A structural zone of Dagh Kopet as sediment (Trough) has created in the late Triassic. There are two different views of Dagh Kopet zone: A) Eurasian theory; B) Gondwana theory. The main fault zones are divided into two groups of foundation faults and overthrust. Abtalkh formation is one of the most important Late Cretaceous rock units in the Kopet Dagh sediment Basin and the geographic location of the study area is "03'43 ° 37 north latitude and "47'35 ° 55 the east. The calcareous nannoplanktons are the first links in the food chain and are the main producers in the seas and oceans. The calcareous Nannoplankton is found in fine sediments such as shale and marl and for study and examination; the presence of trace amounts of sample is enough. The calcareous Lannoplankton is used to identify and introduce Nannofossils of Abtalkh in the bottom of the cut, to determine biozones available at the cutting zone and comparing it with the world standard, to determine their age. In the study section, Nannofossil is in glauconitic sandstone, conglomerate, siltstone, marl, shale, limestone, clay, marl and clay marl and Chuck. Their small size makes that a very small amount of samples are sufficient for the study. The most important method for sample preparation in this study is a smear slide method. In laboratory studies and identification of Nannofossil and counting them, the optical microscope and the object lens 50* and 100* are used. To take pictures of samples, 100× objective lens and digital camera were used. In the course of this study, for the lower part of Abtalkh, Aytamir cutting was studied and 12 genera were identified. The calcareous Nannofossils were recognized and have relatively good diversity and abundance. In general, the greater thickness of the study samples had an average preservation. In some cases, the impact of dissolution was so great that the wall or part of the main sections of the species was corroded.
KeywordsStructural Zone Kopet DaghTroughAbtalkh FormationCalcareous Nannoplankton
Agha Nabati, A. (2004) Iran’s Geology. Geological Survey of Iran, Tehran, 586 p.
Khosrow Tehrani, Kh. (1988) General Information about Iran Stratigraphy and Sections Brigades. Tehran University Press, Tehran, 1977 numbers.
Darvishzadeh, A. (1991) Geology of Iran. Dissemination of Knowledge Today. Amirkabir Publishing Institute, Tehran.
Sanaati, A. (1998) AbDeraz Formation Biostratigraphy Based on Calcareous Nannoplankton. The Senior Thesis, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad.
Moteie, H. (2003) Iran’s Geology (Geology of the Zagros). Geological Survey of Iran, Tehran, 84.
Hadavi, F. (2001) Nannofossils Abtalkh Formation in the West Village of Chehchehe. the Twentieth Meeting of Earth Sciences.
Hadavi, F., Pooresmaeel, A. and Notghi Moghadam, M. (2008) Calcareous Nannoplankton. Mashhad Ferdowsi University Press, Mashhad.
Arkhangelsky, A.D. (1912) Upper Cretaceous Deposite of East European Russia. Materialian zur Geologie Russlands, 25, 1-631.
Berberian, M. and King, G.C.P. (1981) Towards a Paleogeographic and Tectonic Evolution of Iran. Canada Journal of Earth Science, 18, 210-265. https://doi.org/10.1139/e81-019
Bown, P.R. (1993) New Holococcoliths from the Toarcian-Aalenian (Jurassic) of Northern Germany. Senckenbergiana Lethaea, 73, 407-419.
Braarud, T. and Nordli, E. (1952) Coccoliths of Coccolithus Huxleyi Seen in an Electron Microscope. Nature, 170, 361-362. https://doi.org/10.1038/170361a0
Bralower, T.J. (1987) Valanginian to Aptian Calcareous Nannofossils Stratigraphy and Correlation with the Upper M-Sequens Manetic Anomalies. Marine Micropaleontology, 11, 293-310. https://doi.org/10.1016/0377-8398(87)90003-X
Bramlette, M.N. and Riedel, W.R. (1954) Stratigraphic Value of Discoasters and Some Other Microfossils Related to Recent Coccolithophore. Journal of Paleontology, 28, 385-403.
