This review and evaluation seeks to clarify the controversial origins of the Umbria-Latium Ultra-alkaline District (ULUD) and the Vulture carbonatitic occurrence (Intramontane Ultra-alkaline Province, IUP) and their relation to the Roman Comagmatic Province (RCP). Generally, the geochemical and isotopic features of the IUP can be linked to those of the RCP. Hence, the rocks of the ULUD district, together with part of the Tuscan and Roman Province generated in the last 2 Ma can be ascribed to a complex interplay of two subduction events related to magmatism associated with the European and Adria slabs associated with the effect of a slab window below the Italian Peninsular. Carbonate sediments together with pelagic-terrigenous sediment played a major role in the metasomatism of the mantle wedge beneath the IUP, and perhaps all along the transect from southern Italy ( Eolian Islands magmatism) to north-central Italy (Tuscan and Umbria magmatism). A diffuse CO 2 + H 2 O metasomatic front produced the condition necessary for the formation of carbonatitic magmatism. However, even where carbonatites are related to continental rift system ( i.e. , OIB), an origin for MORB-sediment convective recycling melting in the mantle has been hypothesized [ i.e. , 1] .
KeywordsCarbonatitesIsotopesSedimentsArc SystemRoman Comagmatic Province
K. Hoernle, G. Tilton, M. Le Bas, S. Duggen and D. Garge-Schongerg, “Geochemistry of Oceanic Carbonatites Compared with Continental Carbonatites: Mantle Recycling of Oceanic Crustal Carbonate,” Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, Vol. 142, No. 5, 2002, pp. 520-542. doi:10.1007/s004100100308
A. R. Woolley and B. Kjarsgaard, “Carbonatites of the World: Map and Database,” 32nd International Geological Congress, Florence, 2004, p. 509.
A. R. Woolley and A. A. Church, “Extrusive Carbonatites: A Brief Review,” Lithos, Vol. 85, No. 1-4, 2005, pp. 1-14. doi:10.1016/j.lithos.2005.03.018
G. Rosatelli and F. Stoppa, “European Carbonatites: Implications for the Subeuropean Mantle and Their Geohazard Potential,” Periodico di mineralogia, Vol. 72, No.1, 2003, pp. 1-251.
F. Stoppa and A. R. Woolley, “The Italian Carbonitites: Field Occurrence, Petrology and Regional Significance,” Mineralogy and Petrology, Vol. 59, No. 1-2, 1997, pp. 43-67. doi:10.1007/BF01163061
K. Bell and G. R. Tilton, “Probing the Mantle: The Story from Carbonatites,” EOS, Vol. 83, No. 25, 2002, pp. 273-277. doi:10.1029/2002EO000190
A. R. Woolley, “Igneous Silicate Rocks Associated with Carbonatites: Their Diversity, Relative Abundances and Implications for Carbonatite Genesis,” Periodico di Mineralogia, Vol. 72, No. 1, 2004, pp. 9-17.
D. K. Bailey and J. D. Collier, “Carbonatite-Melilitite Association in the Italian Collision Zone and the Ugandan rifted Craton: Significant Common Factors,” Mineralogical Magazine, Vol. 64, No. 4, 2000, pp. 675-682. doi:10.1180/002646100549698
K. Bell, F. Castorina, G. Lavecchia, G. Rosatelli and F. Stoppa, “Is There a Mantle Plume below Italy?” EOS, Vol. 85, No. 50, 2004, pp. 541-547. doi:10.1029/2004EO500002
K. Bell, G. LaVecchia and F. Stoppa, “Reasoning and Beliefs about Italian Geodynamics,” Bollettino della Società Geologica Italiana, No. 5, 2005, pp. 119-127.
A. Peccerillo and M. Lustrino, “Compositional Variations of Plio-Quaternary Magmatism in the Circum-Tyrrhenian area: Deepvs Shallow-Mantle Processes,” In: G. A. Foulger, J. H. Natland, D. C. Presnall and D. L. Anderson, Eds., Plates, Plumes and Paradigms, Geological Society of America, Boulder, 2005, pp. 421-434. doi:10.1130/0-8137-2388-4.421
A. Peccerillo, “Plio-Quaternary Volcanism in Italy,” Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg and New York, 2005, pp. 365.
G. M. Yaxley and D. H. Green, “Experimental Demonstration of Refractory Carbonate-Bearing Eclogite and Siliceous Melt in the Subduction Regime,” Earth and Planetary Science Letter, Vol. 128, No. 3-4, 1994, pp. 313-325. doi:10.1016/0012-821X(94)90153-8
T. Hammonda, “High-Pressure Melting of Carbonated Eclogite and Experimental Constraints on Carbon Recycling and Storage in the Mantle,” Earth and Planetary Science Letter, Vol. 214, No. 1-2, 2003, pp. 357-368. doi:10.1016/S0012-821X(03)00361-3
G. M. Yaxley and G. P. Brey, “Phase Relations of Carbonate-Bearing Eclogite Assemblages from 2.5 to 5.5 GPa: Implications for Petrogenesis of Carbonatites,” Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, Vol. 146, No. 5, 2004, pp. 606-619. doi:10.1007/s00410-003-0517-3
R. Dasgupta, M. M. Hirschmann and A. C. Withers, “Deep Global Cycling of Carbon Constrained by the Solidus of Anhydrous, Carbonated Eclogite under Upper Mantle Conditions,” Earth and Planetary Science Letter, Vol. 227, No. 1-2, 2004, pp. 73-85. doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2004.08.004
G. Serri, F. Innocenti and P. Manetti, “Geochemical and Petrological Evidence of the Subduction of Delaminated Adriatic Continental Lithosphere in the Genesis of the Neogene-Quaternary Magmatism of Central Italy,” Tectonophysics, Vol. 223, No. 1-2, 1993, pp. 117-147. doi:10.1016/0040-1951(93)90161-C
