Geochemistry and Petrogenesis of Basic and Ultrabasic Rocks Elogo Complex in Ivindo Archean Block (Congo Craton): Geodynamic Implications — Oak Academic Publishing
Research ArticleOpen AccessGoogle Scholar indexed
Geochemistry and Petrogenesis of Basic and Ultrabasic Rocks Elogo Complex in Ivindo Archean Block (Congo Craton): Geodynamic Implications
Geodynamics Laboratory, Faculty of Science and Technology, Marien Ngouabi University, Brazzaville, Republic of the Congo
,
Geodynamics Laboratory, Faculty of Science and Technology, Marien Ngouabi University, Brazzaville, Republic of the Congo
,
Geodynamics Laboratory, Faculty of Science and Technology, Marien Ngouabi University, Brazzaville, Republic of the Congo
,
Department of Geosciences, National Institute for Research in Exact and Natural Sciences, Brazzaville, Republic of the Congo
1 Geodynamics Laboratory, Faculty of Science and Technology, Marien Ngouabi University, Brazzaville, Republic of the Congo
2 Geodynamics Laboratory, Faculty of Science and Technology, Marien Ngouabi University, Brazzaville, Republic of the Congo
3 Geodynamics Laboratory, Faculty of Science and Technology, Marien Ngouabi University, Brazzaville, Republic of the Congo
4 Department of Geosciences, National Institute for Research in Exact and Natural Sciences, Brazzaville, Republic of the Congo
The Elogo complex is a greenstone belt portion located on the Eastern edge of the Archean Congo craton at the junction with the Paleoproterozoic to Neoproterozoic Sembe Ouesso basin. This study was carried out on this complex to determine the context of the placement of basaltic rocks. Metaluminous tholeiitic basalts (basic and ultrabasic), calc-alkaline basalts, andesitic basalts, and peraluminous calc-alkaline dacites represent greenstones. Tholeiitic and calc-alkaline basalts come from deep enriched and depleted mantle sources, including garnet in fusion residues [Al 2 O 3 /TiO 2 > 16 (16.5 to 35.12) and in some samples between 12.45 to 14.48; CaO/Al 2 O 3 < 1 (0.52 to 0.97) and >1 (1.04 to 1.35) in ten samples and (Gb/Yb) PM > 1]. The calc-alkaline dacites come from a shallow depleted mantle source [Al 2 O 3 /TiO 2 > 16; CaO/Al 2 O 3 < 1 and (Gb/Yb) PM > 1]. Tholeiitic and calc-alkaline basalts have a negative Rb, Ba, Ce, and Nb anomaly without negative Ti anomaly, positive Ta, Pb anomalies, and a lack of significant REE [(La/Yb)n = 0.36 to 0.97 and 1 to 2.15; (Ce/Yb)n = 0.27 to 0.96 and 1.04 to 1.72, respectively] fractionation. High Nb/Th (2 to 10) and Nb/U (1.82 to 26) ratios and low La/Ta (5 to 27) ratios are characteristic of divergent margin magmatic sources. Tholeiitic and calc-alkaline basalts correspond to an extensive back-arc basin-type tectonic setting. Calc-alkaline andesitic basalts and dacites show positive Ba, U, Th, K, La, Ce, Pb, and Li anomalies and negative Nb, Ta, and Ti anomalies reflecting crustal contamination and hydrothermal alteration in a compressive tectonic context as a volcanic arc in a subduction regime marking the interruption of the meso-neoarchean Elogo’s opening. Elogo’s opening and closing are probably associated with the emplacement of the greenstone of the meso-neoarchean Gabon Belinga group and the relics of the Mesoarchean greenstones of the Cameroun Ntem complex.
Thiéblemont, D., Liégeois, J.P., Fernandez-Alonso, M., Ouabadi, A., Le Gall, B., Maury, R., Jalludin, M., Vidal, M., Ouattara-Gbélé, C., Tchaméni, R., Michard, A., Nehlig, P., Rossi, P. and Chêne, F. (2016) Geological Map of Africa at 1:10 M Scale. Editors CGMW-BRGM, Orléans.
