The antibacterial activity of copper is well-known from an ancient civilization, however, its biocidal mechanism has not been necessarily elucidated. Notwithstanding up to now, mainly 4 processes have been proposed. Among them, it is cleared that 4 kinds of reactive oxygen species (ROS): hydroxyl radical · OH, hydrogen per oxide H 2 O 2 , superoxide anion · O - 2 and singlet oxygen 1 O 2 , play an important role for contact-killing of bacteria, viruses and fungi. In this paper, generation of ROS on the surfaces of copper plates heated from room temperature to 673 K for 4.2 × 10 2 s in air, was investigated using the chemiluminescence. ROS have been evaluated by selecting the most suitable scavengers, such as 2-propanol for · OH, sodium pyruvate for H 2 O 2 , nitro blue tetrazolium for · O - 2 , and sodium azide NaN 3 for 1 O 2 . At the same time the outermost surface of copper, on which thin film of cuprous oxide Cu 2 O was first formed and then cupric oxide CuO was laminated on Cu 2 O, was examined by thin-film XRD and TEM analysis to estimate the amounts and kinds of copper oxides. It was found that the most amounts of ROS were obtained for the 573 K-heated Cu plate and they were composed of · OH, H 2 O 2 , and · O - 2.
Wikipedia, Free Encyclopedia. Antimicrobial Properties of Copper. https://en.wikipedia.org
Govind, V., Bharadwaj, S., Ganesh, M.R.S., Vishnu, J., Shankar, K.V., Shankar, B. and Rajesh, R. (2021) Antiviral Properties of Copper and Its Alloys to Inactivate Covid-19 Virus: A Review. BioMetals, 34, 1217-1235. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10534-021-00339-4
Grass, G., Rensing, C. and Solioz, M. (2011) Metallic Copper as an Antimicrobial Surface. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 77, 1541-1547. https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.02766-10
Salah, I., Ivan, P. and Allan, P.E. (2021) Copper as an Antimicrobial Agent: Recent Advances. RSC Advances, 11, 18179-18186. https://doi.org/10.1039/D1RA02149D
Martinez, C.A., Nguyen, K.V., Ameer, F.S., Anker, J.N. and Brumaghim, J.L. (2017) Reactive Oxygen Species Generation by Copper(II) Oxide Nanoparticles Determined by DNA Damage Assays and ESR Spectroscopy. Nanotoxicology, 11, 278-288. https://doi.org/10.1080/17435390.2017.1293750
Srivishnu, K.S., Prasanthkumar, S. and Giribabu, L. (2021) Cu(II/I) Redox Couples: Potential Alternatives to Traditional Electrolytes for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells. Materials Advances, 2, 1229-1247. https://doi.org/10.1039/D0MA01023E
Hirota, K., Sugimoto, M., Kato, M., Tsukagoshi, K., Tanigawa, T. and Sugimoto, H. (2010) Preparation of Zinc Oxide Ceramics with a Sustainable Antibacterial Activity under Dark Conditions. Ceramics International, 36, 497-506. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2009.09.026
Nguyen, T.M.P., Hirota, S., Suzuki, Y., Kato, M., Hirota, K., Taguchi, H., Yamada, H. and Tsukagoshi, K. (2018) Preparation of ZnO Powders with Strong Antibacterial Activity under Dark Conditions. Japan Society of Powder and Powder Metallurgy, 65, 316-324. https://doi.org/10.2497/jjspm.65.316
Nguyen, T.M.P., Hirota, K., Kato, M., Tsukagoshi, K., Yamada, H., Terabe, A. and Mizutani, H. (2019) Dependence of Antibacterial Activity of ZnO Powders on Their Physico-Chemical Properties. Japan Society of Powder and Powder Metallurgy, 9, 431-441. https://doi.org/10.2497/jjspm.66.434
Nguyen, T.M.P., Lemaitre, P., Kato, M., Hirota, K., Tsukagoshi, K., Yamada, H., Terabe, A., Mizutani, H. and Kanehira, S. (2021) Preparation of Anatase Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticle Powders Submitting Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) under Dark Conditions. Materials Science and Applications, 12, 89-110. https://doi.org/10.4236/msa.2021.122006
Hirota, K., Jinzenji, A., Tsukagoshi, K., Taniguchi, Y., Kawakami, H., Ozawa, T., Wada, M. and Yuki, Y. (2023) Antibacterial Activity of Anatase TiO2 Added Cu Powder. Japan Society of Powder and Powder Metallurgy, 70, 121-131. https://doi.org/10.2497/jjspm.70.121
Honkanen, M., Vippola, M. and Lepisto, T. (2008) Oxidation of Copper Alloys Studied by Analytical Transmission Electron Microscopy Cross-Sectional Specimens. Journal of Materials Research, 23, 1350-1357.
https://doi.org/10.1557/JMR.2008.0160
Hans, M., Erbe, A., Mathews, S., Chen, Y., Solioz, M. and Mucklich, F. (2013) Role of Copper Oxides in Contact Killing of Bacteria. Langmuir, 29, 16160-16166. https://doi.org/10.1021/la404091z
Zhang, Y., Dai, M. and Yuan, Z. (2018) Methods for the Detection of Reactive Oxygen Species. Analytical Methods, 10, 4625-4638. https://doi.org/10.1039/C8AY01339J
Wanchao, Y. and Zhao, L. (2021) Chemiluminescence Detection of Reactive Oxygen Species Generation and Potential Environmental Application. TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry, 136, Article ID: 116197. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trac.2021.116197
Oba, S. and Mukai, T. (2010) Mechanism and Condition of the Chemiluminescence of Luminol and Lucigenin. Hiyoshi Review of Natural Science Keio University, 48, 31-57.
