Mineralized tissues are usually constructed of nanosized materials with ordered hierarchical structures. The main reason for their high load-bearing ability is the multi-scale hierarchy. It is important to have a method for measuring the energy absorbed during the nanoscale deformation of mineralized tissues. The objective of this study was to use a combination of nanoindentation and elastic-plastic mechanics techniques to measure the damage resistance of peritubular and intertubular dentin, based on the energy consumed in the plastic deformation regime and the volume created by the indents. The control materials were soda-lime glass, gold, and poly-methyl methacrylate (PMMA). Plastic deformation energy was calculated from the plastic part of load-displacement curves. The mean values of peritubular dentin and intertubular dentin were 3.8 × 10 9 , and 5.2 × 10 9 J/m 3 , respectively, compared to glass, PMMA, and gold which were 3.3 × 10 7 , 1.3 × 10 9 , and 3.1 × 10 9 J/m 3 , respectively. This method can be applied to study the resistance of mineralized tissues or organic/inorganic hybrid materials to deformation at the nanoscale.
Yan, J., Mecholsky, J.J. and Clifton, K.B. (2007) How Tough Is Bone? Application of Elastic-Plastic Fracture Mechanics to Bone. Bone, 40, 479-484. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bone.2006.08.013
Willet, T., Josey, D., Lu, R.X., Minhas, G. and Montesano, J. (2017) The Micro-Damage Process Zone during Transverse Cortical Bone Fracture: No Ears at Crack Growth Initiation. Journal of Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials, 74, 371-382. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmbbm.2017.06.029
Zhang, B., Han, Q., Zhang, J., Han, Z., Niu, S. and Ren, L. (2020) Advanced Bio-Inspired Structural Materials: Local Properties Determine Overall Performance. Materials Today, 41, 177-199. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mattod.2020.04.009
Calvert, P. (1992) Biomimetic Ceramics and Composites. Mrs Bulletin, 17, 37-40. https://doi.org/10.1557/S0883769400046467
Jackson, A.P., Vincent, J.F.V. and Turner, R.M. (1988) The Mechanical Design of Nacre. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B: Biological Sciences, 234, 415-440. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.1988.0056
Sarikaya, M., Fong, H., Frech, D.W. and Humbert, R. (1999) Biomimetic Assembly of Nanostructured Materials. Bioceramics, 293, 83-97. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/MSF.293.83
Kamat, S., Su, X., Ballarini, R. and Heuer, A.H. (2000) Structural Basis for the Fracture Toughness of the Shell of the Conch Strombus gigas. Nature, 405, 1036-1040. https://doi.org/10.1038/35016535
Menig, R., Meyers, M.H., Meyers, M.A. and Vecchio, K.S. (2001) Quasi-Static and Dynamic Mechanical Response of Strombus gigas (Conch) Shells. Materials Science and Engineering A: Structural Materials Properties Microstructure and Processing, 297, 203-211. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0921-5093(00)01228-4
Bertassoni, L.E. and Swain, M.V. (2012) Influence of Hydration on Nanoindentation Induced Energy Expenditure of Dentin. Journal of Biomechanics, 45, 1679-1683. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiomech.2012.03.021
Xie, Z. and Yao, H. (2014) Crack Deflection and Flaw Tolerance in “Brick-and-Mortar” Structured Composites. International Journal of Applied Mechanics, 6, Article ID: 1450017. https://doi.org/10.1142/S1758825114500173
Kataruka, A., Mendu, K., Okeoghene, O., Puthuvelil, J. and Akono, A.T. (2017) Microscopic Assessment of Bone Toughness Using Scratch Tests. Bone Reports, 6, 17-25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bonr.2016.12.001
Kinney, J.H., Balooch, M., Marshall, G.M. and Marshall, S.J. (1999) A Micromechanics Model of the Elastic Properties of Human Dentine. Archives of Oral Biology, 44, 813-822. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0003-9969(99)00080-1
Marshall, G.W., Inai, N., Magidi, I.C.W., Ballouch, M., Kinney, J.H., Tagami, J. and Marshall, S.J. (1998) Dentin Demineralisation: Effects of Dentin Depth, pH and Different Acids. Dental Materials, 14, 383-383.
Kruzic, J., Nalla, R.K., Kinney, J.H. and Ritchie, R.O. (2003) Crack Blunting, Crack Bridging and Resistance-Curve Fracture Mechanics in Dentin: Effect of Hydration. Biomaterials, 24, 5209-5221. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0142-9612(03)00458-7
Kinney, J.H., Balooch, M., Marshall, G.W. and Marshall, S.J. (1993) Atomic-Force Microscopic Study of Dimensional Changes in Human Dentin during Drying. Archives of Oral Biology, 38, 1003-1007. https://doi.org/10.1016/0003-9969(93)90114-2
Halgas, R., Dusza, J., Kaiferová, J., Kovácsova, L. and Markovská, N. (2013) Nanoindentation Testing of Human Enamel and Dentin. Journal Ceramics-Silikáty, 57, 92-99.