A. Peccerillo, “Plio-Quaternary Magmatism in Italy,” Episodes 26, No. 3, 2004, pp. 222-226.
L. Beccaluva, G. Bianchini and F. Siena, “Tertiary-Quaternary Volcanism and Tectonic-Magmatic Evolution,” In: V. Grescenti, S. D’Offizi, S. Merlino and L. Sacchi, Eds., Geology of Italy, Special Volume of the Italian Geological Society, Rome, 2004, pp. 153-160.
M. P. Marani, F. Gamberi and E. Monatti, “From Seafloor to Deep Mantle: Architecture of the Tyrrhenian Backarc Basin,” Memorie Descrittive Della Carta Geologica d’Italia, Vol. 64, 2004, p. 194.
F. Stoppa and G. Lavecchia, “Late Pleistocene Ultra-Alkaline Magmatic Activity in the Umbria Latium Region (Italy): An Overview,” Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, Vol. 52, No. 4, 1992, pp. 227-293. doi:10.1016/0377-0273(92)90049-J
G. Lavecchia and F. Stoppa, “The Tectonic Significance of Italian Magmatism: An Alternative View to the Popular Interpretation,” Terra Nova, Vol. 8, No. 5, 1996, pp. 435-446.
G. Lavecchia, F. Stoppa and N. Creati, “Carbonatites and Kamafugites in Italy: Mantle-Derived Rocks that Challenge Subduction,” Annals of Geophysics, Vol. 49, No. 1, 2005, pp. 389-402.
W. Spakman and R. Wortel, “Tomographic View on Western Mediterranean Geodynamics,” 32nd International Geographical Congress, Florence, 2004, pp. 31-52.
M. J. R. Wortel, M. J. Van Bergen, D. M. A. Van De Zedde and W. Spakman, “Continental Collision, Slab Detachment and Post-Collisional K-Rich Magmatism: Central-Southern Italy as a Type Example,” The 32nd International Geographical Congress, Florence, 2004, pp.1-16.
E. Kissling, W. Spakman, “Interpretation of Tomographic Images of Uppermost Mantle Structure: Example from the Western and Central Alps,” Journal of Geodynamics, Vol. 21, No. 1, 1996, pp. 97-111. doi:10.1016/0264-3707(95)00029-1
G. De Natale, C. Troise, F. Pingue, P. De Gori and C. Chiarabba, “Structure and Dynamics of the Somma-Vesuvius Volcanic Complex,” Mineralogy and Petrology, Vol. 73, No.1-3, 2001, pp. 5-22. doi:10.1007/s007100170007
P. De Gori, G. B. Cimini, C. Chiarabba, G. De Natale, C. Troise and A. Deschamps, “Teleseismic Tomography of the Campanian Volcanic Area and Surrounding Apenninic belt,” Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, Vol. 109, No. 1-3, 2001, pp. 55-75. doi:10.1016/S0377-0273(00)00304-8
P. F. Lucente, C. Chiarabba and G. B. Cimini, “Tomographic Constraints on the Geodynamic Evolution of the Italian Region,” Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 104, No. B9, 1999, pp. 20307-20327. doi:10.1029/1999JB900147
E. Carminati, M. J. R. Wortel, W. Spakman and R. Sabadini, “The Role of Slab Detachment Processes in the Opening of the Western-Central Mediterranean Basins: Some Geological and Geophysical Evidence,” Earth and Planetary Science Letter, Vol. 160, No. 3-4, 1998, pp. 651-665. doi:10.1016/S0012-821X(98)00118-6
G. Selvaggi and A. Amato, “Subcrustal Earthquakes in the Northern Apennines (Italy): Evidence for a Still Active Subduction?” Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 19, No. 21, 1992, pp. 2127-2130. doi:10.1029/92GL02503
A. Amato, C. Cimini and B. Alessandrini, “Struttura Del sistema Litosfera-Astenosfera Nell’Appenino Settentrionale da dati di Tomografia Sismica,” Studi Geologici Camerti, Vol. S1, No. 1, 1991, 83-901991
D. Giardini and M. Velona, “The Deep Sismicity of the Tyrrhenian Sea,” Terra Nova, Vol. 3, No. 1, 1991, pp. 57-64. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3121.1991.tb00844.x
H. J. Anderson and J. A. Jackson, “The Deep Seismicity of the Tyrrhenian Sea,” Geophysical Journal International, Vol. 91, No. 3, 1987, pp. 613-637. doi:10.1111/j.1365-246X.1987.tb01661.x
C. Gasparini, G. Iannacone, P. Scandone and R. Scarpa, “Seismotectonics of the Calabrian Arc,” Tectonophysics, Vol. 84, No.2-4, 1982, pp. 267-286. doi:10.1016/0040-1951(82)90163-9
C. Doglioni, F. Mongelli, G. P. Pialli, “Boudinage of the Alpine Belt in the Apenninic Back-Arc,” Memorie Descrittive Della Carta Geologica d’Italia, Vol. 52, 1998, pp. 457-468.
