Electrochemical Oxidation of Methylene Blue by Cyclic Voltammetry on a Boron-Doped Diamond Electrode in Various Supporting Electrolytes — Oak Academic Publishing
Research ArticleOpen AccessGoogle Scholar indexed
Electrochemical Oxidation of Methylene Blue by Cyclic Voltammetry on a Boron-Doped Diamond Electrode in Various Supporting Electrolytes
Laboratoire de Constitution et Réaction de la Matière, UFR SSMT, Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire
,
Laboratoire de Constitution et Réaction de la Matière, UFR SSMT, Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire
,
Laboratoire de Constitution et Réaction de la Matière, UFR SSMT, Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire
,
Laboratoire de Constitution et Réaction de la Matière, UFR SSMT, Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire
,
Laboratoire de Constitution et Réaction de la Matière, UFR SSMT, Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire
,
Laboratoire de Constitution et Réaction de la Matière, UFR SSMT, Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire
1 Laboratoire de Constitution et Réaction de la Matière, UFR SSMT, Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire
2 Laboratoire de Constitution et Réaction de la Matière, UFR SSMT, Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire
3 Laboratoire de Constitution et Réaction de la Matière, UFR SSMT, Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire
4 Laboratoire de Constitution et Réaction de la Matière, UFR SSMT, Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire
5 Laboratoire de Constitution et Réaction de la Matière, UFR SSMT, Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire
6 Laboratoire de Constitution et Réaction de la Matière, UFR SSMT, Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire
In this study, the electrochemical behavior of methylene blue (MB) dye was investigated at a boron-doped diamond (BDD) electrode in various supporting electrolyte solutions. The physical characterization of the BDD surface by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) reveals a polycrystalline structure with grain sizes ranging between 0.3 and 0.6 μm. With Raman spectroscopy, the BDD surface is composed of diamond-type carbon (Csp3) and graphitic-type carbon (Csp2). Electrochemical characterization of the BDD electrode in 0.1 M H 2 SO 4 and Na 2 SO 4 solutions showed the presence of an anodic wave close to the onset potential of oxygen evolution. In the presence of MB, four anodic peaks and one cathodic peak were recorded in both media. Analysis of the first anodic and cathodic peaks suggests a quasi-reversible electrochemical process. In 0.1 M NaOH, the electrochemical response revealed a distinct anodic peak associated with oxygen evolution. The oxidation of MB in this basic medium was characterized by a broad anodic wave beginning within the potential window for water stability on the BDD electrode. The results obtained across the different electrolytes indicate that methylene blue can be oxidized either through direct electron transfer at the electrode surface or indirectly via reactive oxidative species generated in solution. The electrochemical process is diffusion-controlled, and in all three media, the formation of a polymeric film on the electrode surface was observed. These findings confirm the suitability of BDD electrodes for the electrochemical investigation and quantification of methylene blue.
KeywordsElectrochemical OxidationCyclic VoltammetryBDDMethylene Blue Dye
Alegbe, E.O. and Uthman, T.O. (2024) A Review of History, Properties, Classification, Applications and Challenges of Natural and Synthetic Dyes. Heliyon , 10, e33646. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e33646
Pizzicato, B., Pacifico, S., Cayuela, D., Mijas, G. and Riba-Moliner, M. (2023) Advancements in Sustainable Natural Dyes for Textile Applications: A Review. Molecules , 28, Article 5954. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28165954
Kapanga, P.M., Nyakairu, G.W.A., Nkanga, C.I., Lusamba, S.N., Tshimanga, R.M. and Shehu, Z. (2024) A Review of Dye Effluents Polluting African Surface Water: Sources, Impacts, Physicochemical Properties, and Treatment Methods. Discover Wat er , 4, Article No. 85. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43832-024-00129-2