Bronnimann, P. (1965) Microfossils Incertae sedis from the Upper Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous of Cuba. Micropaleontology, 1, 28-51. https://doi.org/10.2307/1484409
Bukry, D. (1969) Upper Cretaceous Coccoliths from Texas and Europe. The University of Kansas Paleontological Contributions, Article 51 (Protista 2), 1-79.
Bukry, D. and Bramlette, M.N. (1970) Coccolith Age Determination Leg 3. DSDP Initial Reports: Deep Sea Drilling Project Reports, 3, 589-611.
Bukry, D. (1973) Coccolith Stratigraphy, Eastern Equatorial Pacific. DSDP Initial Reports: Deep Sea Drilling Project Reports, 16, 611-653.
Cepek, P. and Hay, W.W. (1970) Zonation of the Upper Cretaceous Using Calcareous Nannoplankton. Palaobotanik B, 3, 333-400.
Crux, J.A. and Heck, S.E. (1987) Nannofossils and Their Applications. Proceedings of the International Nannofossil Association Conference, London, 1987, 356.
Dercourt, J., et al. (1986) Geological Evolution of the Tethys Belt from the Atlantic to the Pamirs since the Lias. Tectonophysics, 123, 241-315. https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(86)90199-X
Ehrenberg, C.G. (1836) Bemerkungen uber feste mikroscopische anorganische Formen in den erdigen und derben mineralien. Bericht. Verh. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss., Berlin, 84-85.
Erba, E., (2004) Calcareous Nannofossils and Mesozoic Oceanic Anoxic Events. Marine Micropaleontology, 52, 85-106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marmicro.2004.04.007
Grun, W. and Zweili, F. (1980) Das Kalkiage Nannoplankton der Dogger-Malm-Grenze im Berner Jura bei Liesberg (Schweiz). Jahrbuch Geologischen Bundesanstalt, 123, 231-341.
Gvirtzman, G., Almogi-Labin, A., Moshkovitz, S., Lewy, Z., Hrigstein, A. and Reiss, Z. (1989) Upper Cretaceous Arabian Platform, Central Israel. Cretaceous Research, 10, 107-135. https://doi.org/10.1016/0195-6671(89)90001-3
Hadavi, F. and Khodadadi, L. (2002) Calcareous Nannoplankton of the Campanian-Maastrichtian of NE Iran. Journal of Nannoplankton Research, 24, 109.
Hadavi, F. (2004) Calcareous Nannofossils from the Abtalkh Formation (Campanian-Maastrichtian), Kopet-Dogh Range, NE Iran. Journal of Nannoplankton Research, 26, 63-68.
Haq, B. (Ed.) (1983) Nannofossil Biostratigraphy. Benchmark Papers in Geology, Vol. 79, Hutchinson and Ross, Stroudsburg.
Hay, W.W., Deconto, R.M., World, C.N., Wilsone, K.M, Voigt, S., Schulz, M., World-Rossby, A., Dullo, W.C., Ronov, A.B. (1999) An Alternative Global Cretaceous Paleogeography. Geological Society of American Special Paper, 332, 1-47. https://doi.org/10.1130/0-8137-2332-9.1
Van Heck, S. (1979) Nannoplankton Contents of the Type-Maastrichtian. INA Newsletter, 1, N5-N6.
Huber, B.T., Hodell, D.A. and Hamilton, C.P. (1995) Middle-Late Cretaceous Climate of the Southern High Latitudes: Stable Isotopic Evidence for Minimal Equator-Pole Thermal Gradients. Geological Survey of America Bulletin, 107, 1164-1191. https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1995)107 2.3.CO;2
Huxley, T.H. (1868) On Some Organism Living at Great Depths in the North Atlantic Ocean. Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science, 8, 203-212.
Inouye, I. and Kawachi, M. (1994) The Haptonema. In: Green, J.C. and Leadbeater, B.S.C., Eds., The Haptophyte Algae, The Systematics Association Special Volume No. 51, Clrendon Press, Oxford, 73-89.
