Sub-critical water extraction is a brand-new separation technology. This paper mainly discussed the principle, advantages of sub-critical water extraction, and its applications ranging from the medicinal plants traditionally used in Europe and Asia to produce pharmaceutical extracts (such as volatile oil, tannins, flavonoids, anthraquinone, lactone, etc.). Meanwhile, the prospect of sub-critical water extraction in plant extractives is also explored. It will be widely used in the field of medical plants, bringing huge economic benefits, environmental benefits and social benefits.
KeywordsSub-Critical Water ExtractionPharmaceutical ExtractsApplication
N. N Datta, A. P. Baruah and P. Phukan, “Supercritical Extraction in the Pharmaceutical Industry,” Chemical Engineering World, Vol. 26, No. 2-3, 1991, pp. 25-29.
I. D. Wilson, et al., “Supercritical Fluid Chromatography and Extraction of Pharmaceuticals,” Applications of Supercritical Fluids in Industrial Analysis, 1993, pp. 74- 103.
C. L. Phelps, N. G. Smart and C. M. Wai, Journal of Chemical Education, Vol. 73, No. 12, 1996, pp. 1163- 1168.
J. C. Zhang, “Supercritical Fluid Extraction,” Chemical Industry Press, Beijing, 2001, pp. 105-144.
S. Rovio, K. Hartonen, Y. Holm, R. Hiltunen and M. L Riekkola, “Extraction of Clove Using Pressurized Hot Water,” Flavour and Fragrance Journal, Vol. 14, 1999, pp. 399-404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1026(199911/12)14:6 3.0.CO;2-A
L. Ramos, E. M. Kristenson and U. A. T. Brinkman, “Current Use of Pressurised Liquid Extraction and Subcritical Water Extraction in Environmental Analysis,” Journal of Chromatography A, Vol. 975, 2002, pp. 3-29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(02)01336-5
A. A. Clifford, “Changes of Water Properties with Temperature,” 2008. http://www.criticalprocesses.com/Use%20of%20enthalpies%20to%20calculate%20energy%20needed.htm
M. Chaplin, “Explanation of the Physical Anomalies of Water,” London South Bank University, 2008. http://www.lsbu.ac.uk/water/explan5.html
R. M. Smith, “Extractions with Superheated Water,” Journal of Chromatography A, Vol. 975, 2002, pp. 31-46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(02)01225-6
A. Basile, et al., “Extraction of Rosemary by Superheated Water,” Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry (American Chemical Society), Vol. 46, No. 12, 1998, pp. 5205-5209.
M. H. Eikani, F. Golmohammad and S. Rowshanzamir, “Subcritical Water Extraction of Essential Oils from Coriander Seeds (Corianrum sativum L.),” 2008. http://www.aseanfood.info/Articles/11017821.pdf
D. J. Miller, S. B. Hawthorne, A. M. Gizir and A. A. Clifford, “Solubility of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Subcritical Water from 298 K to 498 K,” Journal of Chemical Engineering Data (American Chemical Society), Vol. 43, No. 6, 1998, pp. 1043-1047.
S. Kipp, et al., “Coupling Superheated Water Extraction with Enzyme Immunoassay for an Efficient and Fast PAH Screening in Soil,” Talanta (Elsevier Science BV), Vol. 46, No. 3, 1998, 385-393.
K. Hartonen, Kronholm and Reikkola, “Sustainable Use of Renewable Natural Resources Principles and Practice. Chapter 5.2, Utilisation of High Temperature Water in the Purification of Water and Soil,” University of Helsinki Department of Forest Ecology, 2005. http://www.mm.helsinki.fi/mmeko/tutkimus/SUNARE/pdf/52_Hartonen_etal.pdf
M. D. Luque de Castro, M. M. Jim Enez-Carmona and V. Fernandez-Perez, “Towards More Rational Techniques for the Isolation of Valuable Essential Oils from Plants,” Trends in Analytical Chemistry, Vol. 18, 1999, pp. 708- 716. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0165-9936(99)00177-6
W. G. William and D. Kenneth, “Sub-Critical Water Extraction of Medicinal Plants,” WO/2010/034971, PCT/ GB2009/002229.
A. Basilea, M. M. Jimenez-Carmona and A. A. Clifford, “Extraction of Rosemary by Superheated Water,” Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, Vol. 46, No. 12, 1998, pp. 5205-5209.
G. Gmiz and M. D. Luque de Castro, “Continuous Sub-Critical Water Extraction of Medicinal Plant Essential Oil Comparison with Conventional Techniques,” Talanta, Vol. 51, 2000, pp. 1179-1185. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0039-9140(00)00294-0
M. Z. Ozel, F. Gogus and A. C. Lewis, “Sub-Critical Water Extraction of Essential Oil from Thymbra Spicata,” Food Chemistry, Vol. 82, No. 3, 2003, pp. 381-386.
M. M. Jimnez Carmona, J. L. Ubera, M. D. Luque de Castro, et al., “Comparison of Continuous Sub-Critical Water Extraction and Hydro-Distillation of Marjoram Essential Oil,” Journal of Chromatography A, Vol. 855, 1999, pp. 625-632. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(99)00703-7
A. Kubatova, A. J. M. Lagadec, D. J. Miler, et al., “Selective Extraction of Oxygenates from Savory and Peppermint Using Sub-Critical Water,” Flavour and Fragrance Journal, Vol. 16, No. 1, 2001, pp. 64-73.
A. Ammann, D. C. Hinz, R. S. Addleman, et al., “Super-heated Water Extraction, Steam Distillation and SFE of Peppermint Oil,” Fresenius Journal of Analytical Chemistry, Vol. 364, No. 7, 1999, pp. 650-653.
