The objective of the paper is to analyze the effect of trade liberalization on the wage gap by gender and its components in Mexico. For this, the behavior of the wage gap is analyzed for different regions of the country, classified according to the degree of exposure to trade liberalization. Using the quantitative methodology of Melly (2005) the breakdown of the salary gap by quantile used the micro data of the National Survey of Occupation and Employment (ENOE) for the years 2005 and 2016. The results reveal the existence of wage gap by gender in the different regions, that its magnitude differs regionally throughout distribution and that the wage gap has declined over time in all regions of Mexico, but the wage disadvantage still persists against women and this is higher in the lower deciles. Most of the differences are not explained by productive characteristics, although the proportion of inequality associated with discrimination factors declined in 2016 in relation to the previous reference year.
Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía (2010) Population Census. INEGI, Aguascalientes.
Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía (2005-2015) National Survey of Occupation and Employment. INEGI, Aguascalientes.
Rodríguez, R. and David, C. (2014) Discriminación salarial de la mujer en el mercado laboral de México y sus regiones. [Gender Wage Discrimination in the Labor Market in México and Its Regions.] Economía Sociedad y Territorio, 46, 655-686. https://doi.org/10.22136/est002014392
Rodríguez, R.E. (2018) Brecha salarial por género en México. Desde un enfoque regional, según su exposición a la apertura comercial 2005-2015. [Gender Pay Gap in Mexico: From a Regional Perspective, According to Its Exposure to the 2005-2015 Trade Opening.] Noesis, 27, 19-38. https://doi.org/10.20983/noesis.2018.2.2
Blaise, M. (2005) Descomposition of Differences in Distribution Using Quiantile Regression. Labour Economic, 12, 577-590. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.labeco.2005.05.006
Aguilera, A. and Castro, D. (2016) La dinámica regional y el proceso de apertura comercial en México. [Regional Dynamics and the Process of Trade Opening in Mexico.] In: Castro, D. and Rodríguez, R., Eds., Mercado laboral en México: Situación y desafíos, Universidad Autónoma de Coahuila, De Laurel, 49-80.
Artecona, R. and Cunningham, W. (2002) Effects of Trade Liberalization on the Gender Wage Gap in Mexico. Policy Research Report on Gender and Development Working Paper Series, No. 21, World Bank, Washington DC. http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/860271468049793708/Effects-of-trade-liberalization-on-the-gender-wage-gap-in-Mexico
Becker, G. (1967) The Economic of Discrimination. 2nd Edition, The University of Chicago Press, 167.
Blau, F. and Lawrence, K. (1996) Wage Structure and Gender Earnings Differentials: An Internationals Comparison. Economics, 250, 29-62. https://doi.org/10.2307/2554808
Semykina, A. and Susan, L. (2010) Analyzing the Gender Pay Gap in Transition Economies: How Much Does Personality Matter? Human Relations, 63, 447-469. https://doi.org/10.1177/0018726709339094
Enamorado, T., Ana, C.I. and Hugo, N. (2009) Gender Wage Gaps in Central American Countries: Evidence from a Non-Parametric Approach. Inter-American Development Bank, Working Papers Series 111, 1-32.
Galvis, L. (2011) Diferencias salariales por género y región en Colombia: Una aproximación con regresión por cuentiles. [Wage Differences by Gender and Region in Colombia: An Approach to Regression by Quantiles.] Revista de Economía del Rosario, 13, 235-277.
Liu, P.-W., Xin, M. and Zhang, J. (2000) Sectoral Gender Wage Differentials and Discrimination in the Transitional Chinese Economy. Journal of Population Economics, 13, 331-352. https://doi.org/10.1007/s001480050141
Mysikova, M. (2012) Gender Wage Gap in the Czech Republic and Central European Countries. Prague Economic Papers. The University of Economics Prague, Vol. 3, 328-346. https://doi.org/10.18267/j.pep.427
Hirsch, B. (2013) The Impact of Female Managers on the Gender Pay Gap: Evidence from Linked Employer-Employee Data for Germany. Economics Letters, 119, 348-350.
