Orchidaceae has known as an attractive flower and immense species. We have found a large species of Orchidaceae grow naturally in Papua’s jungle, Indonesia territorial. This study aim s to reveal genetic variation and genetic relationships among endemic orchids in Papua based on RAPD markers. The study included 26 accessions of Papua’s endemic orchids used for genomic DNA extraction. Genomic DNAs were extracted by usingDNAextraction kit from Qiagen and genomic DNA amplification by using 10 decamer RAPD primers. DNA fragments that were amplified by Polymerase Change Reaction (PCR) were visualized and documented by using UV illumination apparatus. Genetically, endemic Orchids in Papua were described high variation. Fragments amplification by using ten RAPD primers and performed in the PCR tools resulted in 54 numbers of polymorphic fragments and no monomorphic band. The number of polymorphic bands per primer ranged from 4 to 7 with averaged 5.4 bands per assay unit. The genetic dissimilarities (GDs) among examined orchids ranged from 0.10 to 0.94 based on Nei’s unbiased coefficients. Dendrogram construction showed that Papua’s endemic orchid (PEO) samples different from another and separated to form group by their own at the 0.40 coefficient value and at the 0.6 coefficient value indicate that PEO sample is divided into nine groups i.e. samples at the genera level were separated into their own groups.
Singh, M.K., Sherpa, A.R, Hallan, V. and Zaidi, A.A. (2007) A Potyvirus in Cymbidium spp. in Northern India. Australasian Plant Disease Notes, 2, 11-13. https://doi.org/10.1071/DN07005
Meisel, J.E., Kaufmann, R.S. and Pupulin, F. (2014) Orchids of Tropical America: An Introduction and Guide. Cornell University Press, Ithaca and London, 259 p. https://books.google.co.id/books?isbn=0801454921
Sutiyoso and Sarwono (2004) Orchids Care. Penebar Swadaya, Jakarta. (in Indonesian)
Abbas, B., Listyorini, F.H. and Amriati, B (2011) In vitro Seeds Germination and Plantlets Development of Grammatophyllum scriptum Lindl. (Orchidaceae). African Journal of Plant Science, 2, 154-159.
Sapto, H.P. (2009) The Diversity of Orchid Archipelago and the Lack of Taxonomist. (Accessed 5/2’2010) (in Indonesian)
Simardjo, M. (2009) Dewndrobium Species from Papua Have Been Used as a Parent for Breeding Activity (Indomesia Language). Proceeding Efforts to Develop and Preserve the Natural Orchid of West Papua.
World Wildlife Fund (WWF) (2007) Bunga Rampai ALAMKU-Bird’s Head Seascape. 202 p. http://birdsheadseascape.com/download/research/social%20Science%20and%20development/ Bunga%20Rampai%20ALAMKU%202007.pdf
Powel, W., Castillo, C.O., Chaluers, K.J., Provan, J. and Waugh, R. (1995) Polymerase Chain Reaction Based-Assays for the Characterization of Plant Genetic Resources. Electrophoresis, 16, 1726-1730. https://doi.org/10.1002/elps.11501601285
Colombo, C., Second, G., Valle, T.L. and Charrier, A. (1998) Genetic Diversity Characterization of Cassava Cultivars (Manihot esculenta Cranz.) RAPD Markers. Genetics and Molecular Biology, 21, 69-84. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1415-47571998000100018
Ferdinandez, Y.S.N., Somers, D.J. and Coulman, B.E. (2001) Estimation the Genetic Relationship of Hybrid Bromegrass to Smooth Bromegrass and Medow Bromegrass Using RAPD Markers. Plant Breeding, 120, 149-153. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1439-0523.2001.00555.x
Cartea, M.E., Soengas, P., Picoaga, A. and Orda’s, A. (2005) Relationships among Brassica napus (L.) Germplasm from Spain and Great Britain as Determined by RAPD Markers. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution, 52, 655-662. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10722-003-6014-8
Venkatachalam, L., Sreedhar, R.V. and Bhagyalakshmi, N. (2007) Genetic Analyses of Micropropagated and Regenerated Plantlets of Banana as Assessed by RAPD and ISSR Markers. In Vitro Cellular & Developmental Biology, 43, 267-274.
Kishor, R., Devi, H.S. and Jeyaram, K. (2008) Molecular Characterization of Reciprocal Crosses of Aeridesvandarum and Vanda stageana (Orchidaceae) at the Protocorm Stage. Plant Biotechnology Reports, 2, 145-152. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11816-008-0053-8
Minoo, D., Jayakumar, V.N., Veena, S.S., Vimala, J., Basha, A. and Saji, K.V. (2008) Genetic Variations and Interrelationships in Vanillaplanifolia and Few Related Species as Expressed by RAPD Polymorphism. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution, 55, 459-470. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10722-007-9252-3
Niknejad, A., Kadir, M.A., Kadzimin, S.B., Abdullah, N.A.P. and Sorkheh, K. (2009) Molecular Characterization and Phylogenetic Relationships among and within Species of Phalaenopsis (Epindenroideae: Orchidaceae) Based on RAPD Analyses. African Journal of Biotechnology, 8, 5225-5240.
