Sb 2 S 3 has gained tremendous research recently for thin film solar cell absorber material because of their easy synthesis, unique electrical and optical properties. The stoichiometry and composition of electroless Sb 2 S 3 thin films were analyzed using XPS depth profile studies. The surface layers were found nearly stoichiometric. On the other hand, the inner layer was rich in antimony composition making it more conductive electrically.
Wang, X.M., Tang, R.F., Wu, C.Y., Zhu, C.F. and Chen, T. (2018) Development of Antimony Sulfide—Selenide Sb2(S, Se)3-Based Solar Cells. Journal of Energy Chemistry, 27, 713-721. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jechem.2017.09.031
Hossain, M.K., Raihan, G.A., Akbar, M.A., Rubel, M.H.K., Ahmed, M.H., Khan, M.I., Hossain, S., Sen, S.K., Jalal, M.I.E. and El-Denglawey, A. (2022) Current Applications and Future Potential of Rare Earth Oxides in Sustainable Nuclear, rAdiation, and Energy Devices: A Review. ACS Applied Electronic Materials, 4, 3327-3353. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsaelm.2c00069
Green, M.A. (2019) How Did Solar Cells Get so Cheap? Joule, 3, 631-633. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joule.2019.02.010
Hossain, M.K., Pervez, M.F., Tayyaba, S., Uddin, M.J., Mortuza, A.A., Mia, M.N.H., Manir, M.S., Karim, M.R. and Khan, M.A. (2017) Efficiency Enhancement of Natural Dye Sensitized Solar Cell by Optimizing Electrode Fabrication Parameters. Materials Science, 35, 816-823. https://doi.org/10.1515/msp-2017-0086
Hossain, M.K., Pervez, M.F., Mia, M.N.H., Mortuza, A.A., Rahaman, M.S., Karim, M.R., Islam, J.M.M., Ahmed, F. and Khan, M.A. (2017) Effect of Dye Extracting Solvents and Sensitization Time on Photovoltaic Performance of Natural Dye Sensitized Solar Cells. Results in Physics, 7, 1516-1523. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rinp.2017.04.011
Tong, J., Song, Z., Kim, D.H., Chen, X., Chen, C., Palmstrom, A.F., Ndione, P.F., Reese, M.O., Dunfield, S.P., Reid, O.G., Liu, J., Zhang, F., Harvey, S.P., Li, Z., Christensen, S.T., Teeter, G., Zhao, D., Al-Jassim, M.M., Van Hest, M.F.A.M., Beard, M.C., Shaheen, S.E., Berry, J.J., Yan, Y. and Zhu, K. (2019) Carrier Lifetimes of >1 μs in Sn-Pb Perovskites Enable Efficient All-Perovskite Tandem Solar Cells. Science, 364, 475-479. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aav7911
Zhang, H., Xiao, J., Shi, J., Su, H., Luo, Y., Li, D., Wu, H., Cheng, Y.B. and Meng, O. (2018) Self-Adhesive Macroporous Carbon Electrodes for Efficient and Stable Perovskite Solar Cells. Advanced Functional Materials, 28, Article ID: 1802985. https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201802985
Wu, W.Q., Wang, Q., Fang, Y., Shao, Y., Tang, S., Deng, Y., Lu, H., Liu, Y., Li, T., Yang, Z., Gruverman, A. and Huang, J. (2018) Molecular Doping Enabled Scalable Blading of Efficient Hole-Transport-Layer-Free Perovskite Solar Cells. Nature Communications, 9, Article No. 1625. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-04028-8
Burst, J.M., Duenow, J.N., Albin, D.S., Colegrove, E., Reese, M.O., Aguiar, J.A., Jiang, C.S., Patel, M.K., Al-Jassim, M.M., Kuciauskas, D., Swain, S., Ablekim, T., Lynn, K.G. and Metzger, W.K. (2016) CdTe Solar Cells with Open-Circuit Voltage Breaking the 1 V Barrier. Nature Energy, 1, Article No. 16015. https://doi.org/10.1038/nenergy.2016.15
Jackson, P., Hariskos, D., Lotter, E., Paetel, S., Wuerz, R., Menner, R., Wischmann, W. and Powalla, M. (2011) New World Record Efficiency for Cu(In, Ga)Se2 Thin-Film Solar Cells beyond 20%. Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications, 19, 894-897. https://doi.org/10.1002/pip.1078
