Physico-Chemical, Mineralogical, and Morphological Characterizations of Three Clays from Côte d’Ivoire with a View to Their Use in Adsorption — Oak Academic Publishing
Research ArticleOpen AccessGoogle Scholar indexed
Physico-Chemical, Mineralogical, and Morphological Characterizations of Three Clays from Côte d’Ivoire with a View to Their Use in Adsorption
Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny (UFHB), UFR SSMT, Laboratoire de Constitution et Réaction de la Matière (LCRM), Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire
,
Ecole Normale Supérieure (ENS), Laboratoire des Sciences Physiques Fondamentales et Appliquées (LSPFA), Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire
,
Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny (UFHB), UFR SSMT, Laboratoire de Constitution et Réaction de la Matière (LCRM), Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire
,
Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny (UFHB), UFR SSMT, Laboratoire de Constitution et Réaction de la Matière (LCRM), Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire
,
Ecole Normale Supérieure (ENS), Laboratoire des Sciences Physiques Fondamentales et Appliquées (LSPFA), Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire
,
Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny (UFHB), UFR SSMT, Laboratoire de Constitution et Réaction de la Matière (LCRM), Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire
1 Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny (UFHB), UFR SSMT, Laboratoire de Constitution et Réaction de la Matière (LCRM), Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire
2 Ecole Normale Supérieure (ENS), Laboratoire des Sciences Physiques Fondamentales et Appliquées (LSPFA), Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire
3 Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny (UFHB), UFR SSMT, Laboratoire de Constitution et Réaction de la Matière (LCRM), Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire
4 Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny (UFHB), UFR SSMT, Laboratoire de Constitution et Réaction de la Matière (LCRM), Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire
5 Ecole Normale Supérieure (ENS), Laboratoire des Sciences Physiques Fondamentales et Appliquées (LSPFA), Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire
6 Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny (UFHB), UFR SSMT, Laboratoire de Constitution et Réaction de la Matière (LCRM), Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire
This study focuses on the physicochemical, mineralogical, and morphological characterization of three natural clays from Côte d’Ivoire (KR, KB, and BB) to evaluate their potential for environmental applications. The samples were analyzed by particle size analysis, X-ray fluorescence (XRF), X-ray diffraction (XRD), FTIR spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM/EDS), and thermal analysis. The results show a predominance of kaolinite in KR and BB, while KB exhibits a more diverse mineralogy including illite and smectite. Iodine values (593.55 mg/g for KR, 511.50 mg/g for KB, and 505.03 mg/g for BB) and methylene blue values close to 320 - 330 mg/g indicate differences in the textural properties and accessible surface area of the materials. These results highlight the superior adsorption potential of KR, linked to its high kaolinite and iron oxide content, while KB exhibits promising potential due to its smectite fraction. This study thus provides an essential database for selecting local clay materials that could be further investigated in water treatment applications.
KeywordsNatural ClaysAdsorptionIodine ValueMethylene Blue ValuePollution RemediationCôte d’Ivoire
Sanou, Y. and Paré, S. (2021) Study of the Adsorptive Power of a Ferrihydrite-Doped Laterite for the Removal of Arsenic (V) from Water. Journal de la Société Ouest- Africaine de Chimie , 50, 41-49.
Sagou, J.-P.S., Kouassi, S.S., Kouakou, L.P.M.-S., Konan, L.K., Andji-Yapi, Y.J. and Allard, T. (2017) Structural Order of Clays from Gounioube’s Deposit (Ivory Coast): Study by Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Spectroscopy. American Journal of Materials Science and Engineering , 5, 37-42.