E. Gueguen, C. Doglioni and M. Fernandez, “Lithospheric Boudinage in the Western Mediterranean Back-Arc Basins,” Terra Nova, Vol. 9, No. 4, 1997, pp. 184-187. doi:10.1046/j.1365-3121.1997.d01-28.x
A. Peccerillo, G. Poli and C. Donati, “The Plio-Quarternary Magmatism of Southern Tuscany and Northern Latium: Compositional Characteristics, Genesis and Geodynamic Significance,” Ofioliti, Vol. 26, No. 2a, 2001, pp. 229-238.
Bulletin of the International Seismological Centre, “ISC Bulletin 1996 (Revised). ISC Catalogne 1964-1996,” 1996.
M. Boccaletti, P. Elter and G. Guazzone, “Plate Tectonics Model for the Development of the Western Alps and Northern Apennines,” Nature, Vol. 234, No. 49, 1971, pp. 108-111.
G. Pialli, M. Barchi, G. Minelli, “Results of the CROP03 Deep Seismic Profile,” Memorie Descrittive Della Carta Geologica d’Italia, Vol. 52, 1998, pp. 657-671.
I. R. Finetti, M. Boccaletti, M. Bonini, A. Del Ben, R. Geletti, M. Pipan and F. Sani, “Crustal Section Based on CROP Seismic Data across the North Tyrrhenian Northern Apennines-Adriatic Sea,” Tectonophysics, Vol. 343, No. 3-4, 2001, pp. 135-163. doi:10.1016/S0040-1951(01)00141-X
C. Doglioni, P. Harabaglia, S. Merlini, F. Mongelli, A. Peccerillo and C. Piromallo, “Orogens and Slabs VS. Their Direction of Subduction,” Earth-Science Reviews, Vol. 45, No. 3-4, 1999, pp. 167-208. doi:10.1016/S0012-8252(98)00045-2
A. Peccerillo and P. Manetti, “The Potassium Alkaline Volcanism of Central-Southern Italy: A Review of the Data Relevant to Petrogenesis and Tectonic Significance,” Transactions of the Geological Society of South Africa, Vol. 88, No. 2, 1985, pp. 379-394.
L. I. Panina, F. Stoppa and L. M. Usol’tseva, “Genesis of Melilitite Rocks of Pian di Celle Volcano, Umbrian Kamafugite Province, Italy: Evidence from Melt Inclusions in Minerals,” Petrology, Vol. 11, No. 4, 2003, pp. 365-382.
G. Di Battistini, A. Montanini, L. Vernia, G. Venturelli and S. Tonarini, “Petrology of Melilite-Bearing Rocks from the Montefiascone Volcanic Complex (Roman Magmatic Province): New Insights into the Ultrapotassic Volcanism of Central Italy,” Lithos, Vol. 59, No. 1-2, 2001, pp. 1-24. doi:10.1016/S0024-4937(01)00054-8
M. Federico, A. Peccerillo, M. Barbieri and T. W. Wu, “Mineralogical and Geochemical Study of Granular Xenoliths from Alban Hills Volcano, Central Italy: Bearing on Evolutionary Processes in Potassic Magma Chambers,” Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, Vol. 115, No. 4, 1994, pp. 384-401. doi:10.1007/BF00320973
F. Stoppa, “The San Venanzo Maar and Tuff Ring, Umbria, Italy: Eruptive Behaviour of a Carbonatite-Melilitite Volcano,” Bulletin of Volcanology, Vol. 57, No. 7, 1996, pp. 563-577.
F. Stoppa and A. Cundari, “A New Italian Carbonatite Occurrence at Cupaello (Rieti) and Its Genetic Significance,” Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, Vol. 122, No. 3, 1995, pp. 275-288. doi:10.1007/s004100050127
F. Stoppa, A. Cundari, G. Rosatelli and A. Woolley, “Leucite Melilitolites in Italy: Genetic Aspects and Relationship with Associated Alkaline Rocks and Carbonatites,” Periodico di Mineralogia, Vol. 72, No. 1, 2003, pp. 223-251.
F. Stoppa, “L’Euremite di Colle Fabbri (Spoleto) un Litotipo ad Affinità Carbonatitica in Italia,” Bollettino della Società Geologica Italiana, Vol. 107, No. 1, 1988, pp. 239-248.
L. Melluso, S. Conticelli, M. D’Antonio, N. P. Mirco and E. Saccani, “Petrology and Mineralogy of Wollastonite- and Melilite-Bearing Paralavas from the Central Apennines, Italy,” American Mineralogist, Vol. 88, No. 8-9, 2003, pp. 1287-1299.