Gourcerol, B., Blein, O., Chevillard, M., Callec, Y., Boudzoumou, F. and Djama, L.M.J. (2022) Depositional Setting of Archean BIFs from Congo: New Insight into under-Investigated Occurrences. Minerals, 12, Article No. 114. https://doi.org/10.3390/min12020114
Tchameni, R., Mezger, K., Nsifa, N.E. and Pouclet, A. (2001) Crustal Origin of Early Proterozoic Syenites in the Congo Craton (Ntem Complex), South Cameroon. Lithos, 57, 23-42. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0024-4937(00)00072-4
Thiéblemont, D., Castaing, C., Billa, M., Bouton, P. and Preat, A. (2009) Notice explicative de la Carte géologique et des Ressources minérales de la République gabonaise à 1/1 000 000. Editions DGMG-Ministère des Mines, du Pétrole, des Hydrocarbures, Libreville, 381 p.
Gatsé Ebotouhena, C., Xie, Y., Adomako-Ansah, K. and Qu, Y. (2021) Petrology, Geochronology and Zircon U-Pb-Lu-Hf Isotopes of Granitoids from the Ivindo Basement Complex of the Souanké Area, Republic of Congo: Insights into the Evolution of Archean Continental Crust. Geological Journal, 56, 4861-4887. https://doi.org/10.1002/gj.4219
Loemba R.P.A., Ntsiele L.J.E.P., OPO F., Bazebizonza N., Nkodia H.M.D.V. and Boudzoumou F. (2022) Crustal Growth of Archean and Early Proterozoic Granitoids of the Ivindo Region in the Souanké and Bomalinga Areas from Central Congo Craton (North-West Republic of Congo). EGU General Assembly, Vienne. https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-5438
Abbott, D., Burgess, L., Longhi, J. and Smith, W.H.F. (1994) An Empirical Thermal History of the Earth’s Upper Mantle. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 99, 13835-13850. https://doi.org/10.1029/94JB00112
Herzberg, C. and O’Hara, M.J. (1998) Phase Equilibrium Constraints on the Origin of Basalts, Picrites, and Komatiites. Earth-Science Reviews, 44, 39-79. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0012-8252(98)00021-X
Arndt, N.T., Lesher, C.M. and Barnes, S.J. (2008) Komatiites: New York. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 467 p.
Kessi, C. (1992) Le socle archéen et les formations ferrifères du Chaillu au Congo. Université de Rennes, Rennes.
Le Bas M.J., Le Maitre R.W., Streckeisen A. and Zanettin B. (1986) A Chemical Classification of Igneous Rocks Based on the Total Alkali-Silica Diagram. Journal of Petrology, 27, 775-750. https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/27.3.745
Irvine, T.N. and Baragar, W.R.A. (1971) A Guide to Chemical Classification of the Common Volcanic Rocks. Canadian Journal of Earth Science, 8, 523-548. https://doi.org/10.1139/e71-055
Ross, P.S. and Bédard, J.H. (2009) Magmatic Affinity of Modern and Ancient Subalkaline Volcanic Rocks Determined from Trace-Element Discriminant Diagrams. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 46, 823-839. https://doi.org/10.1139/E09-054
Shand, S.J. (1943) Eruptive Rocks. Their Genesis, Composition, Classification, and Their Relation to Ore-Deposits with a Chapter on Meteorite. John Wiley and Son, New York.
