In order to determine the relationship between physiographical factors and regeneration changes in forests, and to improve and model natural regeneration status, Gorazbon district in Kheyrod Forest was selected for the study. All available regeneration patches in the area were selected. To achieve spatial structure and quantify metrics related to regeneration patches, the analysis of landscape metrics was used. The results show that 692 regeneration patches were identified at the level of different directions. LAND Metric show the most regeneration percent is related to the western (9%), southern (8.66%), flat areas (8.33%), northern (5.68%) and eastern (4.73%), respectively. In total, the patch coverage level percentage was calculated in the landscape (8.31%). The results related to patch shape metric show that most shapes of patches follow polygon structures and do not have fixed shapes. Results related to the average area of the patch metric show that the average level of patches is between 4 and 5 R. The maximum and minimum distance between patches was observed in the survey between 39 and 520 m respectively. According to the results of the distance average between patch metric, the distribution of patches is random in the southern and western directions, flat areas and pile, but it is uniform in northern directions. It should be noted that the distribution and structure of patches in the northern directions has a better distribution and homogeneity than the other directions. Its canals are used as a natural regeneration model to follow the natural phenomena in forest sustainable management.
Gabriel, A.G. and Mangahas, T.L.S. (2017) Indigenous People’s Contribution to the Mitigation of Climate Variation, Their Perception, and Organizing Strategy for Sustainable Community Based Forest Resources Management in Caraballo Mountain, Philippines. Open Journal of Ecology, 7, 85-100. http://www.scirp.org/journal/PaperInformation.aspx?paperID=73888 https://doi.org/10.4236/oje.2017.72007
Crow, T.R. (2008) Managing Forest Landscapes for Climate Change. In: Lafortezza, R., Chen, J., Sanesi, G. and Crow, T.R., Eds., Patterns and Processes in Forest Lanscapes: Multiple Use and Sustainable Management. Springer Science and Business Media B.V., New York, 33-43. https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4020-8504-8_1#page-1
Manju, A. and Rachana, P. (2015) Conservation of Forestry Biomass with the Use of Alternative Resource. Open Journal of Ecology, 5, 87-109. http://file.scirp.org/Html/1-1380337_55277.htm https://doi.org/10.4236/oje.2015.54009
Gabriel, A.G., Claudio, E.G. and Bolisay, F.A. (2017) Saving Duping a Watershed in Gabaldon, Nueva Ecija Philippines: Insights from Community Based Forest Management Model. Open Journal of Ecology, 7, 140-157. https://www.scirp.org/Journal/PaperInformation.aspx?PaperID=74348 https://doi.org/10.4236/oje.2017.72011
Inouye, B.C. (1999) Integrating Nested Spatial Scales: Implications for Coexistence of Competitors on a Patchy Resource. Journal of Animal Ecology, 68, 150-162. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2656.1999.00272.x
Jalali, G.A. (1982) Natural Regeneration of Beech in the Lower Section Fagetum Darbklay North Surrey Area. Master of Science’s Thesis, Tehran University Faculty of Natural Resources, Tehran.
Allen, T.F. and Starr, T.B. (1982) Hierarchy: Perspectives for Ecological Complexity. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago. https://www.abebooks.com/book-search/title/hierarchy-perspecti ves-for-ecological-complexity/
Kotwalp, P.C., et al. (2008) Ecological Indicators: Imperative to Sustainable Forest Manangement. Indian Institute of Forest Management, P.O.BOXNO.357, Nehru Nagar, Bhopal, 462003.
