Assessing the Impact of Reservoir Heterogeneity on Carbon Capture and Storage Feasibility through Numerical Simulation — Oak Academic Publishing
Research ArticleOpen AccessGoogle Scholar indexed
Assessing the Impact of Reservoir Heterogeneity on Carbon Capture and Storage Feasibility through Numerical Simulation
Laboratoire des Sciences Géographiques du Génie Civil et des Géosciences (LASCIG3), Ecole Supérieure de Chimie, du Pétrole et de l’Energie (ESCPE), Institut National Polytechnique Félix HOUPHOUËT-BOIGNY (INP-HB), Yamoussoukro, Côte d’Ivoire
,
Laboratoire des Sciences Géographiques du Génie Civil et des Géosciences (LASCIG3), Ecole Supérieure de Chimie, du Pétrole et de l’Energie (ESCPE), Institut National Polytechnique Félix HOUPHOUËT-BOIGNY (INP-HB), Yamoussoukro, Côte d’Ivoire
,
Laboratoire des Sciences Géographiques du Génie Civil et des Géosciences (LASCIG3), Ecole Supérieure de Chimie, du Pétrole et de l’Energie (ESCPE), Institut National Polytechnique Félix HOUPHOUËT-BOIGNY (INP-HB), Yamoussoukro, Côte d’Ivoire
,
Laboratoire des Sciences Géographiques du Génie Civil et des Géosciences (LASCIG3), Ecole Supérieure de Chimie, du Pétrole et de l’Energie (ESCPE), Institut National Polytechnique Félix HOUPHOUËT-BOIGNY (INP-HB), Yamoussoukro, Côte d’Ivoire
1 Laboratoire des Sciences Géographiques du Génie Civil et des Géosciences (LASCIG3), Ecole Supérieure de Chimie, du Pétrole et de l’Energie (ESCPE), Institut National Polytechnique Félix HOUPHOUËT-BOIGNY (INP-HB), Yamoussoukro, Côte d’Ivoire
2 Laboratoire des Sciences Géographiques du Génie Civil et des Géosciences (LASCIG3), Ecole Supérieure de Chimie, du Pétrole et de l’Energie (ESCPE), Institut National Polytechnique Félix HOUPHOUËT-BOIGNY (INP-HB), Yamoussoukro, Côte d’Ivoire
3 Laboratoire des Sciences Géographiques du Génie Civil et des Géosciences (LASCIG3), Ecole Supérieure de Chimie, du Pétrole et de l’Energie (ESCPE), Institut National Polytechnique Félix HOUPHOUËT-BOIGNY (INP-HB), Yamoussoukro, Côte d’Ivoire
4 Laboratoire des Sciences Géographiques du Génie Civil et des Géosciences (LASCIG3), Ecole Supérieure de Chimie, du Pétrole et de l’Energie (ESCPE), Institut National Polytechnique Félix HOUPHOUËT-BOIGNY (INP-HB), Yamoussoukro, Côte d’Ivoire
Carbon capture and storage (CCS) is a critical technology for mitigating greenhouse gas emissions and achieving global decarbonization targets. However, the feasibility and effectiveness of CCS operations depend significantly on the geological characteristics of storage reservoirs, particularly their heterogeneity. This study investigates the role of reservoir heterogeneity in influencing CO 2 trapping mechanisms, mineral carbonation efficiency, and long-term storage security. By integrating advanced injection strategies, geochemical analyses, and real-time monitoring technologies, we provide a comprehensive evaluation of CCS feasibility in heterogeneous geological formations. Our findings demonstrate that highly heterogeneous reservoirs enhance residual trapping through capillary barriers but pose challenges for CO 2 plume migration and leakage risks. Basalt formations, characterized by their reactive mineralogy, achieved the highest mineral carbonation efficiency (92%) compared to sandstone (75%) and carbonate (60%) reservoirs. Advanced injection strategies, including high-pressure pulse and water-alternating-gas (WAG) techniques, improved CO 2 retention by mitigating plume migration and optimizing sweep efficiency. Furthermore, robust caprock integrity and fault management were identified as critical factors for preventing leakage, supported by distributed acoustic sensing (DAS) and time-lapse seismic imaging. This study emphasizes the importance of tailoring CCS strategies to reservoir-specific heterogeneity and leveraging multidisciplinary approaches to enhance storage security and efficiency. The results provide actionable insights for site selection, operational optimization, and long-term risk management, positioning CCS as a cornerstone of global climate mitigation efforts.