Wang, P., Shen, X., Qiu, S., Zhang, L., Ma, Y. and Liang, J. (2024) Clay-Based Materials for Heavy Metals Adsorption: Mechanisms, Advancements, and Future Prospects in Environmental Remediation. Crystals , 14, Article 1046. https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst14121046
Qi, Y., Zhao, S., Shen, Y., Jiang, X., Lv, H. and Han, C. (2024) A Critical Review of Clay Mineral-Based Photocatalysts for Wastewater Treatment. Catalysts , 14, Article 575. https://doi.org/10.3390/catal14090575
Hacıosmanoğlu, G.G., Mejías, C., Martín, J., Santos, J.L., Aparicio, I. and Alonso, E. (2022) Antibiotic Adsorption by Natural and Modified Clay Minerals as Designer Adsorbents for Wastewater Treatment: A Comprehensive Review. Journal of Environmental Management , 317, Article 115397. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.115397
Kouakou, L.P.M., Karidioula, D., Manouan, M.R.W., Pohan, A.G.L., Cissé, G. and Konan, L.K. (2023) Use of Two Clays from Côte d’ivoire for the Adsorption of Methyl Red from Aqueous Medium. Chemical Physics Letters , 810, Article 140183. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cplett.2022.140183
Ake, A.P., Coulibaly, V., Ouattara, Y.N., Kouadio, L.M., Kouakou, L.P.M. and Aketchi, T.L. (2025) Study of the Influence of Some Ions on the Adsorption of Phosphates by Clay Materials from Côte d’ivoire. International Research Journal of Pure and Applied Chemistry , 26, 96-111. https://doi.org/10.9734/irjpac/2025/v26i2909
Ladjal, N., Terchi, S. and Debih, H. (2024) High Efficiency Adsorption Performance of Basic Dye (Crystal Violet) onto Algerian Montmorillonite. Studii şi Cercetări Ştiinţifice , 25, 1-18.
Puri, C. and Sumana, G. (2018) Highly Effective Adsorption of Crystal Violet Dye from Contaminated Water Using Graphene Oxide Intercalated Montmorillonite Nanocomposite. Applied Clay Science , 166, 102-112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2018.09.012
Adegoke, K.A., Adesina, O.O., Okon-Akan, O.A., Adegoke, O.R., Olabintan, A.B. and Ajala, O.A. (2022) Sawdust-Biomass Based Materials for Sequestration of Organic and Inorganic Pollutants and Potential for Engineering Applications. Current Research in Green and Sustainable Chemistry , 5, Article 100274. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crgsc.2022.100274
Ahmed, M.J., Danish, M., Anastopoulos, I. and Iwuozor, K.O. (2023) Recent Progress on Corn ( Zea mays L.)-Based Materials as Raw, Chemically Modified, Carbonaceous, and Composite Adsorbents for Aquatic Pollutants: A Review. Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis , 172, Article 106004. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaap.2023.106004
Joseph, A.Y., Martial, A.K.D., Soumahoro, G. and Benjamin, Y.K. (2023) Modelling and Optimization of Simultaneous Removal of Ions (H2PO4-, NO3-and Cd2+) by Adsorption on Clay in Aqueous Solution by Using Response Surface Methodology. Chemical Science International Journal , 32, 51-62. https://doi.org/10.9734/csji/2023/v32i5860
Kedi, A.B.B., Kouassi, S.S., Coulibaly, V. and Sei, J. (2021) Elimination de polluants des déchets liquides d’une unité de production de sucre par des argiles naturelles de Côte d’Ivoire. International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences , 15, 803-815. https://doi.org/10.4314/ijbcs.v15i2.31
Coulibaly, Y., Cathelineau, M. and Boiron, M. (2026) Supergene Alteration of Skarn and Marble at Flotouo (Ity, Ivory Coast): Controls on Gold and Trace-Metal Enrichment in the Saprolite. Minerals , 16, Article 162. https://doi.org/10.3390/min16020162
Kouamelan, A.N., Djro, S.C., Allialy, M.E., Paquette, J. and Peucat, J. (2015) The Oldest Rock of Ivory Coast. Journal of African Earth Sciences , 103, 65-70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2014.12.004
N’zi, J.C., Toure, M., Yao, N.J., Kouassi, R.A., Digbehi, Z.B. and Aka, K. (2018) Caracterisation sedimentologique et mineralogique des formations tertiares du bassin onshore de la region d’abidjan, Cote d’Ivoire. European Scientific Journal , ESJ , 14, Article 218. https://doi.org/10.19044/esj.2018.v14n18p218
Bishweka, C., Manjia, M.B., Ngapgue, F., Nana, U.J.M.P. and Pettang, C. (2021) Contribution to the Characterization of Lateritic Soils for the Manufacture of Compressed Stabilized Earth Bricks. Open Journal of Civil Engineering , 11, 411-426. https://doi.org/10.4236/ojce.2021.114024
Et-Tayea, Y., Harrati, A., Rachid, A., Nasri, H., Attou, A. and Arkame, Y. (2023) Mineralogical and Physico-Chemical Characterization of Bentonite Materials from the Oued Zemmour Area (Oriental Rif, Nador-Morocco): Valorization in Ceramic Field. Boletín de la Sociedad Española de Cerámica y Vidrio , 62, 268-283. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bsecv.2022.03.001
Nshimiyimana, P., Fagel, N., Messan, A., Wetshondo, D.O. and Courard, L. (2020) Physico-chemical and Mineralogical Characterization of Clay Materials Suitable for Production of Stabilized Compressed Earth Blocks. Construction and Building Materials , 241, Article 118097. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.118097
Khireddine, O. (2016) Étude de matériaux argileux et leur Impact sur l’adsorption de cer-tains polluants. Ph.D. Thesis, Université Badji Mokhtar Annaba.