McDonough, W.F. and Sun, S.S. (1995) The Composition of the Earth. Chemical Geology, 120, 223-253. https://doi.org/10.1016/0009-2541(94)00140-4
Boynton, W.V. (1984) Geochemistry of the Rare Earth Elements: Meteorite Studies. In: Henderson, P., Ed., Rare Earth Element Geochemistry, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 63-114. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-42148-7.50008-3
Sun, S.S. and McDonough, W.F. (1989) Chemical and Isotopic Systematics of Oceanic Basalts: Implications for Mantle Composition and Processes. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 42, 313-345. https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1989.042.01.19
Thompson, R.N. (1982) Magmatism of the British Tertiary Volcanic Province. Scottish Journal of Geology, 18, 49-107. https://doi.org/10.1144/sjg18010049
Bellieni, G., Comin-Chiaramonti, P., Marques, L.S., Melfi, A.J., Piccirillo, E.M., Nardy, A.J.R. and Roisenberg, A. (1984) High and Low-TiO2 Flood Basalts from the Parana Plateau (Brazil): Petrology and Geochemical Aspects Bearing on Their Mantle origin. Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie (Abhandlungen), 150, 273-306.
Bellieni, G., Brotzu, P., Comin-Chiaramonti, P., Ernesto, M., Melfi, A., Pacca, I.G. and Piccirillo, E.M. (1984) Flood Basalt to Rhyolite Suites in the Southern Paraná Plateau (Brazil): Palaeomagnetism, Petrogenesis and Geodynamic Implications. Journal of Petrology, 25, 579-618. https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/25.3.579
Piccirillo, E.M., Comin-Chiaramonti, P., Melfi, A.J., Stolfa. D., Bellieni, G., Marques, L.S., Giaretta, A., Nardy, A.J.R., Pinese, J.P.P., Raposo, M.I.B. and Roisenberg, A. (1988) Petrochemistry of Continental Flood Basalt-Rhyolite Suites and Related Intrusives from the Bassin du Paraná (Brésil). In: Piccirillo, E.M. and Melfi, A.J., Eds., The Mesozoic Flood Volcanism of the Parana Basin: Petrogenetic and Geophysical Aspects, Instituto Astronomica e Geofisico Publishers, IAG-USP Press, Sao Paulo, 107-156.
Peate, D.W., Hawkesworth, C.J. and Mantovani, M.S.M. (1992) Chemical Stratigraphy of the Paraná Lavas (South America): Classification of Magma Types and Their Spatial Distribution. Bulletin of Volcanology, 55, 119-139. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00301125
Peate, D.W., Hawkesworth, C.J., Mantovani, M.S.M., Rogers, N.W. and Turner, S.P. (1999) Petrogenesis and Stratigraphy of the High-Ti/Y Urubici Magma Type in the Paraná Flood Basalt Province and Implications for the Nature of ‘Dupal’-Type Mantle in the South Atlantic Region. Journal of Petrology, 40, 451-473. https://doi.org/10.1093/petroj/40.3.451
Verma, S.K., Oliveira, E.P., Silva, P.M., Moreno, J.A. and Amaral, W.S. (2017) Geochemistry of Komatiites and Basalts from the Rio das Velhas and Pitangui Greenstone Belts, Sao Francisco Craton, Brazil: Implications for the Origin, Evolution, and Tectonic Setting. Lithos, 284-285, 560-577. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2017.04.024
Arndt, N.T., Teixeira, N.A. and White, W.M. (1989) Bizarre Geochemistry of Komatiites from the Crixás Greenstone Belt, Brazil. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 101, 187-197. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00375305
Gruau, G., Tourpin, S., Fourcade, S. and Blais, S. (1992) Loss of Isotopic (Nd, O) and Chemical (REE) Memory during Metamorphism of Komatiites: New Evidence from Eastern Finland. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 112, 66-82. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00310956
Lesher, C.M. and Stone, W.E. (1996) Exploration Geochemistry of Komatiites. In: Wyman, D.A., Ed., Igneous Trace Element Geochemistry: Applications for Massive Sulphide Exploration. Short Course, 12, Geological Association of Canada, St. John’s, 153-204.
