This study investigated the origin of water, natural gas and oil, as well as diamonds. In this paper, it has been shown that diamonds, water, oil and natural gas on Earth were formed as a result of a thermal nuclear explosion following the collision of a comet with the surface of a protoplanet at a sliding angle. The hypothesis proposed by the author is the only one explaining the predominance of diamond deposits in the southern hemisphere and oil and gas deposits in the northern hemisphere. It was explained why the spatial distribution of diamond deposits forms pronounced linear or circular spatial clusters. Two types of diamond deposits and four types of gas and oil deposits were identified in this study. The recommendations for the search for these deposits have been specified.
KeywordsComet ImpactBuoyancy TheoryThermal Nuclear ExplosionDiamondsWaterNatural Gas and Oil
Safronov, A.N. (2016) The Basic Principles of Creation of Habitable Planets around Stars in the Milky Way Galaxy. International Journal of Astronomy and Astrophysics , 6, 512-554. https://doi.org/10.4236/ijaa.2016.64039
Safronov, A.N. (2023) Theory of the Origin of Terrestrial and Lunar Ores. International Journal of Geosciences , 14, 547-583. https://doi.org/10.4236/ijg.2023.146030
Faure, G. (1986) Principles of Isotope Geology. 2nd Edition, John Wiley & Sons.
Cartigny, P., Harris, J.W., Phillips, D., Girard, M. and Javoy, M. (1998) Subduction-related Diamonds? The Evidence for a Mantle-Derived Origin from Coupled δ 13c- δ 15n Determinations. Chemical Geology , 147, 147-159. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0009-2541(97)00178-2
Melton, C.E. and Giardini, A.A. (1974) The Composition and Significance of Gas Re-leased from Natural Diamonds from Africa and Brazil. American Mineralogist , 59, 8775-8782.
Melton, C.E. and Giardini, A.A. (1975) Experimental Results and Theoretical Interpretation of Gaseous Inclusions Found in Arkansas Natural Diamonds. American Mineralogist , 60, 6413-6417.
Sorokhtin, N.O. (2019). The Origins of Natural Diamonds. Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119593461
Barron, L.M., Lishmund, S.R., Oakes, G.M., Barron, B.J. and Sutherland, F.L. (1996) Subduction Model for the Origin of Some Diamonds in the Phanerozoic of Eastern New South Wales. Australian Journal of Earth Sciences , 43, 257-267. https://doi.org/10.1080/08120099608728253
Sorokhtin, N.O., Nikiforov, S.L. and Kozlov, N.E. (2018) Crust-Mantle Branch of the Global Carbon Cycle and Origin of Deep-Seated Hydrocarbons. Vestnik MGTU , 21, 61-79. https://doi.org/10.21443/1560-9278-2018-21-1-61-79
Ilupin, I.P., Kaminsky, F.V. and Francesson, E.V. (1978) Geochemistry of Kimberlites. Nedra. (In Russian)
Kirkley, M.B., Gurney, J.J. and Levinson, A.A. (1991) Age, Origin, and Emplacement of Diamonds: Scientific Advances in the Last Decade. Gems & Gemology , 27, 2-25. https://doi.org/10.5741/gems.27.1.2
Kharkiv, A.D., Zuenko, V.V., Zinchuk, N.N., Ukhanov, V.A. and Bogatykh, M.M. (1991) Petrochemistry of Kimberlites. Nedra. (In Russian)
Ringwood, A.E., Kesson, S.E., Hibberson, W. and Ware, N. (1992) Origin of Kimberlites and Related Magmas. Earth and Planetary Science Letters , 113, 521-538. https://doi.org/10.1016/0012-821x(92)90129-j
Bulanova, G.P. (1995) The Formation of Diamond. Journal of Geochemical Exploration , 53, 1-23. https://doi.org/10.1016/0375-6742(94)00016-5
Field, M., Stiefenhofer, J., Robey, J. and Kurszlaukis, S. (2008) Kimberlite-Hosted Diamond Deposits of Southern Africa: A Review. Ore Geology Reviews , 34, 33-75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2007.11.002
Shirey, S.B., Cartigny, P., Frost, D.J., Keshav, S., Nestola, F., Nimis, P., et al . (2013) Diamonds and the Geology of Mantle Carbon. Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry , 75, 355-421. https://doi.org/10.2138/rmg.2013.75.12
Safronova, N.A. and Koksharova, O.A. (2018) Bacteria Rhodococcus Sp. as Potential Destructors of Detonation Nanodiamonds. Nanotechnologies in Russia , 13, 439-442. https://doi.org/10.1134/s1995078018040122
Perchuk, A.L., Gerya, T.V., Zakharov, V.S. and Griffin, W.L. (2020) Building Cratonic Keels in Precambrian Plate Tectonics. Nature , 586, 395-401. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2806-7
Kjarsgaard, B.A., de Wit, M., Heaman, L.M., Pearson, D.G., Stiefenhofer, J., Janusczcak, N., et al . (2022) A Review of the Geology of Global Diamond Mines and Deposits. Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry , 88, 1-117. https://doi.org/10.2138/rmg.2022.88.01
Kostrovitsky, S., Dymshits, A., Yakovlev, D., Sun, J., Kalashnikova, T., Ashchepkov, I., et al . (2023) Primary Composition of Kimberlite Melt. Minerals , 13, Article No. 1404. https://doi.org/10.3390/min13111404
Shirey, S.B., Pearson, D.G., Stachel, T. and Walter, M.J. (2024) Sublithospheric Diamonds: Plate Tectonics from Earth’s Deepest Mantle Samples. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences , 52, 249-293. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-earth-032320-105438
Howarth, G.H., Casetta, F. and Abersteiner, A. (2025) A Review of Olivine as a Tool for Understanding Kimberlite Petrogenesis and Diamond Potential. Mineralogy and Petrology . https://doi.org/10.1007/s00710-025-00887-4
Tappert, R. and Tappert, M.C. (2011) The Origin of Diamonds. In: Tappert, R. and Tappert, M.C., Eds., Diamonds in Nature : A Guide to Rough Diamonds , Springer, 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-12572-0_1
Shemyakin, E.I. (1993) The New Hypothesis of the Origin of Diamond Tubes. Doklady Akademii Nauk , 332, 93-95. (In Russian)
Shemyakin, E.I. (1993) On the Origin of Diamond Pipes (a Physico-Mechanical Hypothesis). Moscow University Mechanics Bulletin , 50, 23-36.
