Theropods, Ornithischians and Pterosaurs from South Asia-Review with New Taxa: A Look at Paleontology, Stratigraphy and Mineral Potential of Pakistan — Oak Academic Publishing
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Theropods, Ornithischians and Pterosaurs from South Asia-Review with New Taxa: A Look at Paleontology, Stratigraphy and Mineral Potential of Pakistan
Geological Survey of Pakistan, Muzaffarabad, Pakistan
1 Geological Survey of Pakistan, Muzaffarabad, Pakistan
Dinosaur discoveries from India have been known since 1844, while dinosaur discoveries from Pakistan have appeared recently since 2000. 3 large and 2 small theropod dinosaurs are known from Pakistan, while 11 large and 4 small theropods are known from India. Pakistani land uncovered many footprints and trackways of Jurassic small and large theropods, Jurassic ankylosaur and Cretaceous hadrosaur ornithischian dinosaurs, while Indian land uncovered a footprint of small and a footprint of large theropod and 1 footprint of stegosaur. Pakistan uncovered a Jurassic bone taxon of ankylosaur ornithischian based on heavily armored synapomorphies. Recently, Pakistan yielded 1 bone taxon and 1 ichno taxon of pterosaurs, while Indian land yielded 1 bone taxon of pterosaur. Pakistani land uncovered 14 bone taxa (and 2 ichno taxa) of herbivorous sauropod dinosaurs, 5 bone taxa (and 2 ichnotaxa) of carnivorous theropod dinosaurs, 1 bone taxon of ankylosaur and 2 (ichnotaxa) of ornithischian (ankylosaur and hadrosaurs) dinosaurs, 1 bone taxon (and 1 ichno taxon) of pterosaurs, 1 plesiosaur, 7 crocodiles, 1 snake, 1 bird, 11 mammals, 3 fishes, 7 invertebrates and 1 plant. This study fills a significant gap in the literature by bringing together paleontological records from an understudied geographical location, enhancing the global understanding of dinosaur paleobiogeography. Pakistan hosts Precambrian to recent sediments igneous and metamorphic rocks. Pakistan is rich in mineral resources/rocks, but it needs more attention for its development to fulfill local requirements and earn foreign exchange.
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Malkani, M.S., Mahmood, Z., Somro, N. and Shaikh, S.I. (2017) Revised Stratigraphy and Mineral Resources of Kirthar Basin, Pakistan. Geological Survey of Pakistan, Information Release, 1010, 1-59.
Gee, E.R. (1949) Mineral Resources of North West India. Geological Survey of Paki-stan, Record, 1, Part I, 1-25.
Heron, A.M. (1950) Directory of Economic Minerals. Geological Survey of Pakistan, Record, 1, Part II, 1-69.
Crookshank, H. (1954) Directory of Economic Minerals of Pakistan. Geological Survey of Pakistan, Record, 7, Part II, 1-146.
Ahmad, Z. (1969) Directory of Mineral Deposits of Pakistan. Geological Survey of Pakistan, Record, 15, Part III, 1-200.
Raza, H.A. and Iqbal, M.W.A. (1977) Mineral Deposit. In: Shah, S.M.I., Ed., Stratigraphy of Pakistan , Geological Survey of Pakistan, Memoir, 12, 98-120.
Malkani, M.S. and Mahmood, Z. (2016) Mineral Resources of Pakistan: A Review. Geological Survey of Pakistan, Record, 128, 1-90.
Malkani, M.S. and Mahmood, Z. (2017) Mineral Resources of Pakistan: Provinces and Basins Wise. Geological Survey of Pakistan, Memoir, 25, 1-179.
Malkani, M.S., Alyani, M.I., Khosa, M.H. Somro, N., Arif, S.J., Tariq, S., Saeed, F., Khan, G. and Faiz, J. (2016) Mineral Resources of Pakistan—An Update. Lasbela University Journal of Science and Technology , 5, 90-114.
Malkani, M.S., Mahmood, Z., Shaikh, S.I. and Arif, S.J. (2017) Mineral Resources of Balochistan Province, Pakistan. Geological Survey of Pakistan, Information Release, 1001, 1-43.