KeywordsCarbon Capture and StorageReservoir HeterogeneityCO 2 Retention EfficiencyInjection StrategiesGeochemical Processes
Ajayi, T., Gomes, J.S. and Bera, A. (2019) A Review of CO 2 Storage in Geological Formations Emphasizing Modeling, Monitoring and Capacity Estimation Approaches. Petroleum Science , 16, 1028-1063. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12182-019-0340-8
Al-Khdheeawi, E.A., Vialle, S., Barifcani, A., Sarmadivaleh, M. and Iglauer, S. (2017) Impact of Reservoir Wettability and Heterogeneity on CO 2 -Plume Migration and Trapping Capacity. International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control , 58, 142-158. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijggc.2017.01.012
Ali, M., Jha, N.K., Pal, N., Keshavarz, A., Hoteit, H. and Sarmadivaleh, M. (2022) Recent Advances in Carbon Dioxide Geological Storage, Experimental Procedures, Influencing Parameters, and Future Outlook. Earth-Science Reviews , 225, Article ID: 103895. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2021.103895
Almayahi, D.S., Knapp, J.H. and Knapp, C. (2022) Quantitative Evaluation of CO 2 Storage Potential in the Offshore Atlantic Lower Cretaceous Strata, Southeastern United States. Energies , 15, Article 4890. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15134890
Assef, Y., Kantzas, A. and Pereira Almao, P. (2019) Numerical Modelling of Cyclic CO 2 Injection in Unconventional Tight Oil Resources; Trivial Effects of Heterogeneity and Hysteresis in Bakken Formation. Fuel , 236, 1512-1528. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2018.09.046
Awolayo, A.N., Norton, H., de Obeso, J.C., Lauer, R., Crawford, C. and Tutolo, B.M. (2025) Water-Alternating-Gas (WAG) Injection Scheme for Enhancement of Carbon Dioxide Mineralization in Basaltic Aquifers. Fuel , 385, Article ID: 134127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2024.134127
Baig, A.R., Fentaw, J., Hajiyev, E., Watson, M., Emadi, H., Eissa, B., et al. (2025) Comprehensive Insights into Carbon Capture and Storage: Geomechanical and Geochemical Aspects, Modeling, Risk Assessment, Monitoring, and Cost Analysis in Geological Storage. Sustainability , 17, Article 8619. https://doi.org/10.3390/su17198619
Bashir, A., Ali, M., Patil, S., Aljawad, M.S., Mahmoud, M., Al-Shehri, D., et al. (2024) Comprehensive Review of CO 2 Geological Storage: Exploring Principles, Mechanisms, and Prospects. Earth-Science Reviews , 249, Article ID: 104672. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2023.104672
Bhuvankar, P., Cihan, A. and Birkholzer, J. (2023) A Framework to Simulate the Blowout of CO 2 through Wells in Geologic Carbon Storage. International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control , 127, Article ID: 103921. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijggc.2023.103921
Bickle, M., Chadwick, A., Huppert, H.E., Hallworth, M. and Lyle, S. (2007) Modelling Carbon Dioxide Accumulation at Sleipner: Implications for Underground Carbon Storage. Earth and Planetary Science Letters , 255, 164-176. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2006.12.013
Bosshart, N.W., Azzolina, N.A., Ayash, S.C., Peck, W.D., Gorecki, C.D., Ge, J., et al. (2018) Quantifying the Effects of Depositional Environment on Deep Saline Formation CO 2 Storage Efficiency and Rate. International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control , 69, 8-19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijggc.2017.12.006
