Kinetics of Phase Transformations and Thermal Stability of Se<sub>58</sub>Ge<sub>42-x</sub>Pb<sub>x</sub> (x = 15, 18 & 20) Glasses — Oak Academic Publishing
Research ArticleOpen AccessGoogle Scholar indexed
Kinetics of Phase Transformations and Thermal Stability of Se<sub>58</sub>Ge<sub>42-x</sub>Pb<sub>x</sub> (x = 15, 18 & 20) Glasses
This paper presents the results of kinetic studies of glass transition and crystallization in Se 58 Ge 42-x Pb x (x = 15, 18 & 20) glasses using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). It has been observed that these glassy systems exhibit single glass transition and double crystallization on heating. The crystalline phases have been identified by annealing the samples at temperatures intermediate between the first and second crystallization peaks. The structural characterization of the as-prepared and annealed glassy alloy has been done through X-ray diffraction (XRD). The activation energy for glass transition as well as crystallization region has been calculated using various theoretical models. In addition, the effect of annealing on various kinetic parameters of transformations has been studied. On the basis of the experimental results on phase transformations in these glasses, thermal stability of the samples under investigation has been ascertained. It was found that the thermal stability is profoundly affected by annealing since the glass transition as well as crystallization temperatures are strongly influenced by annealing the samples. The phase transformation study reveals that the thermal stability of the samples increases with the increase in lead content in the samples.
M. M. Hafiz, M. M. Ibrahim, M. Dongol and F. H. Ham- mad, “Effect of Composition on the Structure and Electrical Properties of As-Se-Cu Glasses,” Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 54, No. 4, 1983, pp. 1950-1954. doi:10.1063/1.332249
M. A. Abdel-Rahim, A. H. Mohar-ram, M. Dongol and M. M. Hafiz, “Experimental Studies of the Ge-Sb-Se System,” Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids, Vol. 51, No. 4, 1990, pp. 355-359. doi:10.1016/0022-3697(90)90119-Z
D. Chaudhary, K. S. Rathore and N. S. Saxena, “Evaluation of Specific Heat and Related Thermodynamic Properties of Ge1-xSnxSe2.5 (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.5) Glasses,” Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, Vol. 98, No. 3, 2009, pp. 725-730. doi:10.1007/s10973-009-0396-6
R. Jain, N. S. Saxena, D. Bhandari, S. K. Sharma and K. V. R. Rao, “Kinetics of Cux-Ti100-x (x = 43, 50 and 53 at %) Glasses,” Physica B: Condensed Matter, Vol. 301, No. 3-4, 2001, pp. 341-348.
S. O. Kasap and C. Juhaz, “Kinematical Transformations in Amorphous Selenium Alloys Used in Xerography,” Jour- nal of Materials Science, Vol. 24, No. 4, 1986, pp. 1329- 1340. doi:10.1007/BF00553271
J. P. Larmagnac, J. Grenet and P. Michon, “Glass Transition Temperature Dependence on Heating Rate and on Ageing for Amorphous Selenium Films,” Journal of Non- Crystalline Solids, Vol. 45, No. 2, 1981, pp. 157-168.
