The Effects of Ocean Acidity and Elevated Temperature on Bacterioplankton Community Structure and Metabolism

Abstract

By the end of the 21 st century, mean sea surface temperatures are expected to increase 4?C, while atmospheric CO 2 concentrations are predicted to triple causing seawater to become acidic. These compounding effects will undoubtedly have major consequences for the organisms and processes in the oceans. Bacterioplankton play a vital role in the marine carbon cycle and the oceans’ ability to sequester CO 2 . We utilized p CO 2 perturbation experiments to investigate the effects of ocean acidity and elevated temperature on bacterioplankton community structure and metabolism. Terminal-restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) of small subunit ribosomal (SSU) genes revealed that bacterioplankton incubated in lower pH conditions exhibited a reduction of species richness, evenness, and overall diversity, relative to those incubated in ambient pH conditions. Non-metric multidimensional scaling (MDS) of T-RFLP data resulted in clustering by pH suggesting that pH influenced the structure of these communities. Shifts in the dominant members of bacterioplankton communities incubated under different pH were observed in both T-RFLP and SSU clone library analyses. Both ambient and low pH communities were dominated by Gammaproteobacteria and Alphaproteobacteria, although abundance of Alphaproteobacteria increased in communities incubated at lower pH. This was expressed by the gamma to alpha ratio dropping from ~9 to 4, respectively. In general, the representative taxa from these two classes were distinctly different between the treatments, with a few taxa found to be persistent in both treatments. Changes in the structure of bacterioplankton communities coincided with significant changes to their overall metabolism. Bacterial production rates decreased, while bacterial respiration increased under lower pH conditions. This study highlights the ability of bacterioplankton communities to respond to ocean acidification both structurally and metabolically, which may have significant implications for their ecological function in the marine carbon cycle and the ocean’s response to global climate change.