Chavagnac, V. (2004) A Geochemical and Nd Isotopic Study of Barberton Komatiites (South Africa): Implication for the Archean Mantle. Lithos, 75, 253-281. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2004.03.001
Arndt, N.T. (1986) Differentiation of Komatiite Flows. Journal of Petrology, 27, 279-301. https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/27.2.279
Humphris, S.E. and Thompson, G. (1978) Trace Element Mobility during Hydrothermal Alteration of Oceanic Basalts. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 42, 127-136. https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(78)90222-3
Ludden, J.N. and Gelinas, L. (1982) Trace Element Characteristics of Komatiites and Komatiitic Basalts from the Abitibi Metavolcanic Belt of Quebec. In: Arndt, N.T. and Nisbet, E., Eds., Komatiites, George Allen and Unwin, London, 331-346.
Polat, A. and Hofmann, A.W. (2003) Alteration and Geochemical Patterns in the 3.7-3.8 Ga Isua Greenstone Belt, West Greenland. Precambrian Research, 126, 197-218. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0301-9268(03)00095-0
Manikyamba, C., Kerrich, R., Khanna, T.C., Satyanarayanan, M. and Keshav Krishna, A. (2009) Enriched and Depleted Arc Basalts, with Mg-Andesites and Adakites. A Potential Paired Arc-Back-Arc of the 2.6 Ga Hutti Greenstone Terrane, India. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 73, 1711-1736. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2008.12.020
Manikyamba, C., Santosh, M., Chandan Kumar, B., Rambabu, S., Li, T., Saha, A., Khelen, A.C., Ganguly, S., Singh, T.D. and Subba Rao, D.V. (2016) Zircon U-Pb Geochronology, Lu-Hf Isotope Systematics, and Geochemistry of Bimodal Volcanic Rocks and Associated Granitoids from Kotri Belt, Central India: Implications for Neoarchean-Paleoproterozoic Crustal Growth. Gondwana Research, 38, 313-333. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gr.2015.12.008
Kumar, N., Mann, S., Rana, S., Kumari, S., Yashpal and Ashwani, P. (2022) Geochemistry of the Neoproterozoic Volcanic Rocks of the Nakora Area of Malani Igneous Suite, Barmer District, Western Rajasthan, India. Open Journal of Geology, 12, 91-110. https://doi.org/10.4236/ojg.2022.122005.
Polat, A., Hofmann, A.W. and Rosing, M.T. (2002) Boninite-Like Volcanic Rocks in the 3.7-3.8 Ga Isua Greenstone Belt, West Greenland: Geochemical Evidence for Intra-Oceanic Subduction Zone Processes in the Early Earth. Chemical Geology, 184, 231-254. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0009-2541(01)00363-1
Pearce, J.A. (2008) Geochemical Fingerprinting of Oceanic Basalts with Applications to Ophiolite Classification and the Search for Archean Oceanic Crust. Lithos, 100, 14-48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2007.06.016
Fan, J. and Kerrich, R. (1997) Geochemical Characteristics of Aluminium Depleted and Undepleted Komatiites and HFSE-Enriched Low-Ti Tholeiites, Western Abitibi Greenstone Belt: A Heterogeneous Mantle Plume-Convergent Margin Environment. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 61, 4723-4744. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-7037(97)00269-X
Jahn, B.M., Gruau, G. and Glikson, A.Y. (1982) Komatiites of the Onverwacht Group, South Africa: REE Geochemistry, Sm/Nd Age and Mantle Evolution. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 80, 25-40. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00376732
Arndt, N.T. and Nisbet, E.G. (1982) Komatiites. George Allen & Unwin, London, 526 p.
