This paper discusses various policy alternatives for the implementation of a biofuel crop on an island scale. It adopts an integrated approach by carrying out Multi-Criteria Assessment, as well as using a Geographical Information System. The assessment is based on an interdisciplinary research project carried out by the University of La Laguna to evaluate the agricultural and chemical feasibility, and the socio-economic implications of the cultivation of Jatropha as a source of biofuel on one of the Canary Islands, Fuerteventura. A number of alternatives were analysed for growing Jatropha, and the results suggest that the best alternative involves using Typic Torrifluents soil and irrigation with reclaimed Recycled Urban Wastewater at 75% evapotranspiration cover.
Gobierno de Canarias (2000) Estadísticas de producciones de los parques eólicos de Canarias desde el a?o 1998. Gobierno de Canarias.
PECAN (2007) Plan Energético de Canarias. Gobierno de Canarias.
European Union (2009) Promotion of the Use of Energy from Renewable Sources. 2009/208/EC: Official Journal of the European Union.
EC (2006) Estrategia de la UE para los biocarburantes. European Commission, Bruselas.
Funtowicz, S.O. and Ravetz, J.R. (1993) Science for the Post-Normal Age. Futures, 25, 739-755. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0016-3287(93)90022-L
Corral Quintana, S. (2009) A Quality Assurance Framework for Policy-Making: Proposing a Quality Assurance Assistant Tool (QAAT). Science for Policy, New Challenges, New Opportunities, O.U. Press.
Lindblom, C.E. (1991) El proceso de elaboración de políticas públicas. Ministerio para las Administraciones Públicas, Madrid.
Dinse, K., Lund, K. and Scavia, D. (2010) Benefits of Integrated Assessment: Information for Decision Makers, Project Leaders and Scientists. Michigan Sea Grant y Graham Environmental Sustainability Institute, Ann Arbor.
IDAE (2011) Plan de Energías Renovables 2011-2020. Instituto para la Diversificación y Ahorro de la Energía.
Veigas, M. and Iglesias, G. (2013) Wave and Offshore Wind Potential for the Island of Tenerife. Energy Conversion and Management, 76, 738-745. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2013.08.020
Méndez Ramos, J. (2013) Turning into the Blue: Materials for Enhancing TiO2 Photocatalysis by Up-Conversion Photonics. RSC Advances, 3, 23028-23034.
Bueno, C. and Carta, J.A. (2006) Wind Powered Pumped Hydro Storage Systems, a Means of Increasing the Penetration of Renewable Energy in the Canary Islands. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 10, 312-340.? http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2004.09.005
Calero, R. and Carta, J.A. (2004) Action Plan for Wind Energy Development in the Canary Islands. Energy Policy, 32, 1185-1197. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0301-4215(03)00082-X
Díaz, F.J., Tejedor, M., Jiménez, C. and Dahlgren, R.A. (2011) Soil Fertility Dynamics in Runoff-Capture Agriculture, Canary Islands, Spain. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 144, 253-261. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2011.08.021
Tejedor, M.L., Jiménez Mendoza, C.C., Rivero Ceballos, J.L., Corral Quintana, S. and Verna, C.L. (2010) Programa de Lucha contra la Desertificación en Canarias. Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna.
de Canarias, G. (2012) Medio Ambiente en Canarias. Informes de Coyuntura-SUELOS. Gobierno de Canarias. Consejería de Medio Ambiente.
Rivero Cebalos, J.L. (2007) Canarias, 1936-2000. El modelo económico reciente. Economía e Insularidad, (siglos XIV-XX), Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna, 53-86.
Achten, W.M.J., Verchot, L., Franken, Y.J., Mathijs, E., Singh, V.P., Aerts, R., et al. (2008) Jatropha Bio-Diesel Production and Use. Biomass and Bioenergy, 32, 1063-1084. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2008.03.003
Francis, G., Edinger, R. and Becker, K. (2005) A Concept for Simultaneous Wasteland Reclamation, Fuel Production, and Socio-Economic Development in Degraded Areas in India: Need, Potential and Perspectives of Jatropha Plantations. Natural Resources Forum, 29, 12-24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-8947.2005.00109.x
Kumar, A. and Sharma, S. (2008) An Evaluation of Multipurpose Oil Seed Crop for Industrial Uses (Jatropha curcas L.): A Review. Industrial Crops and Products, 28, 1-10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2008.01.001
Pandey, V.C., Singh, K., Singh, J.S., Kumar, A., Singh, B. and Singh, R.P. (2012) Jatropha curcas: A Potential Biofuel Plant for Sustainable Environmental Development. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 16, 2870-2883. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2012.02.004
Carriquiry, M.A., Du, X. and Timilsina, G.R. (2011) Second Generation Biofuels: Economics and Policies. Energy Policy, 39, 4222-4234. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2011.04.036
Dyer, G.A. and Taylor, J.E. (2010) Impacts of the US Ethanol Boom in Rural Mexico. Proceedings of the 84th Annual Conference of Agricultural Economics Society, Edinburgh, 29-31 March 2010, 100-125.