Bui, M., Adjiman, C.S., Bardow, A., Anthony, E.J., Boston, A., Brown, S., et al. (2018) Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS): The Way Forward. Energy & Environmental Science , 11, 1062-1176. https://doi.org/10.1039/c7ee02342a
Cai, L., Wu, J., Zhang, M., Wang, K., Li, B., Yu, X., et al. (2024) Investigating the Potential of CO 2 Nanobubble Systems for Enhanced Oil Recovery in Extra-Low-Permeability Reservoirs. Nanomaterials , 14, Article 1280. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14151280
Cao, C., Liu, H., Hou, Z., Mehmood, F., Liao, J. and Feng, W. (2020) A Review of CO 2 Storage in View of Safety and Cost-Effectiveness. Energies , 13, Article 600. https://doi.org/10.3390/en13030600
Celia, M.A., Bachu, S., Nordbotten, J.M. and Bandilla, K.W. (2015) Status of CO 2 Storage in Deep Saline Aquifers with Emphasis on Modeling Approaches and Practical Simulations. Water Resources Research , 51, 6846-6892. https://doi.org/10.1002/2015wr017609
Chen, F., Yang, L., Hu, Q., Wang, L., Bai, Y. and Gu, J. (2025) Experimental Study of CO 2 Flow Behavior and Storage Potential within Low Porosity and Permeability Aquifer. Journal of CO 2 Utilization , 92, Article ID: 103027. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcou.2025.103027
Chen, H., Chang, W., Hu, X., Sun, X., Liu, Z., Yang, S., et al. (2025) Effect of Injection Strategies on Carbon Dioxide Storage in Formations with Different Dip Angles. KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering , 29, Article ID: 100291. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.kscej.2025.100291
Clark, D.E., Oelkers, E.H., Gunnarsson, I., Sigfússon, B., Snæbjörnsdóttir, S.Ó., Aradóttir, E.S., et al. (2020) CarbFix2: CO 2 and H 2 S Mineralization during 3.5 Years of Continuous Injection into Basaltic Rocks at More than 250°C. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta , 279, 45-66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2020.03.039
Detwiler, R.L. and Morris, J.P. (2019) Fracture Generation, Permeability, and Geochemical Reactions in Damaged Shale. In: Vialle, S., Ajo-Franklin, J. and Carey, J.W., Geological Carbon Storage : Subsurface Seals and Caprock Integrity , Geophysical Monograph , American Geophysical Union, 238.
Dilshan, R.A.D.P., Perera, M.S.A. and Matthai, S.K. (2024) Effect of Mechanical Weakening and Crack Formation on Caprock Integrity during Underground Hydrogen Storage in Depleted Gas Reservoirs—A Comprehensive Review. Fuel , 371, Article ID: 131893. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2024.131893
Fang, X., Lv, Y., Yuan, C., Zhu, X., Guo, J., Liu, W., et al. (2023) Effects of Reservoir Heterogeneity on CO 2 Dissolution Efficiency in Randomly Multilayered Formations. Energies , 16, Article 5219. https://doi.org/10.3390/en16135219
Gamal Rezk, M. and Foroozesh, J. (2022) Uncertainty Effect of CO 2 Molecular Diffusion on Oil Recovery and Gas Storage in Underground Formations. Fuel , 324, Article ID: 124770. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2022.124770
Gao, H., Luo, K., Wang, C., Li, T., Cheng, Z., Dou, L., et al. (2025) Impact of Dissolution and Precipitation on Pore Structure in CO 2 Sequestration within Tight Sandstone Reservoirs. Petroleum Science , 22, 868-883. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.petsci.2024.08.012
Gilmore, K.A., Neufeld, J.A. and Bickle, M.J. (2020) CO 2 Dissolution Trapping Rates in Heterogeneous Porous Media. Geophysical Researc h Letters , 47, e2020GL087001. https://doi.org/10.1029/2020gl087001