F. Stoppa, G. Rosatelli, A. Cundari, F. Castorina and A. R. Woolley, “Comments on Melluso et al. (2003) and Their Reported Data and Interpretation of Some Wollastonite- and Melilite-Bearing Rocks from the Central Apennines of Italy,” American Mineralogist, Vol. 90, No. 11-12, 2005, pp. 1919-1925. doi:10.2138/am.2005.398
F. Capitanio, “Mineralogic and Bulk Rock Composition of Italian Wollastonite- and Melilite-Bearing Paralava and Clinker: Further Evidence of Their Pyrometamorphic Nature,” American Mineralogist, Vol. 90, No. 11-12, 2005, pp. 1940-1944. doi:10.2138/am.2005.403r
F. Capitanio, F. Larocca and S. Improta, “High-Temperature Rapid Pyrometamorphism Induced by Charcoal Pit Burning: The Case of Ricetto, Central Italy,” International Journal of Earth Sciences, Vol. 93, No. 1, 2004, pp. 107-118. doi:10.1007/s00531-003-0374-3
F. Stoppa and L. Lupini, “Mineralogy and Petrology of the Polino Monticellite Calciocarbonatite (Central Italy),” Mineralogy and Petrology, Vol. 49, No. 3-4, 1993, pp. 213-231. doi:10.1007/BF01164595
F. Stoppa, A. R. Woolley and A. Cundari, “Extention of the Melilite-Carbonatite Province in the Apennines of Italy: The Kamafugite of Grotta del Cervo, Abruzzo,” Mineralogical Magazine, Vol. 66, No. 4, 2002, pp. 555-574. doi:10.1180/0026461026640049
F. Stoppa, G. Rosatelli, F. Wall and T. Jeffries, “Geochemistry of Carbonate-Silicate Pairs in Nature: A Case History from Central Italy,” Lithos, Vol. 85, No. 1-4, 2005, pp. 26-47. doi:10.1016/j.lithos.2005.03.026
F. Stoppa and C. Principe, “Eruption Style and Petrology of a New Carbonatitic Suite from the Mt Vulture (Southern Italy): The Monticchio Lakes Formation,” Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, Vol. 80, No. 1, 1998, pp. 137-153.
A. P. Jones, T. Kostoula, F. Stoppa and A. R. Woolley, “Petrography and Mineral Chemistry of Mantle Xenoliths in a Carbonate-Rich Melilitic Tuff from Mt. Vulture Volcano, Southern Italy,” Mineralogical Magazine, Vol. 64, No. 4, 2000, pp. 593-613. doi:10.1180/002646100549634
J. A. Dalton and B. J. Wood, “The Compositions of Primary Carbonate Melts and Their Evolution through Wallrock Reaction in the Mantle,” Earth and Planetary Science Letters, Vol. 119, No. 4, 1993, pp. 511-525. doi:10.1016/0012-821X(93)90059-I
A. Peccerillo, “Carbonate-Rich Pyroclastic Rocks from Central Apennines: Carbonatites or Carbonated Rocks? A Commentary,” Mineralogy and Petrology, Vol. 73, No. 1, 2004, pp. 165-175.
C. J. Hawkesworth, S. Turner, D. Peate, F. McDermott and P. van Calsteren, “Elemental U and Th Variations in Island Arc Rocks: Implications for U-Series Isotopes,” Chemical Geology, Vol. 139, No. 1-4,1997, pp. 207-221. doi:10.1016/S0009-2541(97)00036-3
C. J. Hawkesworth and R. Vollmer, “Crustal Contamination versus Enriched Mantle: 143Nd/144Nd and 87Sr/86Sr Evidence from the Italian Volcanics,” Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, Vol. 69, No. 2, 1979, pp. 151-165. doi:10.1007/BF00371858
F. Castorina, F. Stoppa, A. Cundari and M. Barbieri, “An Enriched Mantle Source for Italy’s Melilitite-Carbonatite Association as Inferred by Nd-Sr Isotope Signature,” Mineralogical Magazine, Vol. 64, No. 4, 2000, pp. 625-639. doi:10.1180/002646100549652
X. Yu, Z. Zhao, X. Mo, S. Su, D. Zhu and Y. Wang, “The Petrological and Mineralogical Characteristics of Cenozoic Kamafugite and Carbonatite Association in West Qinling, Gansu Province: China,” Periodico di Mineralogia, Vol. 72, No. 72, 2003, pp. 161-179.
V. V. Sharygin and F. Stoppa, “Silicate Melt Inclusions in Minerals of Anorthite-Wollastonite-Clinopyroxene Rock at Colle Fabbri (Italy),” ECROFI Meeting, 2005.
K. Bell and J. Blenkinsop, “Neodymium and Strontium Isotope Geochemistry of Carbonatites,” In: K. Bell, Ed., Carbinatites: Genesis and Evolution, Unwin-Hyman, London, 1989, pp. 278-300.
K. Bell and J. Blenkinsop, “Nd and Sr Isotopic Compositions of Eastern African Carbonatites: Implications for Mantle Heterogeneity,” Geology, Vol. 15, No. 2, 1987, pp. 99-102. doi:10.1130/0091-7613(1987)15 2.0.CO;2
H. Downes, T. Kostoula, A. P. Jones, A. D. Beard, M. F Thirlwall and J. L. Bodinier, “Geochemistry and Sr-Nd Isotopic Compositions of Mantle Xenoliths from the Monte Vulture Carbonatite-Melilitite Volcano, Central Southern Italy,” Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, Vol. 144, No. 1, 2002, pp. 78-92. doi:10.1007/s00410-002-0383-4
R. A. Ayuso, B. De Vivo, G. Rolandi, R. Seal and A. Paone, “Geochemical and Isotopic (Nd-Pb-Sr-O) Variations Bearing on the Genesis of Volcanic Rocks from Vesuvius, Italy,” Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, Vol. 82, No. 1-4, 1998, pp. 53-78. doi:10.1016/S0377-0273(97)00057-7
A. Paone, “Evidence of Crustal Contamination, Sediment, and Fluid Components in the Campanian Volcanic Rocks,” Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, Vol. 138, No. 1-2, 2004, pp. 1-26. doi:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2004.06.004
K. Bell, F. Castorina, G. Rosatelli and F. Stoppa, “Plume activity, Magmatism, and the Geodynamic Evolution of the Eastern Mediterranean,” Annals of Geophysics, Vol. 49, No. 1, 2006, pp. 357-371.