Heaman, L.M. and Kjarsgaard, B.A. (2000) Timing of Eastern North American Kimberlite Magmatism: Continental Extension of the Great Meteor Hotspot Track? Earth and Planetary Science Letters , 178, 253-268. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0012-821x(00)00079-0
Lyukhin, A.M. (2008) The Hypothesis of Impact Origin of Diamonds and Kimberlites. 9 th International Kimberlite Conference , Frankfurt, 1-3.
Gendugov, V.M., Sagomonyan, E.A. and Borodina, S.I. (2014) A Model of Kimberlite Pipe Formation after the Collision of a Comet with the Earth at an Angle to the Horizon. Moscow University Mechanics Bulletin , 69, 139-142. https://doi.org/10.3103/s002713301406003x
Khazanovitch-Wulff, K.K. (2007) Geological Consequences of Large Meteoric Bodies Approaching the Earth—The Electrical Factor. New Concepts in Global Tectonics Newsletter , 43, 18-22.
Khazanovitch-Wulff, K.K., Mikheeva, A.V. and Kuznetsov, V.F. (2013) Morpho-Logical Elements of “Popigai” and Other Astroblemes as Indicators to Cosmic Bodies’ Ballistic Trajectory. Bull. Novosibirsk Computing Center, 1-14.
Khazanovitch-Wulff, K.K., Mikheeva, A.V. and Kuznetsov, V.F. (2013) Structural Elements of Some Astroblemes Indicating Directions of Cosmic Body Trajectories. New Concepts in Global Tectonics ( NCGT ), 1, 11-21.
Porfir’ev, V.B. (1974) Inorganic Origin of Petroleum. AAPG Bulletin , 58, 3-33. https://doi.org/10.1306/83d9136c-16c7-11d7-8645000102c1865d
Porfir’ev, V.B. (1975) Inorganic Origin of Petroleum: Reply. AAPG Bulletin , 59, 886-889. https://doi.org/10.1306/83d91d53-16c7-11d7-8645000102c1865d
Gold, T. (1993) The Origin of Methane in the Crust of the Earth. United States Geological Survey Professional Paper 1570, 57-80.
Glasby, G.P. (2006) Abiogenic Origin of Hydrocarbons: An Historical Overview. Resource Geology , 56, 83-96. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-3928.2006.tb00271.x
Kolesnikov, A., Kutcherov, V.G. and Goncharov, A.F. (2009) Methane-Derived Hydrocarbons Produced under Upper-Mantle Conditions. Nature Geoscience , 2, 566-570. https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo591
Kutcherov, V.G. and Krayushkin, V.A. (2010) Deep-Seated Abiogenic Origin of Petroleum: From Geological Assessment to Physical Theory. Reviews of Geophysics , 48, RG1001. https://doi.org/10.1029/2008rg000270
Sephton, M.A. and Hazen, R.M. (2013) On the Origins of Deep Hydrocarbons. Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry , 75, 449-465. https://doi.org/10.2138/rmg.2013.75.14
Faramawy, S., Zaki, T. and Sakr, A.A. (2016) Natural Gas Origin, Composition, and Processing: A Review. Journal of Natural Gas Science and Engineering , 34, 34-54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jngse.2016.06.030
Walters, C.C. (2017) Origin of Petroleum. In: Hsu, C.S. and Robinson, P.R., Eds., Springer Handbook of Petroleum Technology , Springer International Publishing, 359-379. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49347-3_10
Marakushev, S. and Belonogova, O. (2022) Thermodynamic Model of Deep Oil Origin and Its Phase “Freezing”. Russian Journal of Earth Sciences , 22, ES6011. https://doi.org/10.2205/2022es000807
Ivanov, K.S. (2018) About Possible Maximum Depth of Oil Deposits. News of the Ural State Mining University , 4, 41-49. https://doi.org/10.21440/2307-2091-2018-4-41-49
Mukhina, E.D., Kolesnikov, A.Y., Serovaiskii, A.Y. and Kutcherov, V.G. (2017) Experimental Modelling of Hydrocarbon Migration Processes. Journal of Physics : Conference Series , 950, Article ID: 042040. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/950/4/042040
Malyshev, A.I. (2017) The Role of Cooling Horizons in Genesis of Hydrocarbon Deposits. Doklady Earth Sciences , 476, 1152-1154. https://doi.org/10.1134/s1028334x17100063
Gibb, E.L., Mumma, M.J., Dello Russo, N., DiSanti, M.A. and Magee-Sauer, K. (2003) Methane in Oort Cloud Comets. Icarus , 165, 391-406. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0019-1035(03)00201-x
