The Shaytor apatite-rich iron deposit is located in the Kashmar-Kerman tectonic zone in the central of the Iranian plat, which is an important polymetallic belt in Iran. The ore bodies are interbedded with the upper inferacaamberian calc-alkaline igneous rocks that show well-preserved porphyritic and volcaniclastic textures. The iron ores have massive, disseminated, and brecciated structures. Magnetite from the Shaytor deposit is low in Ti (TiO 2 = up to 0.70 wt.%) and different ore types show similar rare earth element (REE) and trace element-normalized patterns with weak-to-moderate enrichment in light REE and negative Eu anomalies, indicating a common source and genesis. The similar REE patterns for the magnetite and volcanic basaltic host rocks suggest their close genetic linkage and support a magmatic origin for the deposit. The Shaytor deposit shows the typical characteristics of Kiruna-type deposits with regard to the mineral assemblages, ore texture and structure, and the apatite and magnetite geochemistry. We propose that the Kiruna-type Shaytor apatite-rich iron deposit was derived from Fe-P-rich melt through liquid immiscibility and the activity of hydrothermal fluids.
KeywordsMagnetite-ApatiteShaytor Iron DepositKashmar-Kerman Tectonic Zone
Nystrom, J.O. and Henriquez, F. (1994) Magmatic Features of Iron Ores of the Kiruna Type in Chile and Sweden: Ore Textures and Magnetite Geochemistry. Economic Geology, 89, 820-839. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.89.4.820
Travisany, V., Henriquez, F. and Nystroem, J.O. (1995) Magnetite Lava Flows in the Pleito-Melon District of the Chilean Iron Belt. Economic Geology, 90, 438-444. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.90.2.438
Marschik, R. and Fontboté, L. (2001) The Candelaria-Punta del Cobre Iron Oxide Cu-Au (-Zn-Ag) Deposits, Chile. Economic Geology, 96, 1799-1826. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/96.8.1799
Hou, T., Zhang, Z.C. and Kusky, T. (2011) Gushan Magnetite-Apatite Deposit in the Ningwu Basin, Lower Yangtze River Valley, SE China: Hydrothermal or Kiruna-Type? Ore Geology Reviews, 43, 333-346. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2011.09.014
Hou, T., Zhang, Z.C., Du, Y.S. and Li, S.T. (2009) Geology of the Gushan Iron Oxide Deposit Associated with Dioritic Porphyries, Eastern Yangtze Craton, SE China. International Geology Review, 51, 520-541. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00206810902823941
Azizi, H., Chung, S.L., Tanaka, T. and Asahara, Y. (2011) Isotopic Dating of the Khoy Metamorphic Complex (KMC), Northwestern Iran: A Significant Revision of the Formation Age and Magma Source. Precambrian Research, 185, 87-94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.precamres.2010.12.004
Mahmoud, R.I., Faryad, S.W., Holub, F.V., Kosler, J. and Frank, W. (2011) Magmatic and Metamorphic Evolution of the Shotur Kuh Metamorphic Complex (Central Iran). International Journal of Earth Sciences, 100, 45-62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00531-009-0499-0
Jamshidi Badr, M., Collins, A.S., Masoudi, F., Cox, G. and Mohajjel, M. (2013) The U-Pb Age, Geochemistry and Tectonic Significance of Granitoids in the Soursat Complex, Northwest Iran. Turkish Journal of Earth Science, 22, 1-31.