D. R. Hilton, T. P. Fischer and B. Marty, “Noble Gases and Volatile Recycling at Subduction Zones,” Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry, Vol. 47, No. 1, 2002, pp. 319-370. doi:10.2138/rmg.2002.47.9
S. Nakai, H. Wakita, M. P. Nuccio and F. Italiano, “MORB-Type Neon in an Enriched Mantle beneath Etna, Sicily,” Earth and Planetary Science Letters, Vol. 153, No. 1-2, 1997, pp. 57-66. doi:10.1016/S0012-821X(97)00161-1
D. Tedesco, K. Nakao and P. Scarsi, “Noble Gas Isotopic Ratios from Historical Lavas and Fumaroles at Mount Vesuvius (Southern Italy): Constraints for Current and Future Volcanic Activity,” Earth and Planetary Science Letters, Vol. 164, No. 1-2, 1998, pp. 61-78. doi:10.1016/S0012-821X(98)00167-8
S. Conticelli, M. D’Antonio, L. Pinarelli and L. Civetta, “Source Contamination and Mantle Heterogeneity in the Genesis in the Italian Potassic and Ultra Potassic Volcanic Rocks: Sr-Nd-Pb Isotope Data from Roman Province and Southern Tuscany,” Mineralogy and Petrology, Vol. 74, No. 2-4, 2002, pp. 189-222. doi:10.1007/s007100200004
A. Peccerillo and G. Panza, “Upper Mantle Domains beneath Central-Southern Italy: Petrological Effects, Timing and Geodynamic Implications,” Geology, Vol. 27, No. 4, 1999, pp. 315-318. doi:10.1130/0091-7613(1999)027 2.3.CO;2
F. Stoppa, “Consensus and Open Questions about Italian CO2—Driven Magma from the Mantle,” Periodico di Mineralogia, Vol. 72, No. 72, 2003, pp. 1-8.
G. Rosatelli, F. Stoppa and A. P. Jones, “Intrusive Calcite-Carbonatite Occurrence from the Vulture Volcano, Southern Italy,” Mineralogical Magazine, Vol. 64, No. 4, 2000, pp. 155-164. doi:10.1180/002646100549643
R. L. Hay and J. R. O’Neil, “Carbonatite Tuffs in the Laetolil beds of Tanzania and the Kaiserstuhl in Germany,” Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, Vol. 82, No. 4, 1983, pp. 403-406. doi:10.1007/BF00399717
H. W. Hubberten, K. Katz-Lehnert and J. Keller, “Carbon and Oxygen Isotope Investigations in Carbonatites and Related Rocks from the Kaiserstuhl, Germany,” Chemical Geology, Vol. 70, No. 3, 1988, pp. 257-274. doi:10.1016/0009-2541(88)90097-6
T. R. Riley, D. K Bailey, R. E. Harmer, H. Liebsch, F. E. Lloyd and M. R. Palmer, “Isotopic and Geochemical Investigation of a Carbonatite-Syenite-Phonolite Diatreme, West Eifel (Germany),” Mineralogical Magazine, Vol. 63, No. 5, 1999, pp. 615-631. doi:10.1180/002646199548736
I. O. Onuonga, A. E. Fallick and P. Bowden, “The Recognition of Meteoric-Hydrothermal and Supergene Processes in Volcanic Carbonatites, Nyanza Rift, Western Kenya, Using Carbon and Oxygen Isotopes,” Journal of African Earth Sciences, Vol. 25, No. 1, 1997, pp. 103-113. doi:10.1016/S0899-5362(97)00064-X
N. W. Rogers, C. J. Hawkesworth, R. J. Parker and J. S., Marsh, “The Geochemistry of Potassic Lavas from the Vulsini, Central Italy and Implications for Mantle Enrichment Processes in the Upper Mantle,” Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, Vol. 50, No. 1-2, 1985, pp. 85-99. doi:10.1016/0377-0273(92)90038-F
A. Peccerillo, “Relationships between Ultrapotassic and Carbonate-Rich Volcanic Rocks in Central Italy: Petrogenetic and Geodynamic Implications,” Lithos, Vol. 43, No. 4, 1998, pp. 267-279. doi:10.1016/S0024-4937(98)00016-4
R. M. Ellam, C. J. Hawkesworth, M. A. Menzies and N. W. Rogers, “The Volcanism of Southern Italy: Role of Subduction and Relationship between Potassic and Sodic Alkaline Magmatism,” Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 94, No. B4, 1989, pp. 4589-4601. doi:10.1029/JB094iB04p04589
M. D’Antonio, L. Civetta and P. Di Girolamo, “Mantle Source Heterogeneity in the Campanian Region (South Italy) as Inferred from Geochemical and Isotopic Features of Mafic Volcanic Rocks with Shoshonitic Affinity,” Mineralogy and Petrology, Vol. 67, No. 3-4, 1999, pp. 163-192. doi:10.1007/BF01161520
L. Beccaluva, G. Bianchini, C. Bonadiman, F. Siena and C. Vaccaro, “Coexisting Anorogenic and Subduction-Related Metasomatism in Mantle Xenoliths from the Betic Cordillera (Southern Spain),” Lithos, Vol. 75, No. 1-2, 2004, pp. 67-87. doi:10.1016/j.lithos.2003.12.015