Seyedkavoosi, S. and Sevostianov, I. (2019) Micromechanics of Dentin: Review. Reviews on Advanced Materials and Technologies, 1, 1-26. https://doi.org/10.17586/2687-0568-2019-1-1-1-26
Oyena, M.I. (2006) Nanoindentation Hardness of Mineralized Tissues. Journal of Biomechanics, 39, 2699-2702. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiomech.2005.09.011
Calvert, P. (1994) Strategies for Biomimetic Mineralization. Scripta Metallurgica et Materialia, 31, 977-982. https://doi.org/10.1016/0956-716X(94)90513-4
White, S.N., Luo, W., Paine, M.L., Fong, H., Sarikaya, M. and Snead, M.L. (2001) Biological Organization of Hydroxyapatite Crystallites into a Fibrous Continuum Toughens and Controls Anisotropy in Human Enamel. Journal of Dental Research, 80, 321-326. https://doi.org/10.1177/00220345010800010501
Arola, D., Rouland, J.A. and Zhang, D. (2002) Fatigue and Fracture of Bovine Dentin. Experimental Mechanics, 42, 380-388. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02412142
Arola, D. and Zheng, W. (2006) Hydration and Dynamic Fatigue of Dentin. Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part A, 77, 148-159. https://doi.org/10.1002/jbm.a.30634
Arola, D.D. and Reprogel, R.K. (2006) Tubule Orientation and the Fatigue Strength of Human Dentin. Biomaterials, 27, 2131-2140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2005.10.005
El Mowafy, O.M. and Watts, D.C. (1986) Fracture Toughness of Human Dentin. Journal of Dental Research, 65, 677-681. https://doi.org/10.1177/00220345860650050901
Imbeni, V., Nalla, R.K., Bosi, C., Kinney, J.H. and Ritchie, R.O. (2003) In Vitro Fracture Toughness of Human Dentin. Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part A, 66, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1002/jbm.a.10548
Kahler, W., Swain, M.V. and Moule, A. (2003) Hydration Effects on Dentine Fracture Toughness and Crack Propagation. Journal of Biomechanics, 36, 229-237. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9290(02)00327-5
Kruzic, J.J., Nalla, R.K., Kinney, J.H. and Ritchie, R.O. (2005) Mechanistic Aspects of in Vitro Fatigue-Crack Growth in Dentin. Biomaterials, 26, 1195-1204. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2004.04.051
Nalla, R.K., Kinney, J.H. and Ritchie, R.O. (2003) On the Fracture of Human Dentin: Is It Stress- or Strain-Controlled? Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part A, 67, 484-495. https://doi.org/10.1002/jbm.a.10079
Nalla, R.K., Kinney, J.H. and Ritchie, R.O. (2003) Effect of Orientation on the in Vitro Fracture Toughness of Dentin: The Role of Toughening Mechanisms. Biomaterials, 24, 3955-3968. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0142-9612(03)00278-3
Nalla, R.K., Kinney, J.H., Marshall, S.J. and Ritchie, R.O. (2004) On the in Vitro Fatigue Behavior of Human Dentin: Effect of Mean Stress. Journal of Dental Research, 83, 211-215. https://doi.org/10.1177/154405910408300305
Nalla, R.K., Kruzic, J.J. and Ritchie, R.O. (2004) On the Origin of the Toughness of Mineralized Tissue: Microcracking or Crack Bridging? Bone, 34, 790-798. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bone.2004.02.001
Nalla, R.K., Balooch, M., Ager, J.W., Kruzic, J.J., Kinney, J.H. and Ritchie, R.O. (2005) Effects of Polar Solvents on the Fracture Resistance of Dentin: Role of Water Hydration. Acta Biomaterialia, 1, 31-43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2004.08.002
Yan, J. (2005) Elastic-Plastic Fracture Mechanics of Compact Bone. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Florida, Gainesville.
Kahler, B., Kotousov, A. and Borkowski, K. (2005) On Fracture of Restored Teeth. Damage Assessment of Structures VI, 293-294, 245-251. https://doi.org/10.4028/0-87849-976-8.245
Baer, E., Hiltner, A. and Morgan, R.J. (1992) Biological and Synthetic Hierarchical Composites. Physics Today, 45, 60-67. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.881344
Kim, C.S., Randow, C. and Sano, T. (2015) Hybrid and Hierarchical Composite Materials. Springer, Berlin. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-12868-9
Zhang, X., Zhao, N. and He, C. (2020) The Superior Mechanical and Physical Properties of Nanocarbon Reinforced Bulk Composites Achieved by Architecture Design: A Review. Progress in Materials Science, 113, Article ID: 100672. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmatsci.2020.100672
Grellmann, W. (2001) New Developments in Toughness Evaluation of Polymers and Compounds by Fracture Mechanics. In: Grellmann, W. and Seidler, S., Eds., Deformation and Fracture Behaviour of Polymers, Springer, New York, 3-26. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-04556-5_1
Yan, J., Taskonak, B., Platt, J.A. and Mecholsky, J.J. (2008) Evaluation of Fracture Toughness of Human Dentin Using Elastic-Plastic Fracture Mechanics. Journal of Biomechanics, 41, 1253-1259. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiomech.2008.01.015
Callister, W.D. (1999) Materials Science and Engineering: An Introduction. 5th Edition, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 792-801.
Currey, J.D. (1969) The Mechanical Consequences of Variation in the Mineral Content of Bone. Journal of Biomechanics, 2, 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-9290(69)90036-0
Xia, Z., Riester, L., Curtin, W.A., Li, H., Sheldon, B.W., Liang, J., Chang, B. and Xu, J.M. (2004) Direct Observation of Toughening Mechanisms in Carbon Nanotube Ceramic Matrix Composites. Acta Materialia, 52, 931-944. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2003.10.050