Staljanssens, M. (1975) Destruction de la matière organique par calcination à basse température en vue de l’analyse minéralogique des sols. Annales de la Société Géologique de Belgique , 98, 393-403.
Laibi, A.B., Gomina, M., Sorgho, B., Sagbo, E., Blanchart, P. and Boutouil, M. (2017) Physicochemical and Geotechnical Characterization of Two Clayey Sites in Benin with a View to Their Valorization in Eco-Construction. International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences , 11, Article 499. https://doi.org/10.4314/ijbcs.v11i1.40
Gagea, L. and Mirica, E. (1998) Chimia fizica si ingineria sistemelor oxidice. QUO VADIS , Cluj-Napoca, 190 p.
Djonga, W.G., Noubissié, E. and Noumi, G.B. (2019) Discoloration Test of a Slaughterhouse Effluent by Adsorption on Two Adsorbents Produced from Sawdust of Khaya Senegalensis and Pinus Sp. Results in Engineering , 4, Article 100068. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rineng.2019.100068
Nwosu, F.O., Ajala, O.J., Owoyemi, R.M. and Raheem, B.G. (2018) Preparation and Characterization of Adsorbents Derived from Bentonite and Kaolin Clays. Applied Water Science , 8, Article No. 195. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-018-0827-2
Bestani, B., Benderdouche, N., Benstaali, B., Belhakem, M. and Addou, A. (2008) Methylene Blue and Iodine Adsorption onto an Activated Desert Plant. Bioresource Technology , 99, 8441-8444. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2008.02.053
Mahamane, N.A.K, Fanou, G.D., Konan, A.T.S., Ouattara, A., Kone, H., Malam, A.M.M., Assidjo, E.N. and Yao, K.B. (2022) Process Conditions Optimization of Plant Waste-Derived Microporous Activated Carbon Using a Full Factorial Design and Genetic Algorithm. Journal of Materials and Environmental Science , 13, 884-899.
Gee, G.W. and Or, D. (2002) 2.4 Particle‐Size Analysis. In: Dane, J.H. and Clarke Topp, G., Éd., SSSA Book Series , 1re Edition, Vol. 5, Wiley, 255-293.
Wang, Y., Li, K., Li, J. and Tang, S. (2021) Influence of Soil Particle Size on the Engineering Properties and Microstructure of a Red Clay. Applied Sciences , 11, Article 10887. https://doi.org/10.3390/app112210887
Sanou, I. (2017) Influence du mélange ciment-pouzzolane sur quelques propriétés phy-siques et mécaniques des adobes. Ph.D. Thesis, Université Joseph Ki-Zerbo.
Sorgho, B. (2013) Caractérisation et valorisation de quelques argiles du Burkina Faso: Application au traitement des eaux et aux géomatériaux de construction. Ph.D. Thesis, Université de Ouagadougou.