C. T. Moynihan, A. J. Easteal, J. Wilder and J. Tucker, “Dependence of the Glass Transition Temperature on Heat- ing and Cooling Rate,” The Journal of Physical Chemistry, Vol. 78, No. 26, 1974, pp. 2673-2677. doi:10.1021/j100619a008
S. Mahadevan and A. Giridhar, “Copper as an Additive in the As0.4Se0.3Te0.3 Glass: Mean Atomic Volume and Tg,” Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids, Vol. 221, No. 2-3, 1997, pp. 281-289. doi:10.1016/S0022-3093(97)00336-0
H. E. Kissinger, “Reaction Kinetics in Differential Thermal Analysis,” Analytical Chemistry, Vol. 29, No. 11, 1957, pp. 1702-1706. doi:10.1021/ac60131a045
T. Ozawa, “Kinetic Analysis of Derivative Curves in Ther- mal Analysis,” Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, Vol. 2, No. 3, 1970, pp. 301-324. doi:10.1007/BF01911411
J. Colmenero and J, M. Baran-diar, “Crystallization of Al23- Te77 Glasses,” Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids, Vol. 30, No. 3, 1979, pp. 263-271. doi:10.1016/0022-3093(79)90165-0
A. Lucci, L. Battezzati, C. Antonione and G. Riontino, “Influence of Preannealing on Crystallization Kinetics of Some Metallic Glasses,” Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids, Vol. 44, No. 2-3, 1981, pp. 287-295. doi:10.1016/0022-3093(81)90031-4
D. W. Henderson, “Thermal Analysis of Non-Isothermal Crystallization Kinetics in Glass Forming Liquids,” Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids, Vol. 30, No. 3, 1979, pp. 301-315. doi:10.1016/0022-3093(79)90169-8
E. M. Marseglia, “Kinetic Theory of Crystallization of Amorphous Materials,” Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids, Vol. 41, No. 1, 1980, pp. 31-36. doi:10.1016/0022-3093(80)90188-X
K. Harnisch and R. Lanzenberger, “Determination of the Avrami Exponent by Non-Isothermal Analyses,” Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids, Vol. 53, No. 3, 1982, pp. 235- 245. doi:10.1016/0022-3093(82)90083-7
M. E. Fine, “Intro-duction to Phase Transformationin Condensed System,” Mac-millan, New York, 1964.
K. Matusita and S. Sakka, “Ki-netics Study of the Crystallization of Glass by Differential Scanning Calorimetry,” Physics and Chemistry of Glasses, Vol. 20, No. 4, 1979, pp. 81-84.
K. Matusita and S. Sakka, “Kinetic Study of Crystallization of Glass by Differential Thermal Analysis—Criterion on Application of Kissinger Plot,” Journal of Non-Crys- talline Solids, Vol. 38-39, Part 2, 1980, pp. 741-746. doi:10.1016/0022-3093(80)90525-6
K. Matusita and S. Sakka, “Kinetic Study on Non-Iso- thermal Crystallization of Glass by Thermal Analysis,” Bu- lletin of the Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Vol. 59, No. 3, 1981, pp. 159-171.
D. Chaudhary and N. S. Saxena, “Thermody-namics of Glass/Crystal Transformation in Se58Ge42?xPbx (9 ≤ x ≤ 20) Glasses,” The Journal of Physical Chemistry B, Vol. 114, No. 1, 2010, pp. 28-35.
N. Tohge, Y. Yamamato, T. Mi-nami and M. Tanaka, “Pre- paration of n-Type Semiconducting Ge20Bi10Se70 Glass,” Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 34, No. 10, 1979, pp. 640- 641. doi:10.1063/1.90621
N. Tohge, T. Minami, Y. Yamamato and M. Tanaka, “Electrical Transport in n-Type Semiconducting Ge120Bix- Se70?xTe10 Glasses,” Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids, Vol. 37, No. 1, 1980, pp. 23-30. doi:10.1016/0022-3093(80)90475-5
A. A. Soliman, “Thermal Stability of Cu0.3(SSe20)0.7 Chal- cogenide Glass by Differential Scanning Calorimetry,” Thermochimica Acta, Vol. 423, No. 1-2, 2004, pp. 71-76. doi:10.1016/j.tca.2004.04.022
A. K. Pattanaik and A. Srinivasan, “Differential Scanning Calorimeter Studies on Pb Modified Ge-Se-Te Glasses,” Journal of Materials Science, Vol. 38, No. 11, 2003, pp. 2511-2516. doi:10.1023/A:1023925706637
K. Tanaka, “Structural Phase Transitions in Chalcogenide Glasses,” Physical Review B, Vol. 39, No. 2, 1989, pp. 1270-1279. doi: 10.1103/PhysRevB.39.1270
A. N. Sreeram, D. R. Swiler and A. K. Varshneya, “Gibbs- DiMarzio Equation to Describe the Glass Transition Tem- perature Trends in Multicomponent Chalcogenide Gla- sses,” Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids, Vol. 127, No. 3, 1991, pp. 287-297.