Wise, T.A. (2012) The Cost to Mexico of US Corn Ethanol Expansion. Working Paper No. 12-01, Global Development and Environment Institute.
Ewing, M. and Msangi, S. (2009) Biofuels Production in Developing Countries: Assessing Tradeoffs in Welfare and Food Security. Environmental Science & Policy, 12, 520-528. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2008.10.002
Rathmann, R., Szklo, A. and Schaeffer, R. (2010) Land Use Competition for Production of Food and Liquid Biofuels: An Analysis of the Arguments in the Current Debate. Renewable Energy, 35, 14-22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2009.02.025
Demirbas, A. (2009) Political, Economic and Environmental Impacts of Biofuels: A Review. Applied Energy, 86, S108-S117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2009.04.036
Stromberg, P.M., Gasparatos, A., Lee, J.S.H., Garcia-Ulloa, J., Koh, L.P. and Takeuchi, K. (2010) Impacts of Liquid Biofuels on Ecosystem Services and Biodiversity. Institute of Advanced Studies, United Nations University, 51.
Koh, L.P. and Ghazoul, J. (2008) Biofuels, Biodiversity, and People: Understanding the Conflicts and Finding Opportunities. Biological Conservation, 141, 2450-2460. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2008.08.005
Fitzherbert, E.B., Struebig, M.J., Morel, A., Danielsen, F., Bruhl, C.A., Donald, P.F., et al. (2008) How Will Oil Palm Expansion Affect Biodiversity? Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 23, 538-545. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2008.06.012
Sadhwani, J.J. and Veza, J.M. (2008) Desalination and Energy Consumption in Canary Islands. Desalination, 221, 143-150. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2007.02.051
Dorta-Santos, M., Tejedor, M., Jiménez, C., Hernández-Moreno, J., Palacios-Díaz, M. and Díaz, F. (2014) Recycled Urban Wastewater for Irrigation of Jatropha curcas L. in Abandoned Agricultural Arid Land. Sustainability, 6, 6902- 6924. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su6106902
Munda, G. (2004) Social Multi-Criteria Evaluation: Methodological Foundations and Operational Consequences. European Journal of Operational Research, 158, 662-677. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0377-2217(03)00369-2
Corral Quintana, S. and Funtowicz, S.O. (1998) Cómo afrontar la problemática compleja del agua. Ecología Política, 16, 111.
Ananda, J. and Herath, G. (2009) A Critical Review of Multi-Criteria Decision Making Methods with Special Reference to Forest Management and Planning. Ecological Economics, 68, 2535-2548. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2009.05.010
Diaz-Balteiro, L. and Romero, C. (2008) Making Forestry Decisions with Multiple Criteria: A Review and an Assessment. Forest Ecology and Management, 255, 3222-3241. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2008.01.038
Mendoza, G.A. and Martins, H. (2006) Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis in Natural Resource Management: A Critical Review of Methods and New Modelling Paradigms. Forest Ecology and Management, 230, 1-22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2006.03.023
Mendoza, G.A. and Prabhu, R. (2006) Participatory Modeling and Analysis for Sustainable Forest Management: Overview of Soft System Dynamics Models and Applications. Forest Policy and Economics, 9, 179-196. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.forpol.2005.06.006
Hayati, E., Majnounian, B., Abdi, E., Sessions, J. and Makhdoum, M. (2013) An Expert-Based Approach to Forest Road Network Planning by Combining Delphi and Spatial Multi-Criteria Evaluation. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 185, 1767-1776. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10661-012-2666-1
Sheppard, S.R.J. and Meitner, M. (2005) Using Multi-Criteria Analysis and Visualization for Sustainable Forest Management Planning with Stakeholder Groups. Forest Ecology and Management, 207, 171-187. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2004.10.032
Buchy, M. and Hoverman, S. (2000) Understanding Public Participation in Forest Planning: A Review. Forest Policy and Economics, 1, 15-25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1389-9341(00)00006-X