Dutta, S., Adhikary, S., Bhattacharya, S., Roy, D., Chatterjee, S., Chakraborty, A., et al. (2024) Contamination of Textile Dyes in Aquatic Environment: Adverse Impacts on Aquatic Ecosystem and Human Health, and Its Management Using Bioremediation. Journal of Environmental Management , 353, Article ID: 120103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.120103
Lin, J., Ye, W., Xie, M., Seo, D.H., Luo, J., Wan, Y., et al. (2023) Environmental Impacts and Remediation of Dye-Containing Wastewater. Nature Reviews Earth & Environment , 4, 785-803. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43017-023-00489-8
Oladoye, P.O., Ajiboye, T.O., Omotola, E.O. and Oyewola, O.J. (2022) Methylene Blue Dye: Toxicity and Potential Elimination Technology from Wastewater. Results in Engineering , 16, Article ID: 100678. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rineng.2022.100678
Bužga, M., Machytka, E., Dvořáčková, E., Švagera, Z., Stejskal, D., Máca, J., et al. (2022) Methylene Blue: A Controversial Diagnostic Acid and Medication? Toxicology Research , 11, 711-717. https://doi.org/10.1093/toxres/tfac050
Lipskikh, O.I., Korotkova, E.I., Khristunova, Y.P., Barek, J. and Kratochvil, B. (2018) Sensors for Voltammetric Determination of Food Azo Dyes—A Critical Review. Electrochimica Acta , 260, 974-985. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2017.12.027
Mazzeo, L., Marzi, D., Bavasso, I., Piemonte, V. and Di Palma, L. (2023) Removal of Methylene Blue from Wastewater by Waste Roots from the Arsenic-Hyperaccumulator Pteris Vittata: Fixed Bed Adsorption Kinetics. Materials , 16, Article 1450. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16041450
Tubon-Usca, G., Centeno, C., Pomasqui, S., Beneduci, A. and Arias, F.A. (2025) Enhanced Adsorption of Methylene Blue in Wastewater Using Natural Zeolite Impregnated with Graphene Oxide. Applied Sciences , 15, Article 2824. https://doi.org/10.3390/app15052824
Appia, F.T.A., Kouassi, T.G.D., Kimou, K.J., Coulibaly, C.S., Meledje, J. and Ouattara, L. (2025) Photolytic Degradation of Methylene Blue: The Effect of Various Factors on Wastewater Treatment Efficiency. Asian Journal of Chemical Sciences , 15, 41-52. https://doi.org/10.9734/ajocs/2025/v15i1347
Abdrabou, D., Ahmed, M., Hussein, A. and El-Sherbini, T. (2023) Photocatalytic Behavior for Removal of Methylene Blue from Aqueous Solutions via Nanocomposites Based on Gd 2 O 3 /CdS and Cellulose Acetate Nanofibers. Environmental Science and Pollution Research , 30, 99789-99808. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-28999-4
Loba, E.M.H., Appia, F.T.A., Kouassi, T.G.D., Koné, S., Yao, K.F. and Kouassi, K.K.E. (2023) Anodic Oxidation of Cationic Dye on Boron-Doped Diamond (BDD): Effect of Electrochemical Operation Parameters. RAMReS Sciences des Structures et de la Matière , 7, 20-36.
Gnamba, C.Q., Appia, F.T.A., Loba, E.M.H., Sanogo, I. and Ouattara, L. (2015) Electrochemical Oxidation of Amoxicillin in Its Pharmaceutical Formulation at Boron Doped Diamond (BDD) Electrode. Journal of Electrochemical Science and Engineering , 5, 129-143. https://doi.org/10.5599/jese.186
Pop, A., Manea, F., Flueras, A. and Schoonman, J. (2017) Simultaneous Voltammetric Detection of Carbaryl and Paraquat Pesticides on Graphene-Modified Boron-Doped Diamond Electrode. Sensors , 17, Article 2033. https://doi.org/10.3390/s17092033
Gimadutdinova, L., Ziyatdinova, G. and Davletshin, R. (2023) Selective Voltammetric Sensor for the Simultaneous Quantification of Tartrazine and Brilliant Blue FCF. Sensors , 23, Article 1094. https://doi.org/10.3390/s23031094
Sun, J., Lu, H., Du, L., Lin, H. and Li, H. (2011) Anodic Oxidation of Anthraquinone Dye Alizarin Red S at Ti/BDD Electrodes. Applied Surface Science , 257, 6667-6671. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2011.02.099
Tang, Y., He, D., Guo, Y., Qu, W., Shang, J., Zhou, L., et al. (2020) Electrochemical Oxidative Degradation of X-6G Dye by Boron-Doped Diamond Anodes: Effect of Operating Parameters. Chemosphere , 258, Article ID: 127368. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127368