Wang, W., Winkler, M.T., Gunawan, O., Gokmen, T., Todorov, T.K., Zhu, Y. and Mitzi, D.B. (2014) Device Characteristics of CZTSSe Thin-Film Solar Cells with 12.6% Efficiency. Advanced Energy Materials, 4, Article ID: 1301465. https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201301465
Zimmermann, E., Pfadler, T., Kalb, J., Dorman, J.A., Sommer, D., Hahn, G., Weickert, J. and Schmidt-Mende, L. (2015) Toward High-Efficiency Solution-Processed Planar Heterojunction Sb2S3 Solar Cells. Advanced Science, 2, Article ID: 1500059. https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.201500059
Wen, X., Chen, C., Lu, S., Li, K., Kondrotas, R., Zhao, Y., Chen, W., Gao, L., Wang, C., Zhang, J., Niu, G. and Tang, J. (2018) Vapor Transport Deposition of Antimony Selenide Thin Film Solar Cells with 7.6% Efficiency. Nature Communications, 9, Article No. 2179. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-04634-6
Ghosh, C. and Varma, B.P. (1979) Optical Properties of Amorphous and Crystalline Sb2S3 Thin Films. Thin Solid Films, 60, 61-65. https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-6090(79)90347-X
Versavel, M.Y. and Haber, J.A. (2007) Structural and Optical Properties of Amorphous and Crystalline Antimony Sulfide Thin-Films. Thin Solid Films, 515, 7171-7176. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsf.2007.03.043
Boix, P.P., Lee, Y.H., Fabregat-Santiago, F., Im, S.H., Mora-Sero, I., Bisquert, J. and Seok, S.I. (2012) From Flat to Nanostructured Photovoltaics: Balance between Thickness of the Absorber and Charge Screening in Sensitized Solar Cells. ACS Nano, 6, 873-880. https://doi.org/10.1021/nn204382k
Lee, Y.H., Heo, J.H., Im, S.H., Kim, H.J., Lim, C.S., Ahn T.K. and Seok, S.I. (2013) Improvement of Nonlinear Response for the Power Conversion Efficiency with Light Intensities in Cobalt Complex Electrolyte System. Chemical Physics Letters, 573, 63-69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cplett.2013.04.047
Shuai, X. and Shen, W. (2012) A Facile Chemical Conversion Synthesis of Sb2S3 Nanotubes and the Visible Light-Driven Photocatalytic Activities. Nanoscale Research Letters, 7, Article No. 199. https://doi.org/10.1186/1556-276X-7-199
Ibuke, S. and Yochimatsu, S. (1955) Photoconductivity of Stibnite (Sb2S3). Journal of the Physical Society of Japan, 10, 549-554. https://doi.org/10.1143/JPSJ.10.549
Li, K., Huang, F. and Lin, X. (2008) Pristine Narrow-Bandgap Sb2S3 as a High-Efficiency Visible-Light Responsive Photocatalyst. Scripta Materialia, 58, 834-837. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scriptamat.2007.12.033
Arivuoli, D., Gnanam, F. and Ramasamy, P. (1988) Growth and Microhardness Studies of Chalcogneides of Arsenic, Antimony and Bismuth. Journal of Materials Science Letters, 7, 711-713. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00722076
Savadogo, O. and Mandal, K. (1992) Studies on New Chemically Deposited Photoconducting Antimony Trisulphide Thin Films. Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, 26, 117-136. https://doi.org/10.1016/0927-0248(92)90131-8
Han, Q., Chen, L., Wang, M., Yang, X., Lu, L. and Wang, X. (2010) Low-Temperature Synthesis of Uniform Sb2S3 Nanorods and Its Visible-Light-Driven Photocatalytic Activities. Materials Science and Engineering: B, 166, 118-121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mseb.2009.10.010
