Assessment of Ponderosa Pine Bark Acoustic Properties
- 1 Department of Applied Physics and Materials Science, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, USA
- 2 Department of Applied Physics and Materials Science, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, USA
- 3 Department of Applied Physics and Materials Science, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, USA
Abstract
To assess the feasibility of using an external microphone array for detecting bark beetle densities in Ponderosa pine trees, we conducted acoustic characterization tests on bark samples. This is crucial because bark beetle sounds are infrequent and attenuated by the bark, making it essential to understand the acoustic properties of the bark to evaluate the potential of this detection method. Our analysis showed that the transverse stress wave velocity ranged from 229 to 823 (m/s), while the longitudinal stress wave velocity ranged from 797 to 2428 (m/s). Both velocities increased as the moisture content of the bark decreased. The Modulus of Elasticity (MOE) varied transversely from 3.0 × 10⁷ to 3.7 × 10⁸ (Pa) and longitudinally from 2.1 × 10⁸ to 8.0 × 10⁸ (Pa). These findings highlight the significant variability in bark’s acoustic properties, which must be taken into account when considering the use of an external microphone array for detecting bark beetle activity.
- Bedoya, C.L., Hofstetter, R.W., Nelson, X.J., Hayes, M., Miller, D.R. and Brockerhoff, E.G. (2019) Sound Production in Bark and Ambrosia Beetles. Bioacoustics , 30, 58-73. https://doi.org/10.1080/09524622.2019.1686424
- Armendáriz-Toledano, F. and Zúñiga, G. (2017) Illustrated Key to Species of Genus Dendroctonus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) Occurring in Mexico and Central America. Journal of Insect Science , 17, iex009. https://doi.org/10.1093/jisesa/iex009
- Fleming, A.J., Lindeman, A.A., Carroll, A.L. and Yack, J.E. (2013) Acoustics of the Mountain Pine Beetle ( Dendroctonus ponderosae ) (Curculionidae, Scolytinae): Sonic, Ultrasonic, and Vibration Characteristics. Canadian Journal of Zoology , 91, 235-244. https://doi.org/10.1139/cjz-2012-0239
- Hofstetter, R.W., Aflitto, N., Bedoya, C.L., Yturralde, K. and Dunn, D.D. (2019) Vibrational Behavior in Bark Beetles: Applied Aspects. In: Animal Signals and Communication , Springer, 415-435. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-22293-2_21
- Mankin, R.W., Brandhorst-Hubbard, J., Flanders, K.L., Zhang, M., Crocker, R.L., Lapointe, S.L., et al . (2000) Eavesdropping on Insects Hidden in Soil and Interior Structures of Plants. Journal of Economic Entomology , 93, 1173-1182. https://doi.org/10.1603/0022-0493-93.4.1173
- Martínez, R.D., Izquierdo, A., Villacorta, J.J., del Val, L. and Basterra, L. (2023) Acoustic Detection and Localisation System for Hylotrupes bajulus L. Larvae Using a MEMS Microphone Array. Applied Acoustics , 213, Article 109618. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apacoust.2023.109618
- Fernandez-Grande, E., Xenaki, A. and Gerstoft, P. (2017) A Sparse Equivalent Source Method for Near-Field Acoustic Holography. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America , 141, 532-542. https://doi.org/10.1121/1.4974047
- Dackermann, U., Crews, K., Kasal, B., Li, J., Riggio, M., Rinn, F., et al . (2013) In Situ Assessment of Structural Timber Using Stress-Wave Measurements. Materials and Structures , 47, 787-803. https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-013-0095-4
- El-Hadad, A., Brodie, G.I. and Ahmed, B.S. (2018) The Effect of Wood Condition on Sound Wave Propagation. Open Journal of Acoustics , 8, 37-51. https://doi.org/10.4236/oja.2018.83004
- Mankin, R.W., Hagstrum, D.W., Smith, M.T., Roda, A.L. and Kairo, M.T.K. (2011) Perspective and Promise: A Century of Insect Acoustic Detection and Monitoring. American Entomologist , 57, 30-44. https://doi.org/10.1093/ae/57.1.30