Because of the huge differences in cellular structures and functions in non-nervous system and interaction between the nervous and non-nervous systems in potassium ion absorption, storage and effective utilization, the organs, tissues and tissue cells in non-nervous system have different functional dependence on potassium ion and its characteristics in competitive distribution differences. Therefore, I propose that the relative deficiency of potassium in cells in non-nervous organs and tissues may show very different functional changes and disease characteristics. Some are susceptible to pathogenic microorganisms, some may result in decrease of cell functions, and other may have comprehensive changes such as chronic inflammation. Therefore, the core causes for the functional changes and lesions of these non-nervous organs and tissues are closely related to the relative deficiency of potassium ions in their cells, which provides important ideas for the prevention and treatment of these functional changes and diseases.
KeywordsPotassium IonRelative Deficiency of Potassium IonsNa<sup>+</sup>K<sup>+</sup>-ATPaseNon-Nervous DiseasesQuantum Biology
Dai, J.P. (2022) Why Are There So Many Puzzles in Fighting against COVID-19 Pandemic? Natural Science, 14, 424-433. https://doi.org/10.4236/ns.2022.1410036
Dai, J.P. (2022) The Relative Deficiency of Potassium Ions in Nerve Cells Causes Abnormal Functions and Neurological and Mental Diseases. Natural Science, 14, 441-447. https://doi.org/10.4236/ns.2022.1410038
Dai, J.P. (2022) The Continuous Relative Deficiency of Intracellular Potassium Is a Core Mechanism for the Occurrence and Metastasis of Tumor Cancer Cells. Natural Science, 14, 492-496. https://doi.org/10.4236/ns.2022.1411043
Furness, J.B. (2006) The Organisation of the Autonomic Nervous System: Peripheral Connections. Autonomic Neuroscience, 130, 1-5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autneu.2006.05.003
Jänig, W. and Häbler, H.J. (2003) Neurophysiological Analysis of Target-Related Sympathetic Pathways—From Animal to Human: Similarities and Differences. Acta Physiologica Scandinavica, 177, 255-274. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-201X.2003.01088.x
Shapiro, R.E. and Miselis, R.R. (1985) The Central Organization of the Vagus Nerve Innervating the Stomach of the Rat. Journal of Comparative Neurology, 238, 473-488. https://doi.org/10.1002/cne.902380411
Kalsbeek, A. and Buijs, R.M. (2021) Organization of the Neuroendocrine and Autonomic Hypothalamic Paraventricular Nucleus. Handbook of Clinical Neurology, 180, 45-63. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-820107-7.00004-5
Botticelli, L., Micioni Di Bonaventura, E., Ubaldi, M., Ciccocioppo, R., Cifani, C. and Micioni Di Bonaventura, M.V. (2021) The Neural Network of Neuropeptide S (NPS): Implications in Food Intake and Gastrointestinal Functions. Pharmaceuticals (Basel), 14, Article No. 293. https://doi.org/10.3390/ph14040293
Selverston, A.I. (1977) Neural Circuitry Underlying Oscillatory Motor Output. The Journal of Physiology (Paris), 73, 463-470.
Parsons, D.S. (1967) Salt and Water Absorption by the Intestinal Tract. British Medical Bulletin, 23, 252-257. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.bmb.a070566
Turnberg, L.A. (1970) Electrolyte Absorption from the Colon. Gut, 11, 1049-1054. https://doi.org/10.1136/gut.11.12.1049
Schultz, S.G. and Frizzell, R.A. (1972) An Overview of Intestinal Absorptive and Secretory Processes. Gastroenterology, 63, 161-170. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-5085(19)33362-1
Wright, E.M. (1974) The Passive Permeability of the Small Intestine. Biomembranes, 4A, 159-198.
Edmonds, C.J. (1974) Salts and Water. Biomembranes, 4B, 711-759. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-3336-4_4
Cummings, J.H. (1975) Absorption and Secretion by the Colon. Gut, 16, 323-329. https://doi.org/10.1136/gut.16.4.323
Edmonds, C.J. (1981) Water and Ionic Transfer Pathways of Mammalian Large Intestine. Clinical Science (London), 61, 257-263. https://doi.org/10.1042/cs0610257
Edmonds, C.J. (1984) Absorption and Secretion of Fluid and Electrolytes by the Rectum. Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology. Supplement, 93, 79-87.
Smith, P.L. and McCabe, R.D. (1984) Mechanism and Regulation of Transcellular Potassium Transport by the Colon. American Journal of Physiology, 247, G445-G456. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.1984.247.5.G445
Bridges, R.J. and Rummel, W. (1986) Mechanistic Basis of Alterations in Mucosal Water and Electrolyte Transport. Clinics in Gastroenterology, 15, 491-506. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0300-5089(21)00735-5
Schultheiss, G. and Diener, M. (1998) K+ and Cl - Conductances in the Distal Colon of the Rat. General Pharmacology, 31, 337-342. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0306-3623(97)00458-8
Shull, G.E., Miller, M.L. and Schultheis, P.J. (2000) Lessons from Genetically Engineered Animal Models VIII. Absorption and Secretion of Ions in the Gastrointestinal Tract. The American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology, 278, G185-G190. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.2000.278.2.G185
Bachmann, O., Juric, M., Seidler, U., Manns, M.P. and Yu, H. (2011) Basolateral Ion Transporters Involved in Colonic Epithelial Electrolyte Absorption, Anion Secretion and Cellular Homeostasis. Acta Physiologica (Oxford), 201, 33-46. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-1716.2010.02153.x
Fenton, R.A. and Praetorius, J. (2011) Molecular Physiology of the Medullary Collecting Duct. Comprehensive Physiology, 1, 1031-1056. https://doi.org/10.1002/cphy.c100064
Michaeli, K., Kantor-Uriel, N., Naaman, R. and Waldeck, D.H. (2016) The Electron’s Spin and Molecular Chirality—How Are They Related and How do They Affect Life Processes? Chemical Society Reviews, 45, 6478-6487. https://doi.org/10.1039/C6CS00369A
Wolynes, P.G. (2009) Some Quantum Weirdness in Physiology. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 106, 17247-17248. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0909421106
Han, Z., Chai, W., Wang, Z., Xiao, F. and Dai, J.P. (2021) Quantum Energy Levels of Glutamate Modulate Neural Biophotonic Signals. Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences, 20, 343-356. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43630-021-00022-0
Dai, J.P. (2022) The Core Mechanism of Traditional Medicine Is the Rational and Effective Use of Potassium Ions. Natural Science, 14, 434-440. https://doi.org/10.4236/ns.2022.1410037