Dale, V.H., Joyce, L.A., McNulty, S. and Neilson, R.P. (2000) The Interplay between Climate Change, Forests, and Disturbances. The Science of the Total Environment, 262, 201-204. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969700005222 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0048-9697(00)00522-2
Bouchard, M., Kneeshaw, D. and Bergeron, Y. (2008) Ecosystem Management Based on Large-Scale Disturbance Pulses: A Case Study from Sub-Boreal Forests of Western Quebec (Canada). Forest Ecology and Management, 256, 1734-1742. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/223741437 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2008.05.044
Ullah, M., Khan, A.A., Saleem, A., Saeed, S. and Wahab, U. (2015) Assessment of Forest Growing Stock of Timergara Forest Subdivision, Dir Lower Forest Division. Open Journal of Ecology, 5, 537-543. http://file.scirp.org/Html/1-1380419_60986.htm https://doi.org/10.4236/oje.2015.511044
Rivas, M., Filippini, J.M., Cunha, H., Hernández, J., Resnichenko, Y. and Barbieri, R.L. (2017) Palm Forest Landscape in Castillos (Rocha, Uruguay): Contributions to the Design of a Conservation Area. Open Journal of Forestry, 7, 97-120. http://www.scirp.org/journal/PaperInformation.aspx?PaperID=74784 https://doi.org/10.4236/ojf.2017.72007
Hamann, A. and Wang, T. (2006) Potential Effects of Climate Change on Ecosystem and Tree Species Distribution in British Columbia. Ecology, 87, 2773-2786. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1890/0012-9658(2006)87[2773:PEOCCO]2.0.CO;2/full https://doi.org/10.1890/0012-9658(2006)87[2773:PEOCCO]2.0.CO;2
Reza, M.I.H. and Abdullah, S.A. (2016) Developing Ecosystem Maps Using Eco-Geological Information for the Sustainable Management of Natural Resources. Open Journal of Ecology, 6, 343-357. http://file.scirp.org/Html/6-1380511_66516.htm https://doi.org/10.4236/oje.2016.66033
Beaumont, L.J., Hughes, L. and Poulsen, M. (2005) Predicting Species Distributions: Use of Climatic Parameters in BIOCLIM and Its Impact on Predictions of Species’ Current and Future Distributions. Ecological Modelling, 186, 250-269. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2005.01.030
Rodrigues, P.J.P., Iguatemy, M.A. and Nascimento, M.T. (2014) Does Linear Canopy Openings in Lowland Atlantic Tropical Forest Cause Edge Effects on Seedling Communities? Open Journal of Ecology, 4, 945-949. http://file.scirp.org/Html/1-1380301_51431.htm https://doi.org/10.4236/oje.2014.415078
Dröβler, L. and Von Lüpke, B. (2005) Canopy Gaps in Two Virgin Beech Forest Reserves in Slovakia. Journal of Forest Science, 51, 446-457.
Mir-Kazemi, C.Z. (1993) Investigated Determine Cycle of the Seed Yields Beech Fagus orientalis Lipsky Pilgrimage in Gorgan. Master of Science’s Thesis, Department of Natural Resources, Tehran University, Tehran.
Sefidi, K., Marvie-Mohadjer, M.R., Etemad, V. and Copenheaver, C.A. (2011) Stand Characteristics and Distribution of a Relict Population of Persian Ironwood (Parrotia Persica C.A. Meyer) in Northern Iran. Flora, 206, 418-422. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0367253010001635 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.flora.2010.11.005
McGarigal, K. and Marks, B.J. (1995) Fragstats: Spatial Pattern Analysis Program for Quantifying Landscape Structure. USA: US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, 122 p. http://www.scirp.org/(S(lz5mqp453edsnp55rrgjct55))/reference/ReferencesPapers.aspx?ReferenceID=580927 https://doi.org/10.2737/PNW-GTR-351
Karami, A. (2011) Investigation on the Metrics of the Forest Regeneration Patches for Sustainable Forest Management (SFM). Master of Science’s Thesis, Tehran University Faculty of Natural Resources, Tehran.