Nopo, H., Nancy, D. and Johanna, R. (2011) Gender Earnings Gaps in the World. Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA), 5736.
Del Rio, C., Carlos, G. and Olga, C. (2008) Pobreza y Discriminación salarial por razón de género en Espana.Hacienda publicaespanola. [Poverty and Gender Discrimination in Spain.] Revista de Economìa Publica, 184, 67-87.
Wolsczak-Derlacz, J. (2013) Mind the Gender Wage Gap the Impact of Trade and Competition on Sectoral Wage Differences. The Word Economy, 36, 437-464. https://doi.org/10.1111/twec.12026
Domínguez, L. and Flor, B. (2010) Trade Liberalization and Gender Wage Inequality in Mexico, Feminist Economics, 16, 53-79. https://doi.org/10.1080/13545701.2010.530582
Oaxaca, R. (1973) Male-Female Wage Differentials in Urban Labor Markets. International Economic Review, 14, 693-709. https://doi.org/10.2307/2525981
Blinder, A. (1973) Wage Discrimination: Reduced Forms and Structural Estimates. Journal of Human Resources, 8, 436-455.
Tello, C., Raúl, R. and Manuel, A. (2012) Changes in Wage Structure in México Going beyond the Mean: An Analysis of Differences in Distribution, 1987-2008. Working Paper, 1-43. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2060555
Popli, G. (2013) Gender Wage Differentials in México: A Distributional Approach. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, 176, 295-319. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-985X.2011.01031.x
Arceo Eva and Raymundo Campos (2014) Evolución de la brecha salarial de género en México. El Trimestre Económico, 323, 619-653.
DiNardo, J., Nicole, F. and Lemieux, T. (1996) Labor Market Institutions and the Distribution of Wages, 1973-1992. A Semiparametric Approach. Econometrica, 64, 1001-1044. https://doi.org/10.2307/2171954
Rodríguez, R. and David, C. (2014b) Análisis de la discriminación salarial por género en Saltillo y Hermosillo: Un estudio comparativo en la industria manufacturera. [Analysis of Gender Wage Discrimination in Saltillo and Hermosillo: A Comparative Study in Manufacturing.] Nóesis, 46, 80-113. https://doi.org/10.20983/noesis.2014.2.3
Castro, D., Luis, H. and Natalia, Z. (2015) Discriminación salarial por género, en la industria manufacturera de la frontera norte de México en el periodo 2005-2011. [Gender Wage Discrimination in Manufacturing the Northern Border of Mexico, in the Period 2005-2011.] Nóesis, No. 47, 50-80.
Hanson, G.H. (2005) Globalization, Labor Income, and Poverty in Mexico. NBER Working Paper Series, 1-50.
Gutiérrez, L. (2008) La distribución del ingreso en México: un análsis regional 1990-2004. [The Distribution of Income in Mexico: A Regional Analysis 1990-2004.] Problemas del Desarrollo. Revista Latinoamericana de Economía, No. 39, 139-163.
Koenker, R. and Gilbert, B. (1978) Regression Quantiles. Econometrica, 46, 33-50. https://doi.org/10.2307/1913643
Koenker, R. and Kevin, H. (2001) Quantile Regression. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 15, 143-156. https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.15.4.143
Duenas, D., Iglesias, C. and Llorente, R. (2015) Abordando la desigualdad de género. Empleo en técnicas de información y la comunicación y diferencias salariales por género en Espana. [Tackling Gender Inequality. Information and Communication Technologies Employment and Gender Wage Gap in Spain.] Ensayos sobre política económica, 33, 207-2019.
Mincer, J. (1974) Schooling, Experience, and Earnings. National Bureau of Economic Research, Columbia University Press, New York.