Bodian, S., Faye, M., Sambou, V., Séne, N.A., Diaw, I. and Faye, K. (2021) Caractérisation physico-chimique des matières premières argileuses de la carrière de thicky (sénégal) pour la fabrication de briques en terre. Journal de Physique de la Soaphys , 3, 1-7. https://doi.org/10.46411/jpsoaphys.2021.01.01
Almasoudi, R., Abuel-Naga, H. and Daghistani, F. (2023) Effects of Dry Density and Moisture Content on the Kaolin-Brass Interfacial Shear Adhesion. Applied Sciences , 13, Article 11191. https://doi.org/10.3390/app132011191
Deon, F., van Ruitenbeek, F., van der Werff, H., van der Meijde, M. and Marcatelli, C. (2022) Detection of Interlayered Illite/Smectite Clay Minerals with XRD, SEM Analyses and Reflectance Spectroscopy. Sensors , 22, Article 3602. https://doi.org/10.3390/s22093602
Ewis, D., Ba-Abbad, M.M., Benamor, A. and El-Naas, M.H. (2022) Adsorption of Organic Water Pollutants by Clays and Clay Minerals Composites: A Comprehensive Review. Applied Clay Science , 229, Article 106686. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2022.106686
Campillo-Cora, C., Conde-Cid, M., Arias-Estévez, M., Fernández-Calviño, D. and Alonso-Vega, F. (2020) Specific Adsorption of Heavy Metals in Soils: Individual and Competitive Experiments. Agronomy , 10, Article 1113. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10081113
Coulibaly, S.L. (2014) Abattement des phosphates des eaux usées par adsorption sur des géomatériaux constitués de Latérite, grès et schistes ardoisiers. Ph.D. Thesis, L’Université de Lorraine (UL) et de L’Université Nangui Abrogoua (UNA).
Sako, I., Kouamé, A.N., Ossonon, D.B., Kinimo, K.C. and Goure Doubi, B.I.H. (2025) Evaluation of the Physico-Chemical Properties of Two Clays for Use as Adsorbents in Wastewater Treatment. Journal of Materials and Environmental Science , 16, 1709-1720.
Konan, K.L. (2006) Interactions entre des matériaux argileux et un milieu basique riche en calcium. Ph.D. Thesis, Université de Limoges.
Zhang, B., Yu, T., Guo, H., Chen, J., Liu, Y. and Yuan, P. (2022) Effect of the SiO 2 /Al 2 O 3 Molar Ratio on the Microstructure and Properties of Clay-Based Geopolymers: A Comparative Study of Kaolinite-Based and Halloysite-Based Geopolymers: A Comparative Study of Kaolinite-based and Halloysite-Based Geopolymers. Clays and Clay Minerals , 70, 882-902. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42860-023-00223-x
Marco-Brown, J.L., Guz, L., Olivelli, M.S., Schampera, B., Torres Sánchez, R.M. and Curutchet, G. (2018) New Insights on Crystal Violet Dye Adsorption on Montmorillonite: Kinetics and Surface Complexes Studies. Chemical Engineering Journal , 333, 495-504. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2017.09.172
Tejeogue, J.P.N., Djakba, R., Fotsop, C.G., Dobe, N., Mouhamadou, S. and Wangmene, B. (2025) Systematic Metronidazole Adsorption Performance onto Montmorillonite Clay: Parametric Study, Process Modelling and RSM Optimisation. Results in Chemistry , 14, Article 102153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rechem.2025.102153
Mao, X., Liu, H., Chu, Z., Chen, T., Zou, X. and Chen, D. (2022) Adsorption of Lead by Kaolinite, Montmorillonite, Goethite and Ferrihydrite: Performance and Mechanisms Based on Quantitative Analysis. Clay Minerals , 57, 230-240. https://doi.org/10.1180/clm.2022.41
Kang, J., Li, J., Ma, C., Yi, L., Gu, T. and Wang, J. (2022) Goethite/Montmorillonite Adsorption Coupled with Electrocoagulation for Improving Fluoride Removal from Aqueous Solutions. RSC Advances , 12, 7475-7484. https://doi.org/10.1039/d1ra08503d