Gislason, S.R., Wolff-Boenisch, D., Stefansson, A., Oelkers, E.H., Gunnlaugsson, E., Sigurdardottir, H., et al. (2010) Mineral Sequestration of Carbon Dioxide in Basalt: A Pre-Injection Overview of the CarbFix Project. International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control , 4, 537-545. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijggc.2009.11.013
Gunter, W.D., Bachu, S. and Benson, S. (2004) The Role of Hydrogeological and Geochemical Trapping in Sedimentary Basins for Secure Geological Storage of Carbon Dioxide. Geological Society , London , Special Publications , 233, 129-145. https://doi.org/10.1144/gsl.sp.2004.233.01.09
Harris, C., Jackson, S.J., Benham, G.P., Krevor, S. and Muggeridge, A.H. (2021) The Impact of Heterogeneity on the Capillary Trapping of CO 2 in the Captain Sandstone. International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control , 112, Article ID: 103511. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijggc.2021.103511
Hosseinzadeh, S., Haghighi, M., Salmachi, A. and Shokrollahi, A. (2024) Carbon Dioxide Storage within Coal Reservoirs: A Comprehensive Review. Geoenergy Science and Engineering , 241, Article ID: 213198. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoen.2024.213198
Hovorka, S.D. and Lu, J. (2019) Field Observations of Geochemical Response to CO 2 Injection at the Reservoir Scale. In: Newell, P. and Ilgen A.G.,, Eds., Science of Carbon Storage in Deep Saline Formations , Elsevier, 33-61. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-812752-0.00003-4
Ismail, I. and Gaganis, V. (2023) Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Storage in Saline Aquifers: Subsurface Policies, Development Plans, Well Control Strategies and Optimization Approaches—A Review. Clean Technologies , 5, 609-637. https://doi.org/10.3390/cleantechnol5020031
Jackson, W.A., Hampson, G.J., Jacquemyn, C., Jackson, M.D., Petrovskyy, D., Geiger, S., et al. (2022) A Screening Assessment of the Impact of Sedimentological Heterogeneity on CO 2 Migration and Stratigraphic-Baffling Potential: Johansen and Cook Formations, Northern Lights Project, Offshore Norway. International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control , 120, Article ID: 103762. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijggc.2022.103762
Jenkins, C. (2020) The State of the Art in Monitoring and Verification: An Update Five Years On. International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control , 100, Article ID: 103118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijggc.2020.103118
Jenkins, C., Kuske, T. and Zegelin, S. (2016) Simple and Effective Atmospheric Monitoring for CO 2 Leakage. International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control , 46, 158-174. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijggc.2016.01.001
Jia, W., Pan, F., Dai, Z., Xiao, T. and McPherson, B. (2017) Probabilistic Risk Assessment of CO 2 Trapping Mechanisms in a Sandstone CO 2 -EOR Field in Northern Texas, Usa. Energy Procedia , 114, 4321-4329. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2017.03.1581
Kalam, S., Olayiwola, T., Al-Rubaii, M.M., Amaechi, B.I., Jamal, M.S. and Awotunde, A.A. (2020) Carbon Dioxide Sequestration in Underground Formations: Review of Experimental, Modeling, and Field Studies. Journal of Petroleum Exploration and Production Technology , 11, 303-325. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13202-020-01028-7
Kelemen, P., Benson, S.M., Pilorgé, H., Psarras, P. and Wilcox, J. (2019) An Overview of the Status and Challenges of CO 2 Storage in Minerals and Geological Formations. Frontiers in Climate , 1, Article 9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fclim.2019.00009