For Example, Thermo Fisher Scientific Home. https://www.thermofisher.com
Greenwald, R.A. (2017) Methods for Oxygen Radical Research. In: Greenwald, R.A., Ed., CRC Handbook of Methods for Oxygen Radical Research, CRC Press, Boca Raton, 177-179.
Wang, L., Li, B., Dionysiou, D.D., Chen, B., Yang, J. and Li, J. (2022) Overlooked Formation of H2O2 during the Hydroxyl Radical-Scavenging Process When Using Alcohols as Scavengers. Environmental Science and Technology, 56, 3386-3396. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.1c03796
Miller, C.J., Rose, A.L. and Waite, T.D. (2011) Phthalhydrazide Chemiluminescence Method for Detection of Hydroyl Radical Production: Modifications and Adaptations for Use in Natural Systems. Analytical Chemistry, 83, 261-268. https://doi.org/10.1021/ac1022748
Pham, A.N., Xing, G., Miller, C.J. and Waite, T.D. (2013) Fenton-Like Copper Redox Chemistry Revisited: Hydrogen Peroxide and Superoxide Mediation of Copper-Catalyzed Oxidant Production. Journal of Catalysis, 30, 54-64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcat.2013.01.025
Khan, S., Rayis, M.P., Rizvi, A., Alam, M.M., Rizvi, M. and Naseem, I. (2019) ROS Mediated Antibacterial Activity of Photo Illuminated Riboflavin: A Photodynamic Mechanism against Nosocomial Infections. Toxicology Reports, 6, 136-142. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxrep.2019.01.003
Ashoori, M. and Saedisomeolia, A. (2014) Riboflavin (Vitamin B2) and Oxidative Stress: A Review. British Journal of Nutrition, 111, 1985-1991. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114514000178
Kladna, A., Marchlewicz, M., Piechowska, T., Krukc, I. and Aboul-Eneind, H.Y. (2015) Reactivity of Pyruvic Acid and Its Derivatives towards Reactive Oxygen Species. Luminescence, 30, 1153-1158. https://doi.org/10.1002/bio.2879
ATTO.co.jp. https://www.atto.co.jp/reagents
Wang, L., Liu, S., Zheng, Z., Pi, Z., Song, F. and Liu, Z. (2015) Rapid Assay for Testing Superoxide Anion Radical Scavenging Activities to Natural Pigments by Ultra-High Performance Liquid Chromatography-Diode-Array Detection Method. Analytical Methods, 7, 1535-1542. https://doi.org/10.1039/C4AY02690J
The Chemical Society of Japan (2021) Handbook of Chemistry: Pure Chemistry. 6th Edition, Maruzen-Publishing, Tokyo.
Kozmér, Z., Takács, E., Wojnárovits, L., Alapi, T., Hernádi, K. and Dombi, A. (2016) The Influence of Radical Transfer and Scavenger Materials in Various Concentrations on the Gamma Radiolysis of Phenol. Radiation Physics and Chemistry, 124, 52-57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.radphyschem.2015.12.011
Reisz, E., Clemens, V.S., Tekle-Rottering, A., Naumov, S., Schmidt, W. and Schmidt, T.C. (2018) Reaction of 2-Propanol with Ozone in Aqueous Media. Water Research, 128, 171-182. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2017.10.035
Kormali, P., Triantis, T., Dimotikali, D., Hiskia, A. and Papaconstantinou, E. (2006) On the Photooxidative Behavior of TiO2 and PW12O403-: OH Radicals versus Holes. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 68, 139-146. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2006.07.024
Wojcieszak, D., Domaradzki, J., Kaczmarek, D. and Michalec, B. (2008) Characterization of Thin Films Based on TiO2 by XRD, AFM and XPS Measurements. 2008 International Students and Young Scientists Workshop—Photonics and Microsystems, Wroclaw-Szklarska Poreba, 20-22 June 2008, 96-99. https://doi.org/10.1109/STYSW.2008.5164154
Quantitative Analysis, Reference Intensity Ratio (RIR), ICDD (International Center of Diffraction Data).
Meissner, C., Ploch, S. and Kneissl, M. (2009) Volmer-Weber Growth Mode of InN Quantum Dots on GaN by MOVPE. Physica Status Solidi C, 6, S545-S548. https://doi.org/10.1002/pssc.200880872
Gregory, J. (2020) Standard and Reversible Hydrogen Electrodes: Theory, Design, Operation, and Applications. ACS Catalysis, 10, 8409-8417. https://doi.org/10.1021/acscatal.0c02046
Meshram, P., Prakash, U., Bhagat, L., Abhilash, Zhao, H. and Hulleebush, E.D. (2020) Processing of Waste Copper Converter Slag Using Organic Acids for Extraction of Copper, Nickel, and Cobalt. Minerals, 10, Article No. 290. https://doi.org/10.3390/min10030290