Characterization and Application of the Makoua Clay in the Chemical and Bacteriological Depollution of Gutter and Well Waters of Brazzaville — Oak Academic Publishing
Research ArticleOpen AccessGoogle Scholar indexed
Characterization and Application of the Makoua Clay in the Chemical and Bacteriological Depollution of Gutter and Well Waters of Brazzaville
Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université Marien Ngouabi, Brazzaville, Congo
,
Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université Marien Ngouabi, Brazzaville, Congo
,
Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université Marien Ngouabi, Brazzaville, Congo
,
Centre de Recherches Géologiques et Minières, Brazzaville, Congo
,
Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université Marien Ngouabi, Brazzaville, Congo
,
Groupe de Recherches sur les Propriétés Physico-chimiques et Minéralogiques des Matériaux, Université Marien Ngouabi, Brazzaville, Congo
1 Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université Marien Ngouabi, Brazzaville, Congo
2 Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université Marien Ngouabi, Brazzaville, Congo
3 Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université Marien Ngouabi, Brazzaville, Congo
4 Centre de Recherches Géologiques et Minières, Brazzaville, Congo
5 Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université Marien Ngouabi, Brazzaville, Congo
6 Groupe de Recherches sur les Propriétés Physico-chimiques et Minéralogiques des Matériaux, Université Marien Ngouabi, Brazzaville, Congo
In this work, the authors made aquatic filters according to the formulation “clay stabilized at 4% of cement mixed with 4% of kambala sawdust and 10% of white sand” then heated to 1050°C to decontaminate the waters of gutters and wells. The authors carried out geotechnical, geochemical, thermal, infrared spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy that analyzed the clay material. Geotechnical analyzes have shown that this material is made up of 22% thin sand, 22% of silt, and 56% of clay with 26 plasticity index. The geochemical analysis showed the presence of trace elements shared out as follows: 3% of alkaline metals, 24% of alkaline earth metals, 46% of transition metals, 10% of metal, 16% of lanthanides, 1% of actinides. The most abundant trace elements are barium (19%), vanadium (12%), chromium (11%) and zinc (9%). The thermal and microscopic analyzes revealed the kaolinitic nature of materials. The chemical depollution studies have shown elimination yields of 50% - 52.38% of sulphates; 77.33% - 85.19% of phosphates; 34.85% - 88.49% nitrates; 91.3 - 100 of sulphides; The removal of bacteriological pollution are 92.8% - 98% of total germs; 94% - 97% of total coliform and 95% - 98% of E. coli .
KeywordsClay CharacterizationChemical DepollutionBacteriological DepollutionGutter and Well WaterMakoua
Wei, Y.M., Zhou, Y.G. and Tomita, B. (2000) Study of Hydration Behavior of Wood Cement-Based Composite II: Effect of Chemical Additives on the Hydration Characteristics and Strength of Wood-Cement Composite. Journal of Wood Sciences, 46, 444-451. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00765802
Alberto, M.M., Mougel, E. and Zoulalian, A. (2001) Influence of Extractable Essences from Mozambique on Cement Hydration. Scientific Books of Woods, 2, 1-14.
Govin A. (2004) Physico-Chemical Aspect of the Wood-Cement Interaction-Modification of Cement Hydration by Wood. Doctoral Thesis, Jean Monnet University of Saint Etienne and National School of the Mines of Saint Etienne, Saint-étienne, 202.
Ganga, G., Elenga, H., Nsongo, T. and Tamo Tatsiété, T. (2014) Effect of Environmental Temperature and pH Water on Compressive Strength of Clay Brick Mixed Chips Mahogany Based Building Materials. Industrial Financial & Business Management, 2, 296-299.
Ganga, G., Nsongo, T., Elenga, H., Mabiala, B., Tatsiété, T. and Nzonzolo (2014) Effect of Incorporation of Chips and Wood Dust Mahogany on Mechanical Acoustic Behavior of Brick Clay. Journal of Building Construction and Planning Research, 2, 198-208. https://doi.org/10.4236/jbcpr.2014.23018
Chemani, H. and Chemani, B. (2013) Valorization of Wood Sawdust in Making Porous Clay Brick. Academic Journal, 8, 609-614.