Kangas, A., Laukkanen, S. and Kangas, J. (2006) Social Choice Theory and Its Applications in Sustainable Forest Management—A Review. Forest Policy and Economics, 9, 77-92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.forpol.2005.02.004
Kangas, A.S., Kangas, J., Lahdelma, R. and Salminen, P. (2006) Using SMAA-2 Method with Dependent Uncertainties for Strategic Forest Planning. Forest Policy and Economics, 9, 113-125. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.forpol.2005.03.012
Kangas, J. and Kangas, A. (2005) Multiple Criteria Decision Support in Forest Management—The Approach, Methods Applied, and Experiences Gained. Forest Ecology and Management, 207, 133-143. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2004.10.023
Nordstrom, E.-M., Eriksson, L.O. and Ohman, K. (2010) Integrating Multiple Criteria Decision Analysis in Participatory Forest Planning: Experience from a Case Study in Northern Sweden. Forest Policy and Economics, 12, 562-574. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.forpol.2010.07.006
Niemel?, J., Young, J., Alard, D., Askasibar, M., Henle, K., Johnson, R., et al. (2005) Identifying, Managing and Monitoring Conflicts between Forest Biodiversity Conservation and Other Human Interests in Europe. Forest Policy and Economics, 7, 877-890. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.forpol.2004.04.005
Vainikainen, N., Kangas, A. and Kangas, J. (2008) Empirical Study on Voting Power in Participatory Forest Planning. Journal of Environmental Management, 88, 173-180. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2007.02.004
Kangas, A., Heikkila, J., Malmivaara-Lamsa, M. and Lofstrom, I. (2014) Case Puijo—Evaluation of a Participatory Urban Forest Planning Process. Forest Policy and Economics, 45, 13-23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.forpol.2014.03.007
Saarikoski, H., Tikkanen, J. and Leskinen, L.A. (2010) Public Participation in Practice—Assessing Public Participation in the Preparation of Regional Forest Programs in Northern Finland. Forest Policy and Economics, 12, 349-356. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.forpol.2010.02.006
Funtowicz, S. and Strand, R. (2007) De la demostracion experta al diálogo participativo. Revista Iberoamericana de Ciencia, Tecnología y Sociedad, 3, 97-113.
Marchi, B.D., Funtowicz, S.O., Cascio, S.L. and Munda, G. (2000) Combining Participative and Institutional Approaches with?Multicriteria Evaluation. An Empirical Study for Water Issues?in Troina, Sicily. Ecological Economics, 34, 267-282. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0921-8009(00)00162-2
Corral Quintana, S. and Funtowicz, S. (1998) Cómo Afrontar La Problemática Compleja Del Agua. Congreso Ibérico sobre gestión y planificación del agua—Gestión de Aguas, Participación y Conflictos Sociales y Políticos, Zaragoza.
Corral Quintana, S. (2004) Una metodología integrada de exploración y compresión de los procesos de elaboración de políticas públicas. Departamento de Economía de las Instituciones, Estadística Económica y Econometría, Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna.
Paneque Salgado, P., Corral Quintana, S., Guimaraes Pereira, A., del Moral Ituarte, L. and Pedregal Mateos, B. (2009) Participative Multi-Criteria Analysis for the Evaluation of Water Governance Alternatives. A Case in the Costa del Sol (Málaga). Ecological Economics, 68, 990-1005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2006.11.008
Munda, G. (1995) NAIADE Method: A Short Description. UAB, Barcelona.
JRC (1996) NAIADE Manual and Tutorial—Version 1.0.ENG. Joint Research Centre, Ispra Site.
Pereira, ?.G. and Quintana, S.C. (2002) From Technocratic to Participatory Decision Support Systems: Responding to the New Governance Initiatives. Journal of Geographic Information and Decision Analysis, 6, 95-107.
Munda, G., Nijkamp, P. and Rietveld, P. (1995) Qualitative Multicriteria Methods for Fuzzy Evaluation Problems: An Illustration of Economic-Ecological Evaluation. European Journal of Operational Research, 82, 79-97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0377-2217(93)E0250-2
Neudoerffer, R.C., Malhotra, P. and Ramana, P.V. (2001) Participatory Rural Energy Planning in India—A Policy Context. Energy Policy, 29, 371-381. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0301-4215(00)00132-4