Ramezani, J. and Tucker, R.D. (2003) The Saghand Region, Central Iran: U-Pb Geochronology, Petrogenesis and Implications for Gondwana Tectonics. American Journal of Science, 303, 622-665. http://dx.doi.org/10.2475/ajs.303.7.622
Hassanzadeh, J., Stockli, D.F., Horton, B.K., Axen, G.J., Stockli, L.D., Grove, M., Schmitt, A.K. and Walker, J.D. (2008) U-Pb Zircon Geochronology of Late Neoproterozoic-Early Cambrian Granitoids in Iran: Implications for Paleogeography, Magmatism, and Exhumation History of Iranian Basement. Tectonophysics, 451, 71-96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2007.11.062
Shafaii Moghadam, H.S., Khademi, M., Hu, Z., Stern, R.J., Santos, J.F. and Wue, Y. (2013) Cadomian (Ediacaran-Cambrian) Arc Magmatism in the ChahJam-Biarjmand Metamorphic Complex (Iran): Magmatism along the Northern Active Margin of Gondwana. Gondwana Research, 27, 439-452. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gr.2013.10.014
Ustaomer, P.A., Ustaomer, T., Collins, A.S. and Robertson, A.H.F. (2009) Cadomian (Ediacaran-Cambrian) Arc Magmatism in the Bitlis Massif, SE Turkey: Magmatism along the Developing Northern Margin of Gondwana. Tectonophysics, 473, 99-112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2008.06.010
Haghipour, A., Valeh, N., Pelissier, G. and Davoudzadeh, M. (1977) Explanatory Text of the Ardekan Quadrangle Map 1: 250,000. Geological Survey of Iran, H8, 114 p.
Stocklin, J. (1968) Structural History and Tectonics of Iran: A Review. American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, 52, 1229-1258.
Samani, B. (1993) Saghand Formation: A Riftogenic Unit of Precambrian in Central Iran. Geological Survay Iran. Geoscience, 2, 32-45.
Samani, B.A. (1988) Metallogeny of the Precambrian in Iran. Precambrian Research, 39, 85-106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0301-9268(88)90053-8
Daliran, F., Stosch, H.G. and Williams, P. (2007) Multi Stage Metasomatism and Mineralization at Hydrothermal Fe oxide-REE-Apatite Deposits and “Apatitites” of the Bafq District, Central-East Iran. Proceedings of the 9th Biennial Meeting of the Society for Geology Applied to Mineral Deposits, Dublin, 20-23 August 2007, 1501-1504.
Sabet-Mobarhan-Talab, A., Alinia, F. and Asadi, F. (2014) Hydrothermal Overprint of the Chador-MaluKiruna-type Deposit (Bafq District, Central Iran) and Associated REE Mobilization: Evidence from Mineralogy and Geochemistry. International Journal of Economic and Environmental Geology, 5, 1-14.
Torab, F. (2008) Geochemistry and Metallogeny of Magnetite-Apatite Deposits of the Bafq Mining District, Central Iran. Unpublished PhD Thesis, Clausthal University of Technology, Clausthal.
Stosch, H.G., Romer, R.L., Daliran, F. and Rhede, D. (2011) Uranium-Lead Ages Apatite from Iron Oxide Ores of the Bafq District, East-Central Iran. Mineralium Deposita, 46, 9-21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00126-010-0309-4
Loberg, B.E.H. and Horndahl. A.K. (1983) Ferride Geochemistry of Swedish Precambrian Iron Ores. Mineralium Deposita, 18, 487-504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00204493
Winchester, J.K. and Floyd, P.A. (1997) Geochemical Differentiation of Different Magma Series and Their Differentiation Product Using Immobile Elements. Chemical Geology, 20, 325-343. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0009-2541(77)90057-2
Pearce, J.A., Harris, N.B.W. and Tindle, A.G. (1984) Trace Element Discrimination Diagrams for the Tectonic Interpretation of Granitic Rocks. Journal of Petrology, 25, 956-983. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/petrology/25.4.956
Sun, S.S and McDonough, W.F. (1989) Chemical and Isotopic Systematic of Oceanic Basalts: Implication for Mantle Composition and Processes. In: Saunder, A.D. and Norry, M.J., Eds., Magmatism in the Ocean Basins, Vol. 42, Geological Society, Special Publications, London, 313-345. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1989.042.01.19