Adebayo, G.B., Adegoke, H.I. and Fauzeeyat, S. (2020) Adsorption of Cr(vi) Ions onto Goethite, Activated Carbon and Their Composite: Kinetic and Thermodynamic Studies. Applied Water Science , 10, Article No. 213. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-020-01295-z
Zango, Z.U., Garba, A., Garba, Z.N., Zango, M.U., Usman, F. and Lim, J. (2022) Montmorillonite for Adsorption and Catalytic Elimination of Pollutants from Wastewater: A State-of-the-Arts Review. Sustainability , 14, Article 16441. https://doi.org/10.3390/su142416441
Bakary Soro, S., Coulibaly, M., Paul Gauly, L., N’Dri, S.R., Sanou, A. and Trokourey, A. (2023) Characterization of Clay Materials from Côte d’ivoire: Possible Application for the Electrochemical Analysis. Journal of Materials Science Research , 12, Article 51. https://doi.org/10.5539/jmsr.v12n1p51
Fort, C.I., Sanou, A., Coulibaly, M., Yao, K.B. and Turdean, G.L. (2024) Green Modified Electrode for Sensitive Simultaneous Heavy Metal Ions Electrodetection. Sensors and Actuators B : Chemical , 418, Article 136326. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2024.136326
Gauly, L.P., Coulibaly, M., Soro, S.B., Kouadio, K.S., N’Dri, S.R. and Sanou, A. (2025) Characterization and Enhanced Performance of Ivorian Clays as Potential Modifiers in Carbon Paste Electrodes. Discover Applied Sciences , 7, Article No. 128. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42452-024-06457-1
Taïpabé, D., Doko, K.V., Datchossa, T.A., Abdourahamane, A.I., Mandela, T., Sanou A. and Gibigaye, M. (2025) Characterization of a Lateritic Soil in Chad with a View to Its Use in Ecoconstruction. Journal of Materials and Environmental Science , 16, 1189-1209.
Konan, K.L., Soro, J., Andji, J.Y.Y., Oyetola, S. and Kra, G. (2010) Etude comparative de la déshydroxylation/amorphisation dans deux kaolins de cristallinité différente. Journal de la Société Ouest - Africaine de Chimie , 30, 29-39.
Taïpabé, D., Doko, K.V., Datchossa, T.A., Bozabé, R.K. and Gibigaye, M. (2025) Physic Mechanical Behaviours of Raw Earth Bricks: Case of Laterite Stabilized with Gum Arabic and Reinforced with Sugarcane Bagasse in Chad. Open Journal of Civil Engineering , 15, 56-69. https://doi.org/10.4236/ojce.2025.151004
Böhm, L., Grančič, P., Scholtzová, E., Heyde, B.J., Düring, R. and Siemens, J. (2022) Adsorption of the Hydrophobic Organic Pollutant Hexachlorobenzene to Phyllosilicate Minerals. Environmental Science and Pollution Research , 30, 36824-36837. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-24818-4
Dao, K., Ouedraogo, M., Millogo, Y., Aubert, J. and Gomina, M. (2018) Thermal, Hydric and Mechanical Behaviours of Adobes Stabilized with Cement. Construction and Building Materials , 158, 84-96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.10.001
Sanou, A., Coulibaly, M., N’dri, S.R., Tămaș, T.L., Bizo, L. and Frentiu, T. (2024) Raw Clay Material-Based Modified Carbon Paste Electrodes for Sensitive Heavy Metal Detection in Drinking Water. Journal of Materials Science , 59, 13961-13977. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-024-09945-2
Konan, K.L., Sei, J., Soro, N.S., Oyetola, S., Gaillard, J.M., Bonnet, J.P. and Kra, G. (2006) Caractérisation de matériaux argileux du site d’Azaguie-Blida (Anya-ma, Côte d’Ivoire) et détermination des propriétés mécaniques de produits céramiques. Journal de la Société ouest-africaine de chimie , 21, 35-43.