K. Bell, “Carbinatites: Genesis and Evolution,” Unwin-Hyman, London, 1989, p. 618.
I. Hornig-Kjarsgaard, “Rare Earth Elements in Sovitic Carbonatites and Their Mineral Phases,” Journal of Petrology, Vol. 39, No. 11-12, 1998, pp. 2105-2221. doi:10.1093/petrology/39.11.2105
J. Ying, X. Xinhua and H. Zhang, “Geochemical and Isotopic Investigation of the Laiwu–Zibo Carbonatites from Western Shandong Province, China, and Implications for Their Petrogenesis and Enriched Mantle Source,” Lithos, Vol. 75, No. 3-4, 2004, pp. 413-426. doi:10.1016/j.lithos.2004.04.037
K. Bell and G. R. Tilton, “Probing the Mantle: The Story from Carbonatites,” EOS, Vol. 83, No. 25, 2002, pp. 273-277. doi:10.1029/2002EO000190
D. Gasperini, J. Blichert-Toft, D. Bosch, A. Del Moro, P. Macera and F. Albarede, “Upwelling of Deep Mantle Material through a Plate Window: Evidence from the Geochemistry of Italian Basaltic Volcanics,” Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 107, 2002, pp 1-19. doi:10.1029/2001JB000418
W. Spakam, S. van der Lee, R. van der Hilst, “Travel-time Tomography of the European-Mediterranean Mantle down to 1400 Km,” Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, Vol. 79, No. 1-2, 1993, pp. 3-74. doi:10.1016/0031-9201(93)90142-V
M. J. R. Wortel and W. Spakman, “Subduction and Slab Detachment in the Mediterranean-Carpathian Region,” Science, Vol. 290, No. 5498, 2000, pp. 1910-1917. doi:10.1126/science.290.5498.1910
D. H. Green and T. J. Falloon, “Pyrolite: A Ringwood Concept and Its Current Expression,” In: I. N. S. Jackson, Ed., The Earth’s Mantle: Composition, Structure, and Evolution, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1998, pp. 311-380.
F. Stoppa, G. Rosatelli, F. Wall and T. Jeffries, “Carbonate-Silicate Relationships in Italian Carbonatites: Comparison within and between Occurrences,” Eurocarb workshop 2002, 2002, pp. 30-32.
G. Serri, F. Innocenti and P. Manetti, “Geochemical and Petrological Evidence of the Subduction of Delaminated Adriatic Continental Lithosphere in the Genesis of the Neogene-Quaternary Magmatism of Central Italy,” Tectonophys, Vol. 223, No. 1-2, 1993, pp. 117-147. doi:10.1016/0040-1951(93)90161-C
P. Scandone, “Origin of Tyrrhenian Sea and Calabrian arc,” Bollettino della Società Geologica Italiana, Vol. 98, No. 1, 1979, pp. 27-34.
C. Class, D. M. Miller, S. L. Goldstein and C. H. Langmuir, “Distinguishing Melt and Fluid Subduction Components in Umnak Volcanics, Aleutian Arc,” Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, Vol. 1, 2000, Paper No. 1999GC000010.
M. Coltorti, R. Bonadiman, W. Hinton, F. Siena and B. G. J. Upton, “Carbonatite Metasomatism of the Oceanic Upper Mantle: Evidence from Clinopyroxenes and Glasses in Ultramafic Xenoliths of Grande Comore, Indian Ocean,” Journal of Petrology, Vol. 40, No. 1, 1999, pp. 133-165. doi:10.1093/petroj/40.1.133
J. F. Molina and S. Poli, “Carbonate Stability and Fluid Composition in Subducted Oceanic Crust: An Experimental Study on H2O-CO2-Bearing Basalts,” Earth and Planetary Science Letters, Vol. 176, No. 3-4, 2000, pp. 295-310. doi:10.1016/S0012-821X(00)00021-2
D. K. Bailey, “Carbonate Magmas,” Journal of the Geological Society, Vol. 150, No. 4, 1993, pp. 637-651. doi:10.1144/gsjgs.150.4.0637
D. C. Presnall and H. G. Gudfinnsson, “Carbonate-Rich Melts in the Oceanic Low-Velocity Zone and Deep Mantle,” In: G. A. Foulger, J. H. Natland, D. C. Presnall and D. L. Anderson, Eds., Plates, Plumes and Paradigms Geological Society of America, Boulder, 2005, pp. 207-216. doi:10.1130/0-8137-2388-4.207
D. C. Presnall and H. G. Gudfinnsson, “Oceanic Volcanism from the Low-velocity Zone-without Mantle Plumes,” Journal of Petrology, Vol. 52, No. 7-8, 2011, pp. 1533-1546. doi:10.1093/petrology/egq093
T. J. Falloon and A. J. Crawford, “The Petrogenesis of Calcium Boninite Lavas Dredged from the Northern Tonga ridge,” Earth and Planetary Science Letters, Vol. 102, No. 3-4, 1991, pp. 375-394. doi:10.1016/0012-821X(91)90030-L
B. I. A. McInnes and E. M. Cameron, “Carbonated, Alkaline Hybridizing Melts from a Sub-Arc Environment: Mantle Wedge Samples from the Tabar-Lihir-Tanga-Feni Arc, Papua New Guinea,” Earth and Planetary Science Letters, Vol. 122, No. 1-2, 1994, pp. 125-141. doi:10.1016/0012-821X(94)90055-8
D. H. Green, M. W. Schmidt and W. O. Hibberson, “Island-Arc Ankaramites: Primitive Melts from Fluxed Refractory Lherzolitic Mantle,” Journal of Petrology, Vol. 45, No. 2, 2004, pp. 391-403. doi:10.1093/petrology/egg101
M. W. Schmidt, D. H. Green and W. O. Hibberson, “Ultra-Calcic Magmas Generated from Ca-depleted Mantle: An Experimental Study on the Origin of Ankaramites,” Journal of Petrology, Vol. 45, No. 3, 2004, pp. 531-554. doi:10.1093/petrology/egg093
G. Lavecchia, “The Tyrrhenian-Apennines System: Structural Setting and Seismotectogenesis,” Tectonophysics, Vol. 147, No. 3-4, 1988, pp. 263-296. doi:10.1016/0040-1951(88)90190-4
G. Lavecchia and P. Boncio, “Tectonic Setting of the Carbonatite-Melilitite Association of Italy,” Mineralogical Magazine, Vol. 64, No. 4, 2000, pp. 583-592. doi:10.1180/002646100549625
D. M. Kerrick and J. A. D. Connolly, “Subdaction of Ophicarbonates and Recycling of CO2 and H2O,” Geology, Vol. 26, No. 4, 1998, pp. 375-378. doi:10.1130/0091-7613(1998)026 2.3.CO;2
G. Snyder, R. Poreda, A. Hunt and U. Fehn, “Regional Variations in Volatile Composition: Isotopic Evidence for Carbonate Recycling in the Central American Volcanic arc,” Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, Vol. 2, 2001, Paper No. 2001GC000163.