Jung, S. and Hellebrand, E. (2007) Textural, Geochronological and Chemical Constraints from Polygenetic Titanite and Monogenetic Apatite from a Mid-Crustal Shear Zone: An Integrated EPMA. Geosciences, 65, 108-125. (In Persian with English Abstract) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2007.01.029
Parák, T. (1975) Kiruna Iron Ores Are Not “Intrusive-Magmatic Ores of the Kiruna Type”. Economic Geology, 70, 1242-1258. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.70.7.1242
Frietsch, R. (1978) On the Magmatic Origin of Iron Ores of the Kiruna Type. Economic Geology, 73, 478-485. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.73.4.478
Frietsch, R. and Perdahl, J.A. (1995) Rare Earth Elements in Apatite and Magnetite in Kirunatype Iron Ores and Some Other Iron Ore Types. Ore Geology Reviews, 9, 489-510. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0169-1368(94)00015-G
Hildebrand, R.S. (1986) Kiruna-Type Deposits: Their Origin and Relationship to Intermediate Subvolcanic Plutons in the Great Bear Magmatic Zone, Northwest Canada. Economic Geology, 81, 640-659. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.81.3.640
Yu, J.J., Chen, Y.C., Mao, J.W., Pirajno, F. and Duan, C. (2011) Review of Geology, Alteration and Origin of Iron Oxide-Apatite Deposits in the Cretaceous Ningwu Basin, Lower Yangtze River Valley, Eastern China: Implications for Ore Genesis and Geodynamic Setting. Ore Geology Reviews, 43, 170-181. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2011.07.008
Helvaci, C. (1984) Apatite-Rich Iron Deposits of the Avnik (Bing l) Region, Southeastern Turkey. Economic Geology, 79, 354-371. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.79.2.354
Forster, H. and Knittel, U. (1979) Petrographic Observation on a Magnetite Deposit at Mishdovan, Central Iran. Economic Geology, 74, 1485-1489. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.74.6.1485
Naslund, H.R., Henriquez, F., Nystroem, J.O., Vivallo, W. and Dobbs, F.M. (2002) Magmatic Iron Ores and Associated Mineralisation: Examples from the Chilean High Andes and Coastal Cordillera. In: Porter, T.M., Ed., Hydrothermal Iron Oxide Copper-Gold and Related Deposits: A Global Perspective, Volume 2, PGC Publishing, Adelaide, 207-226.
Torab, F.M. and Lehmann, B. (2007) Magnetite-Apatite Deposits of the Bafq District, Central Iran: Apatite Geochemistry and Monazite Geochronology. Mineralogical Magazine, 71, 347-363. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/minmag.2007.071.3.347
Chen, H.Y., Clark, A.H., Kyser, T.K., Ullrich, T.D., Baxter, R., Chen, Y.M. and Moody, T.C. (2010) Evolution of the Giant Marcona-Mina Justa Iron Oxide-Copper-Gold District, South-Central Peru. Economic Geology, 105, 155-185. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.105.1.155
Chen, H.Y., Clark, A.H. and Kyser, K.T. (2010b) The Marcona Magnetite Deposit, Ica, South-Central Peru: A Product of Hydrous, Iron Oxide-Rich Melts? Economic Geology, 105, 1441-1456. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/econgeo.105.8.1441
Ioannis, M. and Maria, E.E. (2001) Occurrence of Apatite Associated with Magnetite in an Ophiolite Complex (Othrys), Greece. American Mineralogist, 86, 1143-1150. http://dx.doi.org/10.2138/am-2001-1003
Sillitoe, R.H. and Burrows, D.R. (2002) New Field Evidence Bearing on the Origin of the El Laco Magnetite Deposit, Northern Chile. Economic Geology, 97, 1101-1109.
Maniar, P.D. and Piccoli, P.M. (1989) Tectonic Discrimination of Granitoids. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 101, 635-643. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1989)101 2.3.CO;2
Pearce, J.A., Stern, R.J., Bloomer, S.H. and Fryer, P. (2005) Geochemical Mapping of the Mariana Arc-Basin System: Implications for the Nature and Distribution of Subduction Components. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 6, Article ID: Q07006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2004gc000895