Kelemen, P.B., McQueen, N., Wilcox, J., Renforth, P., Dipple, G. and Vankeuren, A.P. (2020) Engineered Carbon Mineralization in Ultramafic Rocks for CO 2 Removal from Air: Review and New Insights. Chemical Geology , 550, Article ID: 119628. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2020.119628
Kempka, T., De Lucia, M. and Kühn, M. (2014) Geomechanical Integrity Verification and Mineral Trapping Quantification for the Ketzin CO 2 Storage Pilot Site by Coupled Numerical Simulations. Energy Procedia , 63, 3330-3338. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2014.11.361
Kempka, T., Kühn, M., Class, H., Frykman, P., Kopp, A., Nielsen, C.M., et al. (2010) Modelling of CO 2 Arrival Time at Ketzin—Part I. International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control , 4, 1007-1015. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijggc.2010.07.005
Kim, J., Song, Y., Shinn, Y., Kwon, Y., Jung, W. and Sung, W. (2019) A Study of CO 2 Storage Integrity with Rate Allocation in Multi-Layered Aquifer. Geosciences Journal , 23, 823-832. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12303-019-0004-0
Kim, K., Kim, M. and Oh, J. (2021) Core-Scale Investigation of the Effect of Heterogeneity on the Dynamics of Residual and Dissolution Trapping of Carbon Dioxide. Journal of Hydrology , 596, Article ID: 126109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2021.126109
Kivi, I.R., Makhnenko, R.Y., Oldenburg, C.M., Rutqvist, J. and Vilarrasa, V. (2022) Multi-Layered Systems for Permanent Geologic Storage of CO 2 at the Gigatonne Scale. Geophysical Research Letters , 49, e2022GL100443. https://doi.org/10.1029/2022gl100443
Kong, X., Delshad, M. and Wheeler, M.F. (2014) History Matching Heterogeneous Coreflood of CO 2 /Brine by Use of Compositional Reservoir Simulator and Geostatistical Approach. SPE Journal , 20, 267-276. https://doi.org/10.2118/163625-pa
Kra, K.L., Qiu, L., Yang, Y., Yang, B., Shola Ahmed, K., Camara, M., et al. (2022) Depositional and Diagenetic Control on Conglomerate Reservoirs: An Example from the Fourth Member of Shahejie Formation in the Lijin Sag, Bohai Bay Basin, East China. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering , 218, Article ID: 110913. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.petrol.2022.110913
Krevor, S., Blunt, M.J., Benson, S.M., Pentland, C.H., Reynolds, C., Al-Menhali, A., et al. (2015) Capillary Trapping for Geologic Carbon Dioxide Storage—From Pore Scale Physics to Field Scale Implications. International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control , 40, 221-237. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijggc.2015.04.006
Liu, Q., Zhu, D., Jin, Z., Tian, H., Zhou, B., Jiang, P., et al. (2023) Carbon Capture and Storage for Long-Term and Safe Sealing with Constrained Natural CO 2 Analogs. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews , 171, Article ID: 113000. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2022.113000
Liu, X., Qi, H., Liu, J., Geng, X., Zhang, K. and Li, Y. (2024) Feasibility Analysis of Commingle Production of Multi-Layer Reservoirs in the High Water Cut Stage of Oilfield Development. Journal of Petroleum Exploration and Production Technology , 14, 2219-2228. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13202-024-01773-z