Sun, M., Li, D.Z., Li, W.J., Chen, Y.B., Chen, Z.X., He, Y.H. and Fu, X.Z. (2008) A New Photocatalyst, Sb2S3, for Degradation of Methyl Orange under Visible Light Irradiation. The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 112, 18076-18081. https://doi.org/10.1021/jp806496d
Cao, X., Gu, L., Zhuge, L., Gao, W., Wang, W. and Wu, S. (2006) Template-Free Preparation of Hollow Sb2S3 Microspheres as Supports for Ag Nanoparticles and Photocatalytic Properties of the Constructed Metal—Semiconductor Nanostructures. Advanced Functional Materials, 16, 896-902. https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.200500422
Zawawi, I., Moez, A., Terra, F. and Mounir, M. (1998) Substrate Temperature Effect on the Optical and Electrical Properties of Antimony Trisulfide Thin Films. Thin Solid Films, 324, 300-304. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-6090(98)00350-2
Mathew, N., Oommen, R., Rajalakshmi, U. and Sanjeeviraja, C. (2011) Investigations of the Se Doped Sb2S3 Thin Films. Chalcogenide Letters, 8, 441-446.
Messina, S., Nair, M. and Nair, P. (2007) Antimony Sulfide Thin Films in Chemically Deposited Thin Film Photovoltaic Cells. Thin Solid Films, 515, 5777-5782. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsf.2006.12.155
Lazcano, Y., Nair, M. and Nair, P. (2005) Photovoltaic p-i-n Structure of Sb2S3 and CuSbS2 Absorber Films Obtained via Chemical Bath Deposition. Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 152, 635-638. https://doi.org/10.1149/1.1945387
Mane, R.S. and Lokhande, C.D. (2003) Photoelectrochemical Cells Based on Nanocrystalline Sb2S3 Thin Films. Materials Chemistry and Physics, 78, 385-392. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0254-0584(02)00155-4
Savadogo, O. (1998) Chemically and Electrochemically Deposited Thin Films for Solar Energy Materials. Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, 52, 361-388. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0927-0248(97)00247-X
Perales, E., Lifante, G., Rueda, F. and Hares, C. (2007) Optical and Structural Properties in the Amorphous to Polycrystalline Transition in Sb2S3 Thin Films. Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, 40, 2440-2444. https://doi.org/10.1088/0022-3727/40/8/005
Perales, E., Rueda, F., Lamela, J. and Heras, C. (2008) Optical and Structural Properties of Sb2S3/MgF2 Multilayers for Laser Applications. Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, 41, Article ID: 045403. https://doi.org/10.1088/0022-3727/41/4/045403
Arun, P., Vedeshwar, A. and Mehra, N. (1997) Laser-Induced Crystallization in Sb2S3 Films. Materials Research Bulletin, 32, 907-913. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0025-5408(97)00064-0
Herzog, V.Z., Bassell, S.L.H., Nesbitt, H.W. and Pratt, A.R. (2006) High Resolution XPS Study of the Large-Band-Gap Semiconductor Stibnite (Sb2S3): Structural Contributions and Surface Reconstruction. Surface Science, 600, 348-356. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.susc.2005.10.034
Garcia, R.G.A., Avendano, C.A.M., Pal, M., Delgado, F.P. and Mathews, N.R. (2016) Antimony Sulfide (Sb2S3) Thin Films by Pulse Electrodeposition: Effect of Thermal Treatment on Structural, Optical and Electrical Properties. Materials Science in Semiconductor Processing, 44, 91-100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mssp.2015.12.018
Grigas, J., Talik, E. and Lazauska, V. (2002) X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy of Sb2S3 Crystals. Phase Transitions, 75, 323-337. https://doi.org/10.1080/01411590290020448