Jalali, S.G. and Hosseini, S.M. (2000) Evaluation the Effects Various Factors on the Natural Breeding Quercus infectoria Species in Surdar Noor. Of Daneshvar Journal, 31, 69-74. http://fa.journals.sid.ir/ViewPaper.aspx?id=27955
Yimer, F., Ledin, S. and Abdelkadir, A. (2006) Soil Property Variations in Relation to Topographic Aspect and Vegetation Community in the South-Eastern Highlands of Ethiopia. Forest Ecology and Management, 232, 90-99. http://www.scirp.org/(S(i43dyn45teexjx455qlt3d2q))/reference/ReferencesPapers.aspx?ReferenceID=855107 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2006.05.055
Hoffmann, J. (1998) Assessing the Effects of Environmental Changes in a Landscape by Means of Ecological Characteristics of Plant Species. Landscape and Urban Planning, 41, 239-248. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-2046(98)00062-0
Hojjati, S.M. (1999) Review of Natural Breeding Distribution of and Age Structure of Beech Forests in Fagetum Grazbon Section Khyrud Forest. Master of Science’s Thesis, Department of Natural Resources, Tehran University, Tehran, 67.
Marvie-Mohadjer, M.R. (1976) Some Qualitative Characteristics of Iranian Beech Forests. Iranian Journal of Natural Resources, 34, 77-96.
Marvie-Mohadjer, M.R. (2011) Silviculture. University of Tehran Press, Tehran.
Mataji, A., Kafaki, S.B., Safaee, H. and Kiadaliri, H. (2008) Spatial Pattern of Regeneration Gaps in Managed and Unmanaged Stands in Natural Beech (Fagus Orientalis) Forests. Iranian Journal of Forest and Poplar Research, 16, 149-157. http://en.journals.sid.ir/ViewPaper.aspx?ID=112700
Majumdar, K., Choudhary, B.K. and Datta, B.K. (2016) Aboveground Woody Biomass, Carbon Stocks Potential in Selected Tropical Forest Patches of Tripura, Northeast India. Open Journal of Ecology, 6, 598-612. http://www.scirp.org/journal/PaperInformation.aspx?PaperID=70814 https://doi.org/10.4236/oje.2016.610057
Shahnavazi, H., Sagheb Talebi, K. and Zahedi Amiri, A.H. (2005) Evaluation Qualitative and Quantitative of Regeneration in Created Gap of Fagetum Golband (Section Jemand). Journal of Forest and Poplar Research, 83, 155-141.
Mirzaei, J., Akbar Nia, M., Hosseini, S.A.M., Tabari, M. and Jalali, S. (2007) Compared to Non-Woody Species Density of Natural Regeneration in Relation to Physiographic and Soil Factors in Zagors Forests, of Trees Using Stem-Mapped Data. Forest Science, 39, 756-775.
Kenderes, K., Miho, K.B. and Standovár, T. (2008) Thirty Years of Gap Dynamics in a Central European Beech Forest Reserve. Forestry, 81, 111-123. https://doi.org/10.1093/forestry/cpn001
Emborg, J., Christensen, M. and Helmann-Clausen, J. (1990) The Structural Dynamics of Sesurup Skov, Anear Natural Temperate Decidous Forest in Denmark. Forest Ecology and Management, 126, 173. https://www.cabdirect.org/cabdirect/abstract/19970608873 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-1127(99)00094-8
Mousavi, Z.R., Sagheb-Talebi, K., Tabari, M. and Pour Majydyan, M.R. (2003) Determine the Size of Gaps Level for Improved Breeding Beech Canopy. Iranian Journal of Natural Resources, 56, 39-46.
Gagnon, J.L., Jokela, E.J., Moser, W.K. and Huber, D.A. (2004) Characteristic of Gaps and Natural Regeneration in Mature Longleaf Pine Flatwood Ecosystems. Forest Ecology and Management, 187, 373. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2003.07.002
Zahedi Amiri, G.H. and Mohammadi Lymaye, S. (2002) The Relationship between Ecological Groups of Plant Grass on the Stage of with Habitat (Case Study: Forest Myanband neka). Iranian Journal of Natural Resources, 55, 353-341.