Malkani, M.S. (2020) Cement Resources, Agrominerals, Construction, Marble, Dimension and Decor Stone Resources, Gemstone and Jewelry Resources of Pakistan. Open Journal of Geology , 10, 900-942. https://doi.org/10.4236/ojg.2020.108041
Malkani, M.S., Mahmood, Z., Somro, N. and Alyani, M.I. (2017) Cement Resources, Agrominerals, Marble, Construction, Dimension and Decorative Stone Resources of Pakistan, Geological Survey of Pakistan, Information Release, 1005, 1-23.
Malkani, M.S., Mahmood, Z., Somro, N. and Arif, S.J. (2017) Gemstone and Jewelry Resources of Pakistan. Geological Survey of Pakistan, Information Release, 1004, 1-28.
Malkani, M.S., Mahmood, Z., Alyani, M.I. and Siraj, M. (2017) Mineral Resources of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and FATA, Pakistan. Geological Survey of Pakistan, Information Release, 996, 1-61.
Malkani, M.S., Khosa, M.H., Alyani, M.I., Khan, K., Somro, N., Zafar, T., Arif, J. and Zahid, M.A. (2017) Mineral Deposits of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and FATA, Pakistan. Lasbela University Journal of Science and Technology , 6, 23-46.
Malkani, M.S. (2020) Mineral Resources of Gilgit Baltistan and Azad Kashmir, Pakistan: An Update. Open Journal of Geology , 10, 661-702. https://doi.org/10.4236/ojg.2020.106030
Malkani, M.S., Mahmood, Z., Usmani, N.A. and Siraj, M. (2017) Mineral Resources of Azad Kashmir and Gilgit Baltistan, Pakistan. Geological Survey of Pakistan, Quetta, Information Release, 997, 1-40.
Malkani, M.S., Mahmood, Z., Shaikh, S.I. and Alyani, M.I. (2017) Mineral Resources of North and South Punjab, Pakistan. Geological Survey of Pakistan, Information Re-lease, 995, 1-52.
Malkani, M.S., Mahmood, Z., Alyani, M.I. and Shaikh, S.I. (2017) Mineral Resources of Sindh, Pakistan. Geological Survey of Pakistan, Information Release, 994, 1-38.
Malkani, M.S. and Mahmood, Z. (2017) Coal Resources of Pakistan: Entry of New Coal-Fields. Geological Survey of Pakistan, Information Release, 980, 1-28.
Malkani, M.S., Alyani, M.I., Khosa, M.H. Buzdar, F.S. and Zahid, M.A. (2016) Coal Resources of Pakistan: New Coal-Fields. Lasbela University Journal of Science and Technology , 5, 7-22.
Malkani, M.S. (2012) A Review of Coal and Water resources of Pakistan. Journal of Science , Technology and Development , 31, 202-218.
Malkani, M.S. (2000) Preliminary Report on Gypsum Deposits of Sulaiman Range, Pak. Geological Survey of Pakistan, Information Release, 706, 1-11.
Malkani, M.S. and Mahmood, Z. (2017) Fluorite from Loralai-Mekhtar and Celestite from Barkhan, Dera Bugti, Kohlu, Loralai and Musakhel Districts (Sulaiman Foldbelt) and Karkh Area of Khuzdar District (Kirthar Range): A Glimpse on Tectonic and Sedimentary Mineral Resources of Indus Basin (Pakistan). Geological Survey of Pakistan, Information Release, 981, 1-16.
Malkani, M.S., Alyani, M.I. and Khosa, M.H. (2016) New Fluorite and Celestite Deposits from Pakistan: Tectonic and Sedimentary Mineral Resources of Indus Basin (Pakistan)—An Overview. Lasbela University Journal of Science and Technology , 5, 27-33.
Malkani, M.S. (2002) First Note on the Occurrence of Fluorite in Mula Area, Khuzdar District, Balochistan, Pakistan. Geological Survey of Pakistan, Information Release, 766, 1-11.
Griffiths, J.B. (1987) Pakistan Mineral Potential: Prince or Pauper. Industrial Mineral , 238, 220-243.