Investigation of Natural Radioactivity and Dose Assessment over Steel Making Region
- 1 Department of Forensic Physics, Regional Forensic Laboratory, General Administration of Forensic Evidence, Sudan Police, Khartoum, Sudan
- 2 Department of Medical Physics, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Al-Neelain University, Khartoum, Sudan
- 3 Department of Medical Physics, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Al-Neelain University, Khartoum, Sudan
Abstract
This study aims to measure the radiation dose over several steel-making factories in Khartoum region, Sudan. The authors used different techniques to detect the harmful Natural Occurring Radioactive Material (NORM) emitting through the steel-making process. While, an X-ray Diffractometer was utilized to detect the NORM in the isotopes clay elite and magnesio-ferrite over slag steel waste and soil. The worker dose was measured by using polimaster device and it was detected 56.448 mSv per year. And backpack mobile monitored the background over the waste and it was 0.048 μSv/h in accounting mode. In another hand gamma spectrometer with a high purity germanium detector detected the average of activity concentration of natural radionuclide over the slag steel waste and K-40 of it is 321 ± 3 Bq/Kg, Th-232 is 20.6 ± 5 Bq/Kg, Ra-226 is 15.2 ± 4 bq/Kg, Cs-137 is 3.33 ± 7 Bq/Kg, and over soil around the waste the concentration of K40, Ra226, Th232 was (185 ± 3, 12.6 ± 7, and 12.0 ± 5) Bq/Kg, respectively.
- UNCTAD (2015) Investment Policy Review—The Sudan, United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) Investment Policy Reviews. Geneva.
- IAEA (2007) Naturally Occurring Radioactive Material (NORM V). Proceedings of an International Symposium, Seville, 19-22 March 2007, 351-354.
- Er, I.N.T., et al. (2005) Code of Practice on Safety and Health in the Iron and Steel Industry Code of Practice on Safety and Health in the Iron and Steel Industry.
- Radiation Protection Series and Radiation Protection Series, Management of Naturally Occurring Radioactive Material (NORM) (Australian Government, Australian Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety Agency).
- Trotti, F., et al. (2007) A Study Concerning NORM in Integrated Steelworks 1. c, 2-4.
- Sofilić, T., et al. (2011) Monitoring of Radionuclides in Carbon Steel Blooms Produced by Eaf Process. Journal of Mining and Metallurgy, Section B: Metallurgy, 47, 125-136. https://doi.org/10.2298/JMMB110101005S
- Wrixon, A.D. (2008) New ICRP Recommendations. Journal of Radiological Protection, 28, 161. https://doi.org/10.1088/0952-4746/28/2/R02
- UNSCEAR (2010) Sources, Effects and Risks of Ionizing Radiation 2010 Report. UNSCEAR Report, I.
- Tawfik, A.A. and Ahmed, E.M. (2014) Radiological Doses and Risk Assessment of NORM Scrap Metal by Using RESRAD-RECYCLE Computer Code. Open Journal of Modelling and Simulation, 2, 34-42. https://doi.org/10.4236/ojmsi.2014.22006
- Hassan, A.K., Fares, S.S. and El-Rahman, M.A. (2014) Natural Radioactivity Levels and Radiation Hazards for Gypsum Materials Used in Egypt. Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 7, 56-66. https://doi.org/10.4236/ns.2014.61002
- Underhill, P.T. (2018) Naturally Occurring Radioactive Material, Naturally Occurring Radioactive Material. Routledge, Abingdon-on-Thames. https://doi.org/10.1201/9780203746042
- Mohamed, A.E.A., Halato, M.A. and Kafi, S.T. (2020) Investigations of the Radioactive Presence and Heavy Metallic Materials in Merowe Dam Area. Open Journal of Ecology, 10, 89-96. https://doi.org/10.4236/oje.2020.103007
- Poloko, N., Danha, G. and Gaogane, T. (2019) Processing and Characterization of Chalcopyrite (CuFeS 2 ) Sample from Botswana. Procedia Manufacturing, 35, 488-493. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.promfg.2019.05.070
- Alshahri, F. and El-Taher, A. (2019) Investigation of Natural Radioactivity Levels and Evaluation of Radiation Hazards in Residential-Area Soil near a Ras Tanura Refinery, Saudi Arbia. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies, 28, 25-34. https://doi.org/10.15244/pjoes/83611