Lu, J., Kordi, M., Hovorka, S.D., Meckel, T.A. and Christopher, C.A. (2013) Reservoir Characterization and Complications for Trapping Mechanisms at Cranfield CO 2 Injection Site. International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control , 18, 361-374. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijggc.2012.10.007
Lu, X., Xu, J., Feng, L., Yang, Q., Li, G. and Lin, L. (2019) How over 60% Recovery Achievable in a Multi-Layer, Heterogeneous Sandstone Reservoir. SPE Middle East Oil and Gas Show and Conference , Manama, 18-21 March 2019, SPE-194833-MS. https://doi.org/10.2118/194833-ms
Ma, Y., Li, Z., Zhao, H., Liu, B., Meng, F., Kong, C., et al. (2025) Thermo-Hydro-mechanical-Chemical Coupling Effects on the Integrated Optimization of CO 2 -EOR and Geological Storage in a High Water-Cut Reservoir in Xinjiang, China. Energy Geoscience , 6, Article ID: 100371. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engeos.2024.100371
Massarweh, O. and Abushaikha, A.S. (2024) CO 2 Sequestration in Subsurface Geological Formations: A Review of Trapping Mechanisms and Monitoring Techniques. Earth - Science Reviews , 253, Article ID: 104793. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2024.104793
Massarweh, O. and Abushaikha, A.S. (2022) A Review of Recent Developments in CO 2 Mobility Control in Enhanced Oil Recovery. Petroleum , 8, 291-317. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.petlm.2021.05.002
Meehan, D.N. (2025) Risks and Challenges in CO 2 Capture, Use, Transportation, and Storage. Sustainability , 17, Article 7871. https://doi.org/10.3390/su17177871
Mézquita González, J.A., Comte, J., Legchenko, A., Ofterdinger, U. and Healy, D. (2021) Quantification of Groundwater Storage Heterogeneity in Weathered/Fractured Basement Rock Aquifers Using Electrical Resistivity Tomography: Sensitivity and Uncertainty Associated with Petrophysical Modelling. Journal of Hydrology , 593, Article ID: 125637. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2020.125637
Montero, J.M., Colombera, L., Yuste, E., Yan, N. and Mountney, N.P. (2024) Assessing the Impact of Sedimentary Heterogeneity on CO 2 Injection in Fluvial Meander-Belt Successions Using Geostatistical Modelling Informed by Geological Analogues. International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control , 136, Article ID: 104199. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijggc.2024.104199
Muhammed, N.S., Haq, M.B., Al Shehri, D.A., Al-Ahmed, A., Rahman, M.M., Zaman, E., et al. (2023) Hydrogen Storage in Depleted Gas Reservoirs: A Comprehensive Review. Fuel , 337, Article ID: 127032. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2022.127032
Nakajima, T. and Xue, Z. (2017) Trapping Mechanisms in Field Scale: Results from Nagaoka Geologic CO 2 Storage Site. Energy Procedia , 114, 5015-5022. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2017.03.1650
Nakajima, T., Xue, Z., Chiyonobu, S. and Azuma, H. (2014) Numerical Simulation of CO 2 Leakage along Fault System for the Assessment of Environmental Impacts at CCS Site. Energy Procedia , 63, 3234-3241. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2014.11.350
Nygaard, R., Salehi, S. and Lavoie, R. (2011) Effect of Dynamic Loading on Wellbore Leakage for the Wabamun Area CO 2 Sequestration Project. Canadian Unconventional Resources Conference , Calgary, 15-17 November 2011, SPE-146640-MS. https://doi.org/10.2118/146640-ms
Orr, F.M. (2009) Onshore Geologic Storage of CO 2 . Science , 325, 1656-1658. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1175677
Patel, H.V. (2019) Direct Numerical Simulations of Multiphase Flow through Porous Media.
