Study on the Spectral Characteristics and Clinical Application of Biochemical Markers in Inpatients with Multisystem Diseases —A Retrospective Analysis of 373 Cases from Four Clinical Departments

Abstract

Objective: To analyze the differences in biochemical indicators among inpatients from the Department of Endocrinology and Nephrology, the First Neurology Ward, the Second Neurology Ward, as well as the Gastroenterology Department, and clarify the main diagnostic categories of diseases in each department. This study aims to explore the variation patterns of biochemical markers corresponding to various systemic diseases, and provide laboratory evidence for the auxiliary diagnosis, condition evaluation and individualized treatment of clinical diseases. Methods: A retrospective research method was adopted. Biochemical test data of inpatients from four clinical departments of our hospital in June 2025 were collected, and a total of 373 valid cases were enrolled. Only the first biochemical test results on admission were extracted, and patients with repeated hospital admissions were excluded. Twenty-nine core biochemical indicators involving liver function, renal function, myocardial enzymes, electrolytes, glucose and lipid metabolism were detected. Descriptive statistics were used to calculate the mean and standard deviation of each indicator for different departments. Normality test and homogeneity of variance test were performed for all data; non-parametric tests were adopted for data failing to meet the above assumptions. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was applied for inter-group comparison. Post-hoc pairwise comparisons with multiple testing adjustment were conducted for indicators with significant ANOVA results. Baseline characteristics including age and gender of patients in each department were compared, and their confounding effects on biochemical results were assessed. The test level was set at α = 0.05. Results: Among the 373 enrolled patients, 167 cases were from the Second Neurology Ward, 90 from the Department of Endocrinology and Nephrology, 64 from the First Neurology Ward, and 52 from the Gastroenterology Ward. Nineteen indicators including total bilirubin (TBIL), direct bilirubin (DBIL), total protein (TP), albumin (ALB), globulin (GLO), cholinesterase (CHE), gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase ( γ -GT), alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), potassium (K), sodium (Na), chloride (Cl), urea (Urea), creatinine (CREA), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), α -hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase (HBDH) and glucose (GLU) showed statistically significant differences among the four departments ( P P > 0.05). Data errors in tables were corrected: serum calcium of the Second Neurology Ward was revised to 2.29 ± 0.14 mmol/L, and creatinine of Gastroenterology Department was revised to 127.31 ± 190.89 μmol/L. Statistical content of 29 biochemical indicators was completed. Glucose levels presented significant inter-department differences. Conclusion: The biochemical profiles of inpatients differ significantly across various clinical departments, and the changes of indicators are highly consistent with target organ damage and metabolic disorders caused by corresponding diseases. The results only reflect inter-department associations rather than independent diagnostic values, and the generalizability to other medical institutions is limited. In clinical practice, biochemical results should be interpreted individually combined with patients’ affiliated departments and disease types. Biochemical markers can be fully utilized for disease screening, condition monitoring and therapeutic effect evaluation.