Z. V. Fernandez Pere, M. M. Jimenez Carmona, M. D. Leque de Castro, “An Approach to the Static-Dynamic Sub-Critical Water Extraction of Laurel Essential Oil Comparison with Conventional Techniques,” Analyst, Vol. 125, 2000, pp. 481-485. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/a907244f
M. M. Jimenez Carmona and M. D. Luque de Castro, “Isolation of Eucalyptus Essential Oil for GC-MS Analysis by Extraction with Sub-Critical Water,” Chromatographia , Vol. 50, 1999, pp. 578-582. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002160051400
A. A. Clifford, A. Basile and R. Ai-Saidish, “A Comparison of the Extraction of Clove Buds with Supercritical Carbon Dioxide and Superheated Water,” Fresenius Journal Analysis Chemistry, Vol. 364, 1999, pp. 635-637. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002160051400
S. Bi and D. Yin, “Plant Polyphenol,” Science Press, Beijing, 2000, pp. 1-46.
D. W. Sun, “Plant Tannic Chemistry,” China Forest Press, Beijing, 1992, pp. 1-10.
M. G. Marino, et al., Analytica Chimica Acta, Vol. 563, 2006, pp. 44-50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2005.10.054
I. D. Antuon, “Use of Sub-Critical Water for the Extraction of Natural Antioxidants from By-Products and Wastes of the Food Industry,” 14th Workshop on the Developments in the Italian PhD Research on Food Science Technology and Biotechnology, University of Sassari Oristano, 2009, pp. 16-18.
L. H. Chang, Y. C. Cheng and C. M. Chang, “Extracting and Purifying Isoflavones from Defatted Soybean Flakes Using Superheated Water at Elevated Pressures,” Food Chemistry, Vol. 84, 2004, pp. 279-285. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0308-8146(03)00212-7
C. Turner, P. Turner, G. Jacobson, K. Almgren, M. Waldebäck, P. Sjöberg, E. N. Karlssonb and K. E. Markides, “Sub-Critical Water Extraction and b-Glucosidase-Catalyzed Hydrolysis of Quercetin Glycosides in Onion Waste,” Green Chemistry, Vol. 8, 2006, pp. 949-959. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b608011a
Z. H. Xu, G. S. Qian, S. K. Liu, Z. W. Li and X. Y. Chen, “Study on Subcritical Water Extraction of Baicalin from Radix Scutellariae Coupled to High Performance Liquid Chromatographic Analysis,” Chinese Journal of Chromatography, Vol. 22, No. 1, 2004, pp. 44-47.
I. Rodriguez Meizoso, et al., Chem Functional Characterization, Vol. 41, 2006, pp. 1560-1565.
A. Shotipruk, J. Kiatsongserm, P. Pavasant, M. Goto and M. Sasaki, “Pressurized Hot Water Extraction of Anthra- quinones from the Roots of Morinda citrifolia,” Biotechnology Progress, Vol. 20, 2004, pp. 1872-1875. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bp049779x
T. Anekpankul, M. Goto, I. M. Sasak, et al., “Extraction of Anticancer Damnacanthal from Roots of Morinda citrifolia by Sub-Critical Water,” Separation and Purification Technology, Vol. 55, 2007, pp. 343-349. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2007.01.004
B. P. Ravane, et al., Journal of Supercritical Fluids, Vol. 37, 2006, pp. 390-396. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.supflu.2005.12.013
A. Shotipruk, et al., Biotechnology Progress, Vol. 20, 2004, pp. 1872-1875. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bp049779x
T. Anekpankul, et al., Separation and Purification Technology, Vol. 55, 2007, pp. 343-349. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2007.01.004
J. E. Cacace and G. Mazza, Journal of Food Engineering, Vol. 77, 2006, pp. 1087-1095. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2005.08.039
J. W. Kim and G. Mazza, Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, Vol. 54, 2006, pp. 7575-7584. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2008.11.014
P. Budrat and A. Shot Ipruk, “Enhanced Recovery of Phenolic Compounds from Bitter Melon (Momordica charantia) by Subcritical Water Extraction,” Separation and Purification Technology, Vol. 66, No. 1, 2009, pp. 125-129.
P. Budrat and A. Shotipruk, Separation and Purification Technology, Vol. 66, 2009, pp. 125-129. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2008.11.014
W. J. Kim, et al., Journal of Supercritical Fluids, Vol. 48, 2009, pp. 211-216. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.supflu.2008.11.007
I. Aditya Kulkarn, et al., Journal of Wood Science, Vol. 54, 2008, pp. 153-157. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10086-007-0916-6
A. Shamash, et al., Journal of Food Process Engineering, Vol. 31, 2008, pp. 330-338. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-4530.2007.00156.x
J. Y. Baek, et al., Separation and Purification Technology, Vol. 63, 2008, pp. 661-664. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2008.07.005
P. Rangsriwong, N. Rangkadilok and A. Shotipruk, “Sub-Critical Water Extraction of Polyphenolic Compounds from Terminalia chebula Fruits,” Chiang Mai Journal of Science, Vol. 35, No. 1, 2008, pp. 103-108.
A. Kubatova, D. J. Miller and S. B. Hawthorne, “Sub- Critical Water and Organic Solvents for Extracting Kava Lactones from Kava Root,” Journal of Chromatography A, Vol. 923, No. 1, 2001, pp. 187-194.
J. Y. Baek, J. M. Lee and S. C. Lee, “Extract Ion of Nutraceutical Compounds from Licorice Roots with Sub-critical Water,” Separation and Purification Technology, Vol. 63, 2008, pp. 661-664. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2008.07.005