GIS-Based Morphometric Analysis of Fourth-Order Sub-Basins of the Zerqa River (Northern Jordan) Using Multivariate Statistical Techniques — Oak Academic Publishing
Research ArticleOpen AccessGoogle Scholar indexed
GIS-Based Morphometric Analysis of Fourth-Order Sub-Basins of the Zerqa River (Northern Jordan) Using Multivariate Statistical Techniques
Department of Geography, University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
,
Department of Geography, University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
,
Department of Geography, University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
1 Department of Geography, University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
2 Department of Geography, University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
3 Department of Geography, University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
The present study attempts to examine the morphometric characteristics and relationships of 43 fourth-order sub-basins over the Zerqa River watershed, using ASTER DEM, GIS and multivariate statistics. To achieve these objectives, Principal Component Analysis was utilized to reduce the 26 parameters into six major components which accounted for 79.3% of the total variance explained by the original morphometric variables. Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (CA) (Ward’s method) has been applied to classify the 43 sub-basins based on different types of morphometric parameters. Four groups of sub-watersheds were identified and characterized by different morphometric properties. The patterns of spatial distribution of cluster groups were determined based on lithological, structure and tectonics, uplifting, and rejuvenation processes.
Natural Resources Authority (1977) National Water Master Plan of Jordan. 8 Volumes, Essen.
Battikhi, A.M. and Arabiat, S. (1983) Constraints to the Successful Application of Modern Technology for Soil Conservation in Jordan. Dirasat Natural Sciences (Amman), 10, 129-166.
Lara, J.M. (1980) The 1980 Sedimentation Survey of King Talal Dam. Report, Jordan Valley Authority, Amman.
Al-Sheriadeh, M.S., Malkawi, A.H., Al-Hamdan, A. and Abderahman, N. (2000) Evaluating Sediment Yield at King Talal Reservoir from Landslides along Irbid-Amman Highway. Engineering Geology, 56, 361-372. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0013-7952(99)00119-2
Chorely, R. (1971) The Drainage Basin as the Fundamental Geomorphic Unit. In: Chorely, R., Ed., Introduction to Fluvial Processes, Methuen and Co. Ltd., London, 30-32.
Horton, R. (1945) Erosional Development of Streams and Their Drainage Basins: Hydrological Approach to Quantitative Morphology. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 56, 275-370. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1945)56[275:EDOSAT]2.0.CO;2
Strahler, A.N. (1952) Dynamic Basis of Geomorphology. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 63, 923-938. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1952)63[923:DBOG]2.0.CO;2
Strahler, A.N. (1957) Quantitative Analysis of Watershed Geomorphology. Transactions, American Geophysical Union, 138, 913-938. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/TR038i006p00913
Strahler, A.N. (1964) Quantitative Geomorphology of Drainage Basins and Channel Networks. In: Chow, V.T., Ed., Handbook of Applied Hydrology, McGraw-Hill, New York, 4-39/4-76.
Gardiner, V. (1978) Redundancy and Spatial Organization of Drainage Basin Form Indices: An Empirical Investigation of Data from North-West Devon. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, 3, 416-431. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/622121
Malik, J.N. and Mohanty, C. (2007) Active Tectonic Influence on the Evolution of Drainage and Landscape: Geographic Signatures from Frontal and Hinterland Areas along the North-Western Himalaya, India. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 29, 604-618. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jseaes.2006.03.010
Marcus, A. (1980) First-Order Drainage Basin Morphology—Definition and Distribution. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 5, 389-398. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/esp.3760050408
Persons, A.J. (1980) Slope Profile Variability in First-Order Drainage Basins. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 7, 71-78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/esp.3290070109
Yunus, A., Oguchi, T. and Hayakawa, U. (2014) Morphometric Analysis of Drainage Basins in the Western Arabian Peninsula Using Multivariate Statistics. International Journal of Geosciences, 5, 527-539. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ijg.2014.55049
Mather, P. and Doornkamp, J. (1970) Multivariate Analysis in Geography with Particular Reference to Drainage-Basin Morphometry. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, 51, 163-187. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/621768
Mather, P. (1972) Areal Classification in Geomorphology. In: Chorely, R., Ed., Spatial Analysis in Geomorphology, Methuen and Co. Ltd., London, 305-332.