Lee, T., You, M., Kim, S. and Song, P. (2025) The Growth Mechanism of Boron-Doped Diamond in Relation to the Carbon-to-Hydrogen Ratio Using the Hot-Filament Chemical Vapor Deposition Method. Micromachines , 16, Article 742. https://doi.org/10.3390/mi16070742
Li, Z., Zhou, B., Yang, W., Deng, Z., Chen, F., Bai, H., et al. (2023) The Effect of Boron Doping Concentration on the Electrochemical Oxidation of Chlorine Using BDD Electrode. Journal of The Electrochemical Society , 170, Article ID: 033502. https://doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/acad2d
Long, H., Hu, H., Wen, K., Liu, X., Liu, S., Zhang, Q., et al. (2023) Thickness Effects on Boron Doping and Electrochemical Properties of Boron-Doped Diamond Film. Molecules , 28, Article 2829. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28062829
Adar, F. (2022) Use of Raman Spectroscopy to Qualify Carbon Materials. Spectroscopy , 37, 11-15, 50. https://doi.org/10.56530/spectroscopy.wx3481u2
Chen, L., Lei, C., Li, Z., Yang, B., Zhang, X. and Lei, L. (2018) Electrochemical Activation of Sulfate by BDD Anode in Basic Medium for Efficient Removal of Organic Pollutants. Chemosphere , 210, 516-523. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.07.043
Zhang, F., Sun, Z. and Cui, J. (2020) Research on the Mechanism and Reaction Conditions of Electrochemical Preparation of Persulfate in a Split-Cell Reactor Using BDD Anode. RSC Advances , 10, 33928-33936. https://doi.org/10.1039/d0ra04669h
Serrano, K., Michaud, P.A., Comninellis, C. and Savall, A. (2002) Electrochemical Preparation of Peroxodisulfuric Acid Using Boron Doped Diamond Thin Film Electrodes. Electrochimica Acta , 48, 431-436. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0013-4686(02)00688-6
Svitková, V. and Vyskočil, V. (2022) Electrochemical Behavior of Methylene Blue at Bare and DNA-Modified Silver Solid Amalgam Electrodes. Journal of Solid State Elec trochemistry , 26, 2491-2499. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10008-022-05270-3
Liu, B., Cang, H., Cui, L. and Zhang, H. (2017) Electrochemical Polymerization of Methylene Blue on Glassy Carbon Electrode. International Journal of Electrochemical Science , 12, 9907-9913. https://doi.org/10.20964/2017.10.49
Porat, Z. (2024) Electrochemical Characterization of Diffusion in Polymeric Vs. Monomeric Solvents. International Journal of Molecular Sciences , 25, Article 4472. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25084472
Nguyen, H. (2022) Insight into Electrochemical Degradation of Cartap (in Padan 95SP) by Boron-Doped Diamond Electrode: Kinetic and Effect of Water Matrices. Turkish Journal of Chemistry , 46, 1733-1743. https://doi.org/10.55730/1300-0527.3476
Ju, H., Zhou, J., Cai, C. and Chen, H. (1995) The Electrochemical Behavior of Methylene Blue at a Microcylinder Carbon Fiber Electrode. Electroanalysis , 7, 1165-1170. https://doi.org/10.1002/elan.1140071213
He, S., Lin, K., Cheng, S., Gao, N., Liu, J. and Li, H. (2024) Improving Trace Detection of Methylene Blue by Designing Nanowire Array on Boron-Doped Diamond as Electrochemical Electrode. Coatings , 14, Article 762. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings14060762
Masood, Z., Muhammad, H. and Tahiri, I.A. (2024) Comparison of Different Electrochemical Methodologies for Electrode Reactions: A Case Study of Paracetamol. Electrochem , 5, 57-69. https://doi.org/10.3390/electrochem5010004
Nabatian, E., Mousavi, M., Pournamdari, M., Yoosefian, M. and Ahmadzadeh, S. (2022) Voltammetric Approach for Pharmaceutical Samples Analysis; Simultaneous Quantitative Determination of Resorcinol and Hydroquinone. BMC Chemistry , 16, Article No. 115. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13065-022-00905-y
Koffi, K.S., Appia, F.T.A., Kouadio; K.E., Kimou, K.J., Souleymane, K. and Lassiné, O. (2021) Cyclic and Differential Pulse Voltammetry Investigations of an Diiodine Contrast Product Using Microelectrode of BDD. Mediterranean Journal of Chemistry , 11, 244-254.
Feijoo, S., Baluchová, S., Kamali, M., Buijnsters, J.G. and Dewil, R. (2024) A Combined Experimental and Computational Approach to Unravel Degradation Mechanisms in Electrochemical Wastewater Treatment. Environmental Science : Water Research & Technology , 10, 652-667. https://doi.org/10.1039/d3ew00784g