A. Minissale, “Origin, Transport and Discharge of CO2 in Central Italy,” Earth-Science Reviews, Vol. 66, No. 1-2, 2004, pp. 89-141. doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2003.09.001
J. H. Davies and D. J. Stevenson, “Physical Model of Source Region of Subduction Zone Volcanics,” Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 97, No. 5, 1992, pp. 2037-2070. doi:10.1029/91JB02571
Y. Tatsumi and S. Eggins, “Subduction Zone Magmatism,” Blackwell Science, Cambridge, 1995, p. 211.
R. M. Ellam and C. J. Hawkesworth, “Elemental and Isotopic Variations in Subduction Related Basalts: Evidence for a Three Component Model,” Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, Vol. 98, No. 1, 1988, pp. 72-80. doi:10.1007/BF00371911
J. A. Dalton and J. Blundy, ”Carbonatites from Recycled Eclogites,” The Journal of Conference Abstracts, Goldschmidt Conference, 2000, pp. 330.
J. A. Dalton and D. C. Presnall, “The Continuum of Primary Carbonatitic-Kimberlitic Melt Compositions in Equilibrium with Lherzolite: Data from the System CaO-MgO-Al2O3-SiO2-CO2 at 6 GPa,” Journal of Petrology, Vol. 39, No. 11-12, 1998, pp. 1953-1964.
I. P. Solovova, A. V. Girnis, L. N. Kogargo, N. N. Kononkova, F. Stoppa and G. Rosatelli, “Compositions of Magmas and Carbonate-Silicate Liquid Immiscibility in the Vulture Alkaline Igneous Complex, Italy,” Lithos, Vol. 85, No. 1-4, 2005, pp. 113-128. doi:10.1016/j.lithos.2005.03.022
F. Stoppa, A. Cundari, G. Rosatelli and A. R. Woolley, “Leucite Melilitolites in Italy: Genetic Aspects and Relationships with Associated Alkaline Rocks and Carbonatites,” Periodico di Mineralogia, Vol. 72, No. 1, 2003, pp. 223-251.
R. A. Brooker, “The Effect of CO2 Saturation on Immiscibility between Silicate and Carbonate Liquids: An Experimental Study,” Journal of Petrology, Vol. 39, No. 11-12, 1998, pp. 1905-1915.
W. G. Minarik, “Complications to Carbonate Melt Mobility due to the Presence of an Immiscible Silicate,” Journal of Petrology, Vol. 39, No. 11-12, 1998, pp. 1965-1973. doi:10.1093/petroj/39.11-12.1965
C. Annen and R. S. J. Sparks, “Effects of Repetitive Emplacement of Basaltic Intrusions on Thermal Evolution and Melt Generation in the Deep Crust,” Earth and Planetary Science Letters, Vol. 203, No. 3-4, 2002, pp. 937-955. doi:10.1016/S0012-821X(02)00929-9
C. Annen, J. D. Blundy and R. S. J. Sparks, “The Genesis of Intermediate and Silicic Magmas in Deep Crustal Hot Zones,” Journal of Petrology, Vol. 47, No. 3, 2006, pp. 505-539. doi:10.1093/petrology/egi084
F. Stoppa, F. E. Lloyd and G. Rosatelli, “CO2 as the Virtual Propellant of Carbonatitic Conjugate Pairs and the Eruptions of Diatremic Tuffsite,” Periodico di Mineralogia, Vol. 72, No. 1, 2003, pp. 205-222.
D. K. Bailey, “Carbonate Volcanics in Italy: Numerical tests for the Hypothesis of Lava-Sedimentary Limestone Mixing,” Periodico di Mineralogia, Vol. 74, No. 3, 2005, pp. 205-208.
A. R. Woolley, F. Castorina, A. Cundari, G. Rosatelli, F. Stoppa and F. Wall., ‘Reply to: Carbonate-Rich Pyroclastic Rocks from Central Apennines: Carbonatites or Carbonated Rocks? A Commentary’,” Periodico di Mineralogia, Vol. 74, No. 3, 2005, pp. 183-194.