Pfender, W.F., Saha, M.C., Johnson, E.A. and Slabaugh, M.B. (2011) Mapping with RAD (Restriction-Site Associated DNA) Markersto Rapidly Identify QTL for Stem Rust Resistance in Loliumperenne. Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 122, 1467-1480. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00122-011-1546-3
Zhao, M.Z., Zhang, Y.P., Wu, W.M., Wang, C., Qian, Y.M., Yang, G. and Fang, J.G. (2011) A New Strategy for Complete Identification of 69 Grapevine Cultivars using Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) Markers. African Journal of Plant Science, 5, 273-280.
Arias, A., Moreno, M.F., Tajes, J.F., Gaspar, M.B. and Jméndez, J.W. (2011) Strong Genetic Differentiation among East Atlantic Populations of the Sword Razor Shell (Ensissiliqua) Assessed with mtDNA and RAPD Markers. Helgoland Marine Research, 65, 81-89. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10152-010-0203-6
Chase, M. and Hill, H. (1991) Silica Gel: An Ideal Material for Field Preservation of Leaf Samples. Taxon, 40, 215-220. https://doi.org/10.2307/1222975
Sneath, P.H. and Sokal, R.R. (1973) Numerical Taxonomy. Freeman, San Francisco, 573 p.
Rohlf, F.J. (1998) NTSYS-pc Numerical Taxonomy and Multivariate Analysis System. Version 2.02, Exter Sift Ware, New York.
Miller, M.P. (1997) Tools for Population Genetic Analyses (TFPGA) Version 1.3. Departement of Biological Sciences-Box 5640, Northern Arizona University.
Powel, W., Morgante, M., andre, C., Hanafey, M., Vogel, J., Tingey, S. and Rafalski, A. (1996) The Comparison of RFLP, RAPD, AFLP, and SSR (Microsatellite) Markers for Germplasm Analysis. Molecular Breeding, 2, 225-238. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00564200
Oliveira, L.V.R., Faria, R.T., Ruas, C.F., Ruas, P.M., Santos, M.O. and Cavarlho, V.P. (2010) Genetic Analysis of Species in the Genus Catasetum (Orchidaceae) using RAPD Markers. Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology, 53, 375-387. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1516-89132010000200017
Nei, M. (1978) Estimation of Average Heterozigosity and Genetic Distance from Small Number of Individuals. Genetics, 89, 583-590.
Ding, G., Zhang, D., Ding, X., Zhou, Q., Zhang, W. and Li, X. (2008) Genetic Variation and Conservation of the Endangered Chinese Endemic Herb Dendrobium officinale Based on SRAP Analysis. Plant Systematics and Evolution, 276, 149-156. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00606-008-0068-1
Forrest, A.D., Hollingsworth, M.L., Hollingsworth, P.M., Sydes, C. and Bateman, R.M. (2004) Population Genetic Structure in European Populations of Spiranthes romanzoffiana Set in the Context of Other Genetic Studies on Orchids. Heredity, 92, 218-227. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.hdy.6800399
Aceto, S., Caputo, P., Cozzolino, S., Gaudio, L. and Moretti, A. (1999) Phylogeny and Evolution of Orchis and Allied Genera Based on ITS DNA Variation: Morphological Gaps and Molecular Continuity. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 13, 67-76. https://doi.org/10.1006/mpev.1999.0628
Yadav, K., Yadav, S.K., Yadav, A., Pandey, V.P. and Dwivedi, U.N. (2012) Genetic Diversity of Pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan L. Millsp. Culviras and Its Wild Relatives using Randomly Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) Markers. American Journal of Plant Science, 3, 322-330. https://doi.org/10.4236/ajps.2012.33038
Waitt, D.E. and Levin, D.A. (1998) Genetic and Phenotypic Correlations in Plants: A Botanical Test of Cheverud’s Conjecture. Heredity, 80, 310-319. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2540.1998.00298.x
Moniruzzaman, M., Zaman, M.A., Hossain, M.E., Bhuiyan, M.M.H. and Rahman, M.Z. (2012) Genetic Variability and Character Associated in Some Native Orchid Species (Dendrobium spp.). The Agriculturist, 10, 1-9.
Wahba, L.E., Hazlina, N., Fadelah, A. and Ratnam, W. (2014) Genetic Relatedness among Dendrobium (Orchidaceae) Species and Hybrids using Morphological and AFLP Markers. Hort Science, 49, 524-530.
Giri, L., Jugran, A.K., Bahukhandi, A., Dhyani, P., Bhatt, I.D., Rawal, R.S., Nandi, S.K. and Dhar, U. (2017) Population Genetic Structure an d Marker Trait Associations using Morphological, Phytochemical and Molecular Parameters in Habenaria edgeworthii—A Threatened Medicinal Orchid of West Himalaya, India. Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology, 181, 267-282. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12010-016-2211-8
Abbas, B., Renwarin, Y., Bintoro, M.H., Sudarsono, S., Surahman, M. and Ehara, H. (2010) Genetic Diversity of Sago Palm in Indonesia Based on Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) Markers. Journal of Biological Diversity, 11, 112-117. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d110302
Abbas, B. and Ehara, H. (2012) Assessment Genetic Variation and Relationship of Sago Palm (Metroxylon sagu Rottb.) in Indonesia Based on Specific Expression Gene (Wx Genes) Markers. African Journal of Plant Science, 6, 314-320.