting Visitors’ Satisfaction and Loyalty Using a Structural Approach. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 29, 335-342. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2009.10.002
Parasuraman, A., Berry, L.L. and Zeithaml, V.A. (1991) Refinement and Reassessment of the SERVQUAL Scale. Journal of Retailing, 67, 420-450.
Dorsch, M.J., Grove, S.J. and Darden, W.R. (2000) Consumer Intentions to Use a Service Category. Journal of Services Marketing, 14, 92-117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/08876040010309220
Jin, N.P., Lee, S. and Lee, H. (2015) The Effect of Experience Quality on Perceived Value, Satisfaction, Image and Behavioral Intention of Water Park Patrons: New versus Repeat Visitors. International Journal of Tourism Research, 17, 82-95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jtr.1968
Grove, S.J. and Fisk, R.P. (1992) The Service Experience as Theatre. Advances in Consumer Research, 19, 455-462.
Bitner, M.J. (1992) Servicescapes: The Impact of Physical Surroundings on Customers and Employees. Journal of Marketing, 56, 57-71. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1252042
Standeven, J. (1998) Sport Tourism: Joint Marketing—A Starting Point for Beneficial Synergies. Journal of Vacation Marketing, 4, 39-51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/135676679800400104
Francis, S. and Murphy, P. (2005) Sport Tourism Destinations: The Active Sport Tourist Perspective. In: Higham, J., Ed., Sport Tourism Destination, Elsevier, Oxford, 73-92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-7506-5937-6.50013-4
Hightower, R., Brady, M.K. and Baker, T.L. (2002) Investigating the Role of the Physical Environment in Hedonic Service Consumption: An Exploratory Study of Sporting Events. Journal of Business Research, 55, 697-707. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0148-2963(00)00211-3
Bitner, M.J. (1990) Evaluating Service Encounters: The Effects of Physical Surroundings and Employee Responses. Journal of Marketing, 54, 69-82. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1251871
Weed, M. and Bull, C. (2004) Sports Tourism: Participants, Policy and Providers. Elsevier, Oxford.
Funk, D.C. and Bruun, T.J. (2007) The Role of Socio-Psychological and Culture-Education Motives in Marketing International Sport Tourism: A Cross-Cultural Perspective. Tourism Management, 28, 806-819. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2006.05.011
Koo, G-Y., Hardin, R., McClung, S., Jung, T., Cronin, J., Vorhees, C. and Bourdeau, B. (2009) Examination of the Causal Effects between the Dimensions of Service Quality and Spectator Satisfaction in Minor League Baseball. International Journal of Sports Marketing & Sponsorship, 11, 46-59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/IJSMS-11-01-2009-B004
Beard, J.G. and Ragheb, M.G. (1983) Measuring Leisure Motivation. Journal of Leisure Research, 15, 219-228.
Ryan, C. and Glendon, I. (1998) Application of Leisure Motivation Scale to Tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 25, 169-184. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0160-7383(97)00066-2
Gillet, P. and Kelly, S. (2006) “Non-Local” Masters Games Participants: An Investigation of Competitive Active Sport Tourist Motives. Journal of Sport & Tourism, 11, 239-257. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14775080701400760
Kurtzman, J. and Zauhar, J. (2005) Sports Tourism Consumer Motivation. Journal of Sport Tourism, 10, 21-31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14775080500101478
Ryan, C. and Trauer, B. (2005) Sport Tourist Behaviour: The Example of the Masters Games. In: Higham, J., Ed., Sport Tourism Destinations, Elsevier, Oxford, 177-187. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-7506-5937-6.50020-1
Ryan, C. and Lockyer, T. (2002) Masters’ Games—The Nature of Competitors’ Involvement and Requirements. Event Management, 7, 259-270. http://dx.doi.org/10.3727/152599502108751640
Babin, B.J., Darden, W.R. and Griffin, M. (1994) Work and/or Fun: Measuring Hedonic and Utilitarian Shopping Value. Journal of Consumer Research, 20, 644-656. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/209376
Zeithaml, V.A. (1988) Consumer Perceptions of Price, Quality, and Value: A Means-End Model and Synthesis of Evidence. Journal of Marketing, 52, 2-22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1251446
Dodds, W.B., Monroe, K.B. and Grewal, D. (1991) The Effects of Price, Brand and Store Information on Buyers’ Product Evaluations. Journal of Marketing Research, 28, 307-319. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3172866
Gallarza, M.G. and Saura, I.G. (2006) Value Dimensions, Perceived Value, Satisfaction and Loyalty: An Investigation of University Students’ Travel Behaviour. Tourism Management, 27, 437-452. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2004.12.002
Sandstrom, S., Edvardsson, B., Kristensson, P. and Magnusson, P. (2008) Value in Use through Service Experience. Managing Service Quality, 18, 112-126. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09604520810859184
Parasuraman, A. and Grewal, D. (2000) The Impact of Technology on the Quality-Value-Loyalty Chain: A Research Agenda. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 28, 168-170. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0092070300281015
Petrick, J.F. (2004) The Roles of Quality, Value, and Satisfaction in Predicting Cruise Passengers’ Behavioral Intentions. Journal of Travel Research, 42, 397-407. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0047287504263037
Petrick, J.F., Morais, D.D. and Norman, W.C. (2001) An Examination of the Determinants of Entertainment Vacationers’ Intentions to Revisit. Journal of Travel Research, 40, 41-48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/004728750104000106
Parasuraman, A. (1997) Reflections on Gaining Competitive Advantage through Customer Value. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 25, 154-161. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02894351
Kim, S.H., Holland, S. and Han, H.S. (2013) A Structural Model for Examining How Destination Image, Perceived Value, and Service Quality Affect Destination Loyalty: A Case Study of Orlando. International Journal of Tourism Research, 15, 313-328. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jtr.1877
Nunnally, J.C. (1978) Psychometric Theory. McGraw-Hill, New York.
Shonk, D.J. (2006) Perceptions of Service Quality, Satisfaction and the Intent to Return among Tourists Attending a Sporting Event. PhD Dissertation, The Ohio State University, Columbus.
Martínez Caro, L. and Martínez Garcia, J.A. (2007) Cognitive—Affective Model of Consumer Satisfaction. An Exploratory Study within the Framework of a Sporting Event. Journal of Business Research, 60, 108-114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2006.10.008
Fan, W. and Yan, Z. (2010) Factors Affecting Response Rates of the Web Survey: A Systematic Review. Computers in Human Behavior, 26, 132-139. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2009.10.015
Sills, S.J. and Song, C. (2002) Innovations in Survey Research: An Application of Web Surveys. Social Science Computer Review, 20, 22-30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/089443930202000103
Hair, J., Black, B., Babin, B., Anderson, R. and Tatham, R. (2006) Multivariate Data Analysis. Prentice-Hall, Upper Saddle River.
Rolfe, H. (1992) Arts Festivals in the UK. Policy Studies Institute, London.
Getz, D. (1991) Festivals, Special Events and Tourism. Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York.
Ralston, R., Lumsdon, L. and Downward, P. (2005) The Third Force in Events Tourism: Volunteers at the XVII Commonwealth Games. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 13, 504-519. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09669580508668576