Kress, M.E. and McKay, C.P. (2004) Formation of Methane in Comet Impacts: Implications for Earth, Mars, and Titan. Icarus , 168, 475-483. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2003.10.013
Fonti, S. and Marzo, G.A. (2010) Mapping the Methane on Mars. Astronomy and Astrophysics , 512, A51. https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/200913178
Kwok, S. and Zhang, Y. (2011) Mixed Aromatic-Aliphatic Organic Nanoparticles as Carriers of Unidentified Infrared Emission Features. Nature , 479, 80-83. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature10542
Fries, M., Christou, A., Archer, D., Conrad, P., Cooke, W., Eigenbrode, J., et al . (2015) A Cometary Origin for Martian Atmospheric Methane. Geochemical Perspectives Letters , 2, 10-23. https://doi.org/10.7185/geochemlet.1602
Sokolov, V.D. (1913) Cosmic Origin of Oil and Other Bitumens. Type. P. P. Ryabushinsky. (In Russian and Probably in German)
Oyama, V.I., Carle, G.C., Woeller, F., Pollack, J.B., Reynolds, R.T. and Craig, R.A. (1980) Pioneer Venus Gas Chromatography of the Lower Atmosphere of Venus. Journal of Geophysical Research : Space Physics , 85, 7891-7902. https://doi.org/10.1029/ja085ia13p07891
Bézard, B. and De Bergh, C. (2007) Composition of the Atmosphere of Venus below the Clouds. Journal of Geophysical Research : Planets , 112, E04S07. https://doi.org/10.1029/2006je002794
Formisano, V., Atreya, S., Encrenaz, T., Ignatiev, N. and Giuranna, M. (2004) Detection of Methane in the Atmosphere of Mars. Science , 306, 1758-1761. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1101732
Vandaele, A.C., Aoki, S., Bauduin, S., Daerden, F., Fedorova, A., Giuranna, M., et al . (2024) Composition and Chemistry of the Martian Atmosphere as Observed by Mars Express and Exomars Trace Gas Orbiter. Space Science Reviews , 220, Article No. 75. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-024-01109-7
Monks, P.S., Romani, P.N., Nesbitt, F.L., Scanlon, M. and Stief, L.J. (1993) The Kinetics of the Formation of Nitrile Compounds in the Atmospheres of Titan and Neptune. Journal of Geophysical Research : Planets , 98, 17115-17122. https://doi.org/10.1029/93je01789
Krasnopolsky, V.A. (2009) A Photochemical Model of Titan’s Atmosphere and Ionosphere. Icarus , 201, 226-256. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2008.12.038
Wang, C.C., Zielke, P., Sigurbjörnsson, Ó.F., Viteri, C.R. and Signorell, R. (2009) Infrared Spectra of C 2 H 6 , C 2 H 4 , C 2 H 2 , and CO 2 Aerosols Potentially Formed in Titan’s Atmosphere. The Journal of Physical Chemistry A , 113, 11129-11137. https://doi.org/10.1021/jp904106e
Voronin, D.V. (2011) Computer Modeling of Planet Partial Fragmentation. WSEAS Transactions on Fluid Mechanics , 1, 32-50.
de Meijer, R.J., Anisichkin, V.F. and van Westrenen, W. (2013) Forming the Moon from Terrestrial Silicate-Rich Material. Chemical Geology , 345, 40-49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2012.12.015
Darwin, G.H. (1879) On the Bodily Tides of Viscous and Semi-Elastic Spheroids, and on the Ocean Tides upon a Yielding Nucleus. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London , 170, 1-35.
Hollenbach, D.F. and Herndon, J.M. (2001) Deep-Earth Reactor: Nuclear Fission, Helium, and the Geomagnetic Field. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences , 98, 11085-11090. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.201393998
Herndon, J.M. (2003) Nuclear Georeactor Origin of Oceanic Basalt 3 He/ 4 He, Evidence, and Implications. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences , 100, 3047-3050. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0437778100
Herndon, J.M. (2014) Terracentric Nuclear Fission Georeactor: Background, Basis, Feasibility, Structure, Evidence and Geophysical Implications. Current Science , 106, 528-541.
Safronov, A.N. (2020) A New View of the Mass Extinctions and the Worldwide Floods. International Journal of Geosciences , 11, 251-287. https://doi.org/10.4236/ijg.2020.114014