Ngoro-Elenga, F., Elenga, H., Nsongo, T. and Ganga, G. (2016) The Influence of the Nature of Plant and Mineral Wastes on Clay Slabs Resistance to Flexion-Traction. Research Journal of Materials Sciences, 4, 1-5.
Ngoro-Elenga, F., Elenga, H., Nsongo, T. and Tamo Tatietsé, T. (2016) Experimental Study on the Effect of Wood Sawdust and Sand on the Clay Slabs Resistance to Compression. Research Journal of Engineering Sciences, 5, 1-6.
Ganga, G. (2016) Study of the Influence of the Wood Waste Content on the Mineralogical Structure, the Mechanical and Acoustic Properties of Clay and Laterite Bricks. Doctoral Thesis, Marien Ngouabi University, Brazzaville-Congo, 149 p.
Association Francaise de Normalisation (AFNOR) (1978) Granulometric Analysis by Sieving. NF P 18-560.
Association Francaise de Normalisation (AFNOR) (1992) Granulometric Analysis by Sedimentation. NF P 94-057.
Association Francaise de Normalisation (AFNOR) (1993) Determination of the Limits of Atterberg. NF P 94-051.
Association Francaise de Normalisation (AFNOR) (1999) Determination of Compaction References of a Material. NF P 94-093.
Rejsek, F. (2002) Water Analysis: Regulatory and Technical Aspects. Edition Ressources for National Education, Bordeaux, 360 p.
Association Francaise de Normalisation (AFNOR) (1985) Water Testing-Research and Enumeration of Coliforms and Thermotolerant coliforms—General Method by Membrane Filtration. NF T 90-414.
International Organization for Standardization (ISO) (2000) Water Quality-Research and Enumeration of Escherichia coli and Coliforms Bacteria—Part 1: Method per Membrane Filtering. NF EN ISO 9308-1.
Brown, J. (2007) Effectiveness of Ceramic Filtration for Drinking Water Treatment in Cambodia. Doctorate Thesis, University of North Carolina, Chapet Hill, 256 p.
Bleu, E.B. (2014) Home Water Treatment: Design and Evaluation of the Efficiency of Ceramic Filters. Engineering Master’s, International Institute for Water Engineering and Environment (2iE), Ouagadougou-Burkina Faso, 63.
Wetshondo Osomba, D. (2012) Characterization and Valuation of Clay Minerals of the Kinshasa Province (RD Congo). Doctoral Thesis, University of Liege, Liège, 320 p.
El Ouahabi, M. (2013) Industrial and Artisanal Valuation of the Clay of Morocco. Doctoral Thesis, University of Liege, Liège, 189 p.
Mellal, F. (2009) Study of Physicochemical and Mechanical Behavior of a Marly Road Embankment Improved by Slaked Lime: Case of the East-West Hyghway Section Oued Fodda/Khemis Miliana. Master’s Thesis, Hassiba Ben-Bouali University, Algeria.
Bell, F.G. (1996) Lime Stabilization of Clay Minerals and Soils. Engineering Geology, 42, 223-237. https://doi.org/10.1016/0013-7952(96)00028-2
Mahalinger-Iyer, U. and William, D.J. (1997) Properties and Performance of Lateritic Soil in Road Pavement. Engineering Geology, 46, 71-80. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0013-7952(96)00096-8
Al-Rawas, A.A. and Qararouddin, M. (1998) Construction Problems of Engineering Structures Founded on Expensive Soils and Rocks in Northern Oman. Building and Environment, 33, 159-171. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0360-1323(97)00048-6
Khattab, S.A. (2002) Study of Multi-Scale of a Plastic Clay Soil Treated with Lime. Doctoral Thesis, University of Orleans, Orleans, 250 p.