Subyani, A.M., Qari, M.H. and Mastah, M.I. (2012) Digital Elevation Model and Multivariate Statistical Analysis of Morphometric Parameters of Some Wadis, Western Saudi Arabia. Arabian Journal of Geosciences, 5, 147-157. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12517-010-0149-7
Ghimire, M. (2014) Multivariate Morphological Characteristics and Classification of First-Order Basins in the Siwaliks, Nepal. Geomorphology, 204, 192-207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2013.08.004
Raux, J., Copard, Y., Laignel, B., Fournier, M. and Massei, N. (2011) Classification of Worldwide Drainage Basins through the Multivariate Analysis of Variables Controlling Their Hydrosedimentary Response. Global and Planetary Change, 76, 117-127. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2010.12.005
Miller, J.R., Ritter, D.F. and Kochel, R.C. (1990) Morphometric Assessment of Lithologic Controls on Drainage Basin Evolution in the Graford Uplands, South-Central Indiana. American Journal of Science, 290, 569-599. http://dx.doi.org/10.2475/ajs.290.5.569
Sharma, S.K., Gajbhiye, S. and Tignath, S. (2015) Application of Principal Component Analysis in Grouping Parameters of a Watershed for Hydrological Modeling. Applied Water Science, 5, 89-96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13201-014-0170-1
Farhan, Y., Zregat, D. and Anbar, A. (2015) Assessing Farmers’ Perception of Soil Erosion Risk in Northern Jordan. Journal of Environmental Protection, 6, 867-884. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/jep.2015.68079
Magesh, N.S., Jitheshlal, K.V. and Chandrasekar, N. (2013) Geographical Information System-Based Morphometric Analysis of Bharathapuzha River Basin, Kerala, India. Applied Water Science, 3, 467-477. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13201-013-0095-0
Farhan, Y. (1986) Landslide in Central Jordan with Special Reference to the March 1983 Rainstorm. Singapore Journal of Tropical Geography, 7, 80-97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9493.1986.tb00174.x
Farhan, Y. (1999) Geomorphic Impacts of Highway Construction, Their Causes, and Remedies: A Case Study from Aqaba, Southern Jordan. The Arab World Geographer, 2, 1-25.
Bender, F. (1974) Geology of Jordan. Trans. MK Khdeir. Beitrage zur regionalen Geologie der Erde, Vol. 7, Gebruder, Borntraeger, Berlin.
Bender, F. (1975) Geology of the Arabian Peninsula: Jordan. United States Geological Survey Professional Paper 560-I, Washington DC.
Abed, A. (1982) Geology of Jordan, Amman. (In Arabic).
Salameh, E. (1980) Hydrogeology and Hydrochemistry in the Catchment Area of the King Talal Reservoir, Jordan. Zeitschritt der Deutschen Geologischen Gesellschaft, 131, 319-338.
Quennell, A. (1958) The Structure and Geomorphic Evolution of the Dead Sea Rift. Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society, 114, 1-24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/gsjgs.114.1.0001
Burdon, D. (1959) Handbook of the Geology of Jordan. Benham and Co., Colchester.
Mickbel, Sh. and Zacher, W. (1981) The Wadi Shueib Structure in Jordan. Neues Jahrbuch fur Geologie und Palaeontologie Monatshefte, 9, 571-576.
Mickbel, Sh. and Zacher, W. (1986) Folded Structure in Northern Jordan. Neues Jahrbuch fur Geologie und Palaeontologie Monatshefte, 14, 248-256.
Atallah, M. and Mickbel, Sh. (1983) Geology and Structure of an Area East of the Dead Sea. Proceedings of the 1st Geological Conference, Amman, 6-8 September 1983, 392-414.