Qiao, C., Li, L., Johns, R.T. and Xu, J. (2014) Compositional Modeling of Reaction-Induced Injectivity Alteration during CO 2 Flooding in Carbonate Reservoirs. SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition , 27-29 October 2014, Amsterdam, SPE-170930-MS. https://doi.org/10.2118/170930-ms
Rahman, M.J., Fawad, M., Jahren, J. and Mondol, N.H. (2022) Top Seal Assessment of Drake Formation Shales for CO 2 Storage in the Horda Platform Area, Offshore Norway. International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control , 119, Article ID: 103700. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijggc.2022.103700
Ringrose, P. (2020) How to Store CO 2 Underground: Insights from Early-Mover CCS Projects. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-33113-9
Ringrose, P.S., Furre, A., Gilfillan, S.M.V., Krevor, S., Landrø, M., Leslie, R., et al. (2021) Storage of Carbon Dioxide in Saline Aquifers: Physicochemical Processes, Key Constraints, and Scale-Up Potential. Annual Review of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering , 12, 471-494. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-chembioeng-093020-091447
Ringrose, P.S. and Meckel, T.A. (2019) Maturing Global CO 2 Storage Resources on Offshore Continental Margins to Achieve 2DS Emissions Reductions. Scientific Reports , 9, Article No. 17944. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-54363-z
Seyyedi, M., Clennell, M.B. and Jackson, S.J. (2022) Time-lapse Imaging of Flow Instability and Rock Heterogeneity Impacts on CO 2 Plume Migration in Meter Long Sandstone Cores. Advances in Water Resources , 164, Article ID: 104216. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.advwatres.2022.104216
Shamshiri, H. and Jafarpour, B. (2012) Controlled CO 2 Injection into Heterogeneous Geologic Formations for Improved Solubility and Residual Trapping. Water Resources Research , 48, W02530. https://doi.org/10.1029/2011wr010455
Shen, J., Mo, F., Xuan, T., Li, Q. and Hong, Y. (2025) Comparative Analysis of Multi-Layer and Single-Layer Injection Methods for Offshore CCS in Saline Aquifer Storage. Technologies , 13, Article 375. https://doi.org/10.3390/technologies13080375
Snæbjörnsdóttir, S.Ó., Wiese, F., Fridriksson, T., Ármansson, H., Einarsson, G.M. and Gislason, S.R. (2014) CO 2 Storage Potential of Basaltic Rocks in Iceland and the Oceanic Ridges. Energy Procedia , 63, 4585-4600. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2014.11.491
Sun, Q., Ampomah, W., Kutsienyo, E.J., Appold, M., Adu-Gyamfi, B., Dai, Z., et al. (2020) Assessment of CO 2 Trapping Mechanisms in Partially Depleted Oil-Bearing Sands. Fuel , 278, Article ID: 118356. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2020.118356
Szulczewski, M.L., MacMinn, C.W., Herzog, H.J. and Juanes, R. (2012) Lifetime of Carbon Capture and Storage as a Climate-Change Mitigation Technology. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America , 109, 5185-5189. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1115347109
Tillner, E., Kempka, T., Nakaten, B. and Kühn, M. (2013) Geological CO 2 Storage Supports Geothermal Energy Exploitation: 3D Numerical Models Emphasize Feasibility of Synergetic Use. Energy Procedia , 37, 6604-6616. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2013.06.593
Uliasz-Misiak, B., Lewandowska-Śmierzchalska, J. and Matuła, R. (2021) Criteria for Selecting Sites for Integrated CO 2 Storage and Geothermal Energy Recovery. Journal of Cleaner Production , 285, Article ID: 124822. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.124822
Digitemie, W.N. and Ekemezie, I.O. (2024) Enhancing Carbon Capture and Storage Efficiency in the Oil and Gas Sector: An Integrated Data Science and Geological Approach. Engineering Science & Technology Journal , 5, 924-934. https://doi.org/10.51594/estj.v5i3.947
Wang, M., Yang, S., Li, J., Zheng, Z., Wen, J., Ma, Q., et al. (2021) Cold Water-Flooding in a Heterogeneous High-Pour-Point Oil Reservoir Using Computerized Tomography Scanning: Characteristics of Flow Channel and Trapped Oil Distribution. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering , 202, Article ID: 108594. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.petrol.2021.108594
Wang, Y., Wang, X., Dong, R., Teng, W., Zhan, S., Zeng, G., et al. (2023) Reservoir Heterogeneity Controls of CO 2 -EOR and Storage Potentials in Residual Oil Zones: Insights from Numerical Simulations. Petroleum Science , 20, 2879-2891. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.petsci.2023.03.023