Jafar, A.S. (1983) Significance of Late Triassic calcareous Nannoplankton from Austria and Southern Germany. Neues jahrbuch fur Geologie und Palaontologie, Abhandlungen, 166, 218-259.
Lauer, G. (1975) Evolutionary Trends in the Arkhangelskiellaceae of the Upper Cretaceous of Central Oman, SE Arabia. Archives des Sciences, 28, 259-262.
Lohmann, H. (1902) Die Coccolithporidae. Arch. Protistenk., 1, 89-165.
Moshkovitz, S. and Habib, D. (1993) Calcareous Nannofossil and Dinoflagellate Stratigraphy of the Cretaceous-Tertiary Boundary, Alabama and Georgia. Micropaleontology, 39, 197-191. https://doi.org/10.2307/1485838
Murray, J. and Renard, A.F. (1891) Report on Deep-Sea Deposits Based on the Specimens Collected during the Voyage of HMS Challenger in the Years 1872 to 1876. Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of HMS Challenger during the Years 1873-76, Part 3, Deep-Sea Deposits, HMSO, London.
Paasche, E. (1968) Biology and Physiology of Coccolithophorids. Annual Review of Microbiology, 22, 71-86. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.mi.22.100168.000443
Perch-Nielsen, K. (1983) Recognition of Cretaceous Stage Boundaries by Means of Calcareous Nannofossils. Symposium on Cretaceous Stage Boundaries, Copenhagen, 18-21 October 1983, 152-156.
Perch-Nielsen, K. (1985a) Mesozoic Calcareous Nannofossils. In: Bolli, H.M., Saunder, J.B. and Perch-Nielsen, K., Eds., Plankton Stratigraphy, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 329-426.
Prokoph, A., Rampino, M. and Eibili, H. (2004) Periodic Components in the Diversity of Calcareous Plankton and Geological Events over the Past 230 Myr. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 207, 105-125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2004.02.004
Reinhardt, P. (1965) Neue Familien fur fossile Kalkflagellaten (Coccolithophoriden, Coccolithineen). Monatsberichte der Deutchen Akademic der Wissenshaften zu Berlin, 7, 30-40.
Romein, A.J.T. (1979) Lineages in Early Paleogene Calcareous Nannoplankton. Utrecht Micropaleontological Bulletins, 22, 1-230.
Roth, P.H. and Thierstein, H. (1972) Calcareous Nannoplankton: LEG 14 of the Deep Sea Drilling Project, 421-453.
Sissingh, W. (1977) Biostratigraphy of Cretaceous Calcareous Nannoplankton. Geologic en Minjbouw, 56, 37-65.
Sorby, H.C. (1861) XIX.—On the Organic Origin of the So-Called “Crystalloids” of the Chalk. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 8, 193-200.
Stradner, H. (1962) Uber neue und wenig bekannte Nannofossilien aus Kreide und Alttertiar. Sonderabdruck aus den Verhandlungen der Geologischen Bundesanstalt, 2, 363-377.
Stanley, S.M. (2006) Influence of Seawater Chemistry on Biomineralization throughout Phanerozoic Time: Paleontological and Experimental Evidence. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 232, 214-236. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2005.12.010
Wallich, G.C. (1861) Remarks on Some Novel Phases of Organic Life, and on the Boring Powers of Minute Annelids, at Great Depths in the Sea. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 8, 52-58.
Watkins, D.K., Wise Jr., S.W., Pospichal, J.J. and Crux, J. (1996) Upper Cretaceous Calcareous Nannofossil Biostratigraphy and Paleoceanography of the Southern Ocean. In: Moguilevky, A. and Whatley, R., Eds., Microfossils and Oceanic Environments, British Micropalaeontological Society, University of Wales, Aberystwyth Press, Aberystwyth, 355-381.
Wise, S.W. and Wind, F.H. (1977) Mesozoic and Cenozoic Calcareous Nannofossils Recoverd by Deep Sea Drilling Project Leg 71 in the Falkland Plateau Region, Southwest Atlantic Ocean. DSDP Initial Reports: Deep Sea Drilling Project Reports, 36, 259-491.