Fisher, W.H., Bowen-Jones, H., Atkinson, K., Beaumont, P., Smith, K. and Stevens, J. (1969) Soil and Land Potential Survey of the Highlands of North-West Jordan. University of Durham, Durham.
Water Authority (1985) Hydrological Records: Unpublished Raw Data. Amman, Jordan.
Farhan, Y. (1985) Geomorphological Mapping of Landslides Complex Area in a Part of the Zerqa River, Central Jordan. Annales de Geographie, 6, 31-36.
Miller, V. (1953) A Quantitative Geomorphic Study of Drainage Basin Characteristics in the Clinch Mountain Area, Virginia and Tennessee. Project NR 389-402, Technical Report 3, Columbia University, Department of Geology, ONR, New York.
Schumm, S. (1956) Evolution of Drainage Systems and Slopes in Badlands at Perth Amboy, New Jersey. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 64, 597-646. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1956)67[597:EODSAS]2.0.CO;2
Horton, R. (1932) Drainage Basin Characteristics. Transactions, American Geophysical Union, 13, 350-361.
Gravelius, H. (1914) Grundriβ der gesamten Gewasserkund, Band 1: Fluβkunde. Compendium of Hydrology, 1, 265-278.
Ivanova, E., Nedkov, R., Ivanova, I. and Radeva, K. (2012) Morpho-Hydrographic Analysis of Black Sea Catchment Area in Bulgaria. Procedia Environmental Sciences, 14, 143-153. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proenv.2012.03.014
Chorely, R., Donald, M. and Pogrzelsk, H. (1957) A New Standard for Estimating Drainage Basin Shape. American Journal of Science, 255, 138-141. http://dx.doi.org/10.2475/ajs.255.2.138
Faniran, A. (1968) The Index of Drainage Intensity—A Provisional New Drainage Factor. Australian Journal of Science, 31, 328-330.
Hadley, R. and Schumm, S. (1961) Sediment Sources and Drainage Basin Characteristics in Upper Cheyenne River Basin. US Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 1531-B, Washington DC, 198.
Singh, S. and Dubey, A. (1994) Geoenvironmental Planning of Watersheds in India. Chugh Publications, Allahabad, 28-69.
Reddy, G.P.O., Maji, A.K. and Gaibhiya, K.S. (2004) Drainage Morphometry and Its Influence on Landform Characteristics in Basaltic Terrain, Central India—A Remote Sensing and GIS Approach. International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation, 6, 1-16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jag.2004.06.003
Mather, P. (1986) Computational Methods and Multivariate Analysis in Physical Geography. Wiley, London.
Smith, K. (1950) Standards for Grading Textures of Erosional Topography. American Journal of Science, 248, 655-668. http://dx.doi.org/10.2475/ajs.248.9.655
Magesh, M.S., Chandrasekar, N. and Soundranayagam, J.P. (2011) Morphometric Evaluation of Papanasam and Manimuthar Watersheds, Part of Western Ghats, Tirunelveli District, Tamil Nadu, India: A GIS Approach. Environmental Earth Sciences, 64, 373-381. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12665-010-0860-4
Chirala, U., Nooka Ratnam, K. and Gurram, M.K. (2012) Correlation of Geomorphometric Parameters for the Hydrological Characterization of Meghadrigedda Watershed, Visakhapatnam, India—A GIS Approach. International Journal of Engineering Science and Technology, 4, 3169-3183.
Doornkamp, J.C. and King, C. (1971) Numerical Analysis in Geomorphology. Edward Arnold, London.
Beheiry, S. (1969) Geomorphology of Central East Jordan. Bulletin de la Societe de Geographie d’Egypt, 41-42, 5-22.
Farhan, Y. (1971) Geomorphology of Wadi Mujib and Wadi Kerak, Central East Jordan. MA Thesis, University of Cairo, Cairo.