Sproule, R.A., Lesher, C.M., Ayer, J.A., Thurston, P.C. and Herzberg, C.T. (2002) Spatial and Temporal Variations in the Geochemistry of Komatiites and Komatiitic Basalts in the Abitibi Greenstone Belt. Precambrian Research, 115, 153-186. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0301-9268(02)00009-8
Mandal, S., Robinson, D.M., Kohn, M.J., Khanal, S., Das, O., and Bose, S (2016) Zircon U-Pb Ages and Hf Isotopes of the Askot Klippe, Kumaun, Northwest India: Implications for Paleoproterozoic Tectonics, Basin Evolution and Associated Metallogeny of the Northern Indian Cratonic Margin. Tectonics, 35, 965-982. https://doi.org/10.1002/2015TC004064
Hanson, G.N. and Langmuir C.H. (1978) Modelling of Major Elements in Mantle-Melt Systems Using Trace Element Approaches. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 42, 725-74. https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(78)90090-X
Herzberg, C. and O’Hara, M.J. (2002) Plume-Associated Ultramafic Magmas of Phanerozoic Age. Journal of Petrology, 43, 1857-1883. https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/43.10.1857
Hollocher, K., Robinson, P., Walsh, E. and Roberts, D. (2012) Geochemistry of Amphibolite-Facies Volcanics and Gabbros of the Storen Nappe in Extensions wEst and Southwest of Trondheim, Western Gneiss Region, Norway: A Key to Correlations and Paleotectonic Settings. American Journal of Science, 312, 357-416. https://doi.org/10.2475/04.2012.01
Jochum, K.P., Arndt N.T. and Hofman A.W. (1991) Nb-Th-La in Komatiites and Basalts: Constraints on Komatiite Petrogenesis and Mantle Evolution. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 107, 272-289. https://doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(91)90076-T
Woodhead, J.D. and Johnson, R.W. (1993) Isotopic and Trace-Element Profiles Across the New Britain Island Arc, Papua New Guinea. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 113, 479-491. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00698317
Gamble, J.A., Wright, I.C., Woodhead, J.D. and Smith, I. (1995) Arc and Back-Arc Geochemistry in the Southern Kermadec Arc-Ngatoro Basin and Offshore Taupo Volcanic Zone, SW Pacific. In: Smellie, J.L., Ed., Volcanism Associated with Extension at Consuming Plate Margins, Geological Society of Special Publication, London, 193-212. https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1994.081.01.11
Wang, C.Y., Zhang, Q., Qian, Q. and Zhou, M.F. (2005) Geochemistry of the Early Paleozoic Baiyin Volcanic Rocks (NW China): Implications for the Tectonic Evolution of the North Qilian Orogenic Belt. The Journal of Geology, 113, 83-94. https://doi.org/10.1086/425970
Pearce, J.A. and Stern, R.J. (2006) Origin of Back-Arc Basin Magmas: Trace Element and Isotope Perspectives. In: Christie, D.M., Fisher, C.R., Lee, S.-M. and Givens, S., Eds, Back-Arc Spreading Systems: Geological, Biological, Chemical, and Physical Interactions, Vol., 166, American Geophysical Union, Washington DC, 63-86. https://doi.org/10.1029/166GM06
Bézos, A., Escrig, S., Langmuir, C.H., Michael, P.J. and Asimow, P.D. (2009) Origins of Chemical Diversity of Back-Arc Basin Basalts: A Segment-Scale Study of the Eastern Lau Spreading Center. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 114, Article No. B06212. https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JB005924
Saha, A., Mudholkar, A.V., Kamesh Raju, K.A., Doley, B. and Sensarma, S. (2018) Geochemical Characteristics of Basalts from Andaman Subduction Zone: Implications on Magma Genesis at Intraoceanic Back-Arc Spreading Centres. Geological Journal, 54, 3489-3508. https://doi.org/10.1002/gj.3345
Pearce, T.H., Gorman, B.E. and Birkett, T.C. (1977) The Relationship between Major Element Chemistry and Tectonic Environment of Basic and Intermediate Volcanic Rocks. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 36, 121-132. https://doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(77)90193-5
Cabanis, B. and Lecolle, M. (1989) Le diagramme La/10-Y/15-Nb/8: Un outil pour la discrimination des séries volcaniques et en évidence des mélanges et/ou de contamination crustale. Comptes Rendus de l’Académie des Sciences, Série II, 309, 2023-2029.
Tchameni, R. (1997) Géochimie et géochronologie des formations de l’Archéen et du Paléoprotérozoique du Sud-Cameroun (groupe du Ntem, Craton du Congo). Université d’Orléans, Orléans, 356 p.