Méité, N., Konan, L.K., Tognonvi, M.T., Doubi, B.I.H.G., Gomina, M. and Oyetola, S. (2021) Properties of Hydric and Biodegradability of Cassava Starch-Based Bioplastics Reinforced with Thermally Modified Kaolin. Carbohydrate Polymers , 254, Article 117322. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.117322
Ptáček, P., Frajkorová, F., Šoukal, F. and Opravil, T. (2014) Kinetics and Mechanism of Three Stages of Thermal Transformation of Kaolinite to Metakaolinite. Powder Technology , 264, 439-445. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.powtec.2014.05.047
Drits, V.A., Zviagina, B.B., Sakharov, B.A., Dorzhieva, O.V. and Savichev, A.T. (2021) New Insight into the Relationships between Structural and Ftir Spectroscopic Features of Kaolinites. Clays and Clay Minerals , 69, 366-388. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42860-021-00133-w
Aké, A.P., Coulibaly, V., Kouamé, N., Kedi, A.B., Sei, J. and Oyetola, S. (2022) Study of the Status of Iron in Clay Materials from Côte d’Ivoire for Their Use as Phosphate Adsorbents. RAMRES Sciences des Structures et de la Matière , 6, 63-90.
Sore, S.O., Nshimiyimana, P., Messan, A., Prud’homme, E., Tsobnang, F. and Escadeillas, G. (2025) Chemical and Mineralogical Characterizations of Different Kaolinitic Clays from Burkina Faso: Feasibility for the Synthesis of Geopolymer Binders. Geosciences , 15, Article 230. https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences15060230
Yapo, N.S., Briton, B.G.H., Aw, S., Reinert, L., Drogui, P. and Adouby, K. (2021) Bivalve Shells ( Corbula trigona ) as a New Adsorbent for the Defluoridation of Groundwater by Adsorption-precipitation. Journal of Environmental Science and Health , Part A , 56, 694-704. https://doi.org/10.1080/10934529.2021.1917937
Wijeyawardana, P., Nanayakkara, N., Gunasekara, C., Karunarathna, A., Law, D. and Pramanik, B.K. (2022) Removal of Cu, Pb and Zn from Stormwater Using an Industrially Manufactured Sawdust and Paddy Husk Derived Biochar. Environmental Technology & Innovation , 28, Article 102640. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eti.2022.102640
Konan, A. (2019) Couplage adsorption-procédés d’oxydation avancée pour l’élimination de polluants biorécalcitrants en milieu aqueux. Ph.D. Thesis, Université de Toulouse/Institut National Polytechnique Félix Houphouët-Boigny.
Raposo, F., De La Rubia, M.A. and Borja, R. (2009) Methylene Blue Number as Useful Indicator to Evaluate the Adsorptive Capacity of Granular Activated Carbon in Batch Mode: Influence of Adsorbate/adsorbent Mass Ratio and Particle Size. Journal of Hazardous Materials , 165, 291-299. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.09.106
Varlikli, C., Bekiari, V., Kus, M., Boduroglu, N., Oner, I. and Lianos, P. (2009) Adsorption of Dyes on Sahara Desert Sand. Journal of Hazardous Materials , 170, 27-34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.05.030
Loutfi, M., Mariouch, R., Mariouch, I., Belfaquir, M. and ElYoubi, M.S. (2023) Adsorption of Methylene Blue Dye from Aqueous Solutions onto Natural Clay: Equilibrium and Kinetic Studies. Materials Today : Proceedings , 72, 3638-3643. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2022.08.412
Ouaddari, H., Abbou, B., Lebkiri, I., Habsaoui, A., Ouzzine, M. and Fath Allah, R. (2024) Removal of Methylene Blue by Adsorption onto Natural and Purified Clays: Kinetic and Thermodynamic Study. Chemical Physics Impact , 8, Article 100405. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chphi.2023.100405
Kouadio, L.M., Lebouachera, S.E.I., Blanc, S., Sei, J., Miqueu, C. and Pannier, F. (2022) Characterization of Clay Materials from Ivory Coast for Their Use as Adsorbents for Wastewater Treatment. Journal of Minerals and Materials Characterization and Engineering , 10, 319-337. https://doi.org/10.4236/jmmce.2022.104023
Massesse-Loudi, M., Boukongou, A., Mongo, D. and Barhé, T. (2025) Study of the Adsorption of Difenoconazole on Char in Aqueous Medium. American Journal of Chemical Engineering , 13, 14-19. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajche.20251301.12