Akoto, B.K. and Singh, G. (1981) Some Geotechnical Properties of a Lime-Stabilized Laterite Containing a High Proportion of Aluminium Oxide. Engineering Geology, 17, 185-199. https://doi.org/10.1016/0013-7952(81)90083-1
Attoh-Okine, B. (1990) Stabilization Effect of Locally Produced Lime on Selected Lateritic Soils. Construction and Building Materials, 4, 86-91. https://doi.org/10.1016/0950-0618(90)90006-M
Osula, D.O.A. (1991) Lime Modification of Problem Laterite. Engineering Geology, 30, 141-154. https://doi.org/10.1016/0013-7952(91)90040-R
Osula, D.O.A. (1996) A Comparative Evaluation of Cement and Lime Modification of Laterite. Engineering Geology, 42, 71-81. https://doi.org/10.1016/0013-7952(95)00067-4
Brandle, H. (1981) Alteration of Soil Parameters by Stabilization with Lime. C.R du Xème congrès international de mécanique des sols et travaux de fondations, 3, Stockholm, 15-19 June 1981, 587-597.
Traoré, K. (2003) Low Temperature Sintering of Kaolinite Clay from Burkina Faso-Thermal Transformations and Structural Reaoganizations. Doctoral Thesis, University of Limoges, Limoges, 190.
Konan, K.L. (2006) Interaction between Clay Material and a Basic Medium Rich in Calcium. Doctoral Thesis, University of Limoges, Limoges, 143 p.
Milligo, Y. (2008) Geotechnical, Chemical and Mineralogical Study of Clayey and Lateritic Raw Materials from Burkina Faso Improved with Hydraulic Binders: Application to Civil Engineering (Building and Road). Doctoral Thesis, University of Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso, 135 p.
Chen, C.Y., Lan, G.S. and Tuan, W.H. (2000) Microstructural Evolution of Millite during the Sintering of Kaolin Powder Compacts. Ceramics International, 26, 715-720. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0272-8842(00)00009-2
El Yakoubi, N. (2006) Potential for the Use of Moroccan Clays in the Ceramic Industry: Case of The Jbel Kharrou and Benhmed Deposits (Moroccan Western Maseta) Doctoral Thesis, Mohammed V-Agdal University, Rabat (Morocco), 204 p.
Fripiat, J.J. (1960) Application of Infrared Spectroscopy to the Study of Clay Minerals. Bulletin of the French Group of Clay, 12, 25-41.
Russel, J.D. and Fraser, A.R. (1994) Infrared Methods. In: Wilson, M.J., Ed., Clay Mineralogy: Spectroscopic and Chemical Determinative Methods, CRC Press, London, 11-67. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-0727-3_2
Pialy, P. (2009) Study of Same Clay Materials from the Lembo Site (Cameroon): Sintering Behavior and Analysis of Elasticity Properties. Doctoral Thesis. University of Limoges, Limoges, 130 p.
Madejova, J. (2003) FTIR Technics in Clay Mineral Studies. Vibrational Spectroscopy, 31, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0924-2031(02)00065-6
Farmer, V.C. (1974) The Infrared Spectra of Minerals. Vol. 4, Mineralogical Society, London, 331-363. https://doi.org/10.1180/mono-4
Truche, C. (2010) Characterization and Qualification of Clay Materials in Expansive Soils by Infrared Spectroscopy at Laboratory and Fiels Scales. Planet and Univers [Physics]. Sabatier-Toulouse III University, Toulouse, 25-41.
Madejova, J., Bujdak, J., Janek, M. and Komadel, P. (1998) Comparative FT-IR Study of the Structural Modifications during Acid Treatment of Dioctahedral Smectites and Hectorite. Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy, 54, 1397-1406. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1386-1425(98)00040-7
Gourouza, M., Zanguina, A., Natatou, I. and Boos, A. (2013) Characterization of a Mixed Clay Niger. Rev. Cames-Sciences Struct. Mat, 1, 29-39.
Brown, J. and Sobsey, M. (2011) Evaluating Household Water Treatment Options: Health Based and Microbiological Performance Specifications. World Health Organization, Geneva.
Johnson, M. (2008) Health and Water Quality Monitoring of Pure Home Water’s Ceramic Filter Dissemination in the Northern Ghana. Doctorate Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, 146 p.
Kleiman, S. (2011) Ceramic Filter Manufacturing Ghana: Water Storage and Quality Control. Research Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, 87 p.