M. Lasocka, “The Effect of Scanning Rate on Glass Transition Temperature of Splat-Cooled Te85Ge15,” Materials Science and Engineering, Vol. 23, No. 2-3, 1976, pp. 173-177. doi:10.1016/0025-5416(76)90189-0
K. White, R. L. Crane and J. A. Snide, “Crystallization Kinetics of As2–xSbxS3 Glass in Bulk and Thin Film Form,” Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids, Vol. 103, No. 2-3, 1988, pp. 210-220. doi:10.1016/0022-3093(88)90200-1
H. A. Abd El Ghani, M. M. Abd El Rahim, M. M. Wakad, A. Abo Sehli and N. As-sraan, “Crystallization Kinetics and Thermal Stability of Some Compositions of Ge-In-Se Chalcogenide System,” Physica B: Condensed Matter, Vol. 381, No. 1-2, 2006, pp. 156-163.
M. M. A. Imran, D. Bhandari and N. S. Saxena, “Enthalpy Recovery during Structural Relaxation of Se96In4 Chalcogenide Glass,” Physica B: Condensed Matter, Vol. 293, No. 3-4, 2001, pp. 394-401. doi:10.1016/S0921-4526(00)00543-3
N. S. Saxena, “Phase Transformation Kinetics and Related Thermodynamic and Optical Properties in Chalcogenide Glasses,” Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids, Vol. 345-346, 2004, pp. 161-168. doi:10.1016/j.jnoncrysol.2004.08.016
V. S. Shiryaev, “Calorimetric Study of Characteristic Tem- peratures and Crys-tallization Behavior in Ge-As-Se-Te Glass System,” Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids, Vol. 65, No. 10, 2004, pp. 1737-1744. doi:10.1016/j.jpcs.2004.05.001
M. A. Abdel-Rahim, “Crystallization Kinetics of Overlap- ping Phases in Cu6Ge14Te80 Chalcogenide Glass,” Phys- ica B: Condensed Matter, Vol. 322, No. 3-4, 2002, pp. 252-261. doi:10.1016/S0921-4526(02)01190-0
E. Illekova, “On the Various Activation Energies at Crystallization of Amorphous Metallic Materials,” Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids, Vol. 68, No. 1, 1984, pp. 153-156. doi:10.1016/0022-3093(84)90042-5
J. A. Augis and J. E. Bennett, “Calculation of the Avrami Parameters for Heteroge-neous Solid State Reactions Using a Modification of the Kis-singer Method,” Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, Vol. 13, No. 2, 1978, pp. 283-292. doi:10.1007/BF01912301
A. A. Abu-Sehly and A. A. Elabbar, “Kinetics of Crystallization in Amorphous Se73.2Te21.1Sb5.7 under Isochronal Conditions: Effect of Heating Rate on the Activation Energy,” Physica B: Condensed Matter, Vol. 390, No. 1-2, 2007, pp. 196-202. doi:10.1016/j.physb.2006.08.014
M. M. A Imran, N. S. Saxena, D. Bhandari and M. Hussain, “Glass Transition Phe-nomena, Crystallization Kine- tics and Enthalpy Released in Binary Se100–xInx (x = 2, 4 and 10) Semiconducting Glasses,” Physica Status Solidi A, Vol. 181, No. 2, 2000, pp. 357-368. doi:10.1002/1521-396X(200010)181:2 3.0.CO;2-H
A. A. Elabbar, “Kinetics of the Glass Transition in Se72- Te23Sb5 Chalcogenide Glass: Variation of the Activation Energy,” Journal of Alloys and Compounds, Vol. 476, No. 1-2, 2009, pp. 125-129. doi:10.1016/j.jallcom.2008.08.056
K. A. Aly, A. A. Othman and A. M. Absousehly, “Effect of Te Additions on the Glass Transition and Crystallization Kinetics of (Sb15As30Se55)100?xTex Amorphous Solids,” Journal of Alloys and Compounds, Vol. 467, No. 1-2, 2009, pp. 417. doi:10.1016/j.jallcom.2007.12.009