J. Blundy and J. Dalton, “Experimental Comparison of Trace element Partitioning between Clinopyroxene and Melt in Carbonate and Silicate Systems, and Implications for Mantle Metasomatism,” Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, Vol. 139, No. 3, 2000, pp. 356-371. doi:10.1007/s004100000139
R. J. Sweeney, D. H. Green and S. H. Sie, “Trace and Minor Element Partitioning between Garnet and Amphibole and Carbonatite Melt,” Earth and Planetary Science Letters, Vol. 113, No. 1-2, 1992, pp. 1-14. doi:10.1016/0012-821X(92)90207-C
D. S. Barker, “Consequences of Recycled Carbon in Carbonatites,” Canadian Mineralogist, Vol. 34, No. 2, 1996, pp. 373-387.
K. Tusno and R. Dasgrupta, “Melting Phase Relation of Nominally Anhydrous, Carbonated Pelitic-Eclogite at 2.5-3.0 GPa and Deep Cycling of Sedimentary Carbon,” Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, Vol. 161, No. 5, 2011, pp. 743-763. doi:10.1007/s00410-010-0560-9
A. Schersten, T. Elliott, C. J. Hawkesworth and M. Norman, “Tungsten Isotope Evidence that Mantle Plumes Contain No Contribution from the Earth’S Core,” Nature, Vol. 427, No. 6971, 2005, pp. 234-237. doi:10.1038/nature02221
E. H. Hauri, N. Shimizu, J. J. Dieu and S. R. Hart, “Evidence for Hotspot-Related Carbonatite Metasomatism in the Oceanic Upper Mantle,” Nature, Vol. 365, No. 6443, 1993, pp. 221-227. doi:10.1038/365221a0
P. Henry, E. Deloule and A. Michard, “The Erosion of the Alps: Nd Isotopic and Geochemical Constraints on the Sources of the Peri-Alpine Molasse Sediments,” Earth and Planetary Science Letters, Vol. 146, No. 3-4, 1997, pp. 627-644. doi:10.1016/S0012-821X(96)00252-X
F. Zaccarini, E. F. Stumpfl and G. Garuti, “Zirconolite and Zr–Th–U Minerals in Chromitites of the Finero Complex, Western Alps, Italy: Evidence for Carbonatite-Type Metasomatism in a Subcontinental Mantle Plume,” Canadian Mineralogist, Vol. 42, No. 6, 2004, pp. 1825-1845. doi:10.2113/gscanmin.42.6.1825
A. Zanetti, M. Mazzucchelli, G. Rivalenti and R. Vannucci, “The Finero Phlogopite-Peridotite Massif: An Example of Subduction-Related Metasomatism,” Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, Vol. 134, No. 2-3, 1999, pp. 107-122. doi:10.1007/s004100050472
T. Morishita, S. Arai and A. Tamura, “Petrology of an Apatite-Rich Layer in the Finero Phlogopite-Peridotite, Italian Western Alps: Implications for Evolution of a Metasomatising Agent,” Lithos, Vol. 69, No. 1-2, 2003, pp. 37-49. doi:10.1016/S0024-4937(03)00046-X
B. L. N. Kennett and R. D. Van Der Hilst, “Seismic Structure of the Mantle: From Subduction Zone to Craton,” In: I. N. Jackson, S. Ed., The Earth’s Mantle: Composition, Structure, and Evolution, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1998, pp. 381-404.
J. H. Davies, J. P. Brodholt and B. J. Wood, “Chemical Reservoirs and Convection in the Earth’s Mantle,” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, Vol. 360, No. 1800, 2002, pp. 2361-2648. doi:10.1098/rsta.2002.1086
S. Klemme, J. D. Blundy and B. J. Wood, “Experimental Constraints on Major and Trace Element Partitioning during Partial Melting of Eclogite,” Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, Vol. 66, No. 17, 2002, pp. 3109-3123. doi:10.1016/S0016-7037(02)00859-1
A. Meibon and D. L. Anderson, “The Statistical Upper Mantle Assemblage,” Earth and Planetary Science Letters, Vol. 217, No. 1-2, 2003, pp. 123-139. doi:10.1016/S0012-821X(03)00573-9
M. D’Orazio, F. Innocenti, S. Tonarini and C. Doglioni, “Carbonatites in a Subduction System: The Pleistocene alvikites from Mt. Vulture (Southern Italy),” Lithos, Vol. 98, No. 1-4, 2007, pp. 313-334. doi:10.1016/j.lithos.2007.05.004
F. Stoppa, C. Principe and P. Giannandrea, “Comments on: Carbonatites in a Subduction System: The Pleistocene Alvikites from Mt. Vulture (Southern Italy),” “Lithos, Vol. 103, No.3-4, 2008, pp. 550-556.
M. D’Orazio, F. Innocenti, S. Tonarini and C. Doglioni, “Reply to the Discussion of: ‘Carbonatites in a Subduction System: The Pleistocene Alvikites from Mt. Vulture (southern Italy)’ by D’Orazio, M., Innocenti, F., Tonarini, S., Doglioni, C. (Lithos. 98, 313-334) by F. Stoppa, C. Principe and P. Giannandrea,” Lithos, Vol. 103, No. 3-4, 2008, pp. 557-561. doi:10.1016/j.lithos.2007.10.010
A. Zindler and S. R. Hart, “Chemical Geodynamics,” Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Science Letters, Vol. 14, 1986, pp. 493-571. doi:10.1146/annurev.ea.14.050186.002425
H. Rollinson, “Using Geochemical Data: Evaluation, Presentation, Interpretation,” Longman Scientific and Technical, England, 1993, p. 352.