Estimation of Species Richness of Permian Foraminifera in Non-Parametric Methods and Investigation of Its Change Trend in Central Alborz, Western Tethys — Oak Academic Publishing
Research ArticleOpen AccessGoogle Scholar indexed
Estimation of Species Richness of Permian Foraminifera in Non-Parametric Methods and Investigation of Its Change Trend in Central Alborz, Western Tethys
Department of Geology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
,
Department of Geology, Faculty of Earth Sciences, Kharazmi University of Tehran, Iran
,
Department of Geology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
,
Research Institute for Earth Sciences in Geological Survey of Iran, Tehran, Iran
1 Department of Geology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
2 Department of Geology, Faculty of Earth Sciences, Kharazmi University of Tehran, Iran
3 Department of Geology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
4 Research Institute for Earth Sciences in Geological Survey of Iran, Tehran, Iran
Species richness of foraminifera assemblages in the Permian succession, contains Dorud, Ruteh and Nessen Formations, in Central Alborz—North of Iran, was estimated and studied based on lithostratigraphy and microbiostratigraphy of Permian. We used four non-parametric estimators to investigate the species richness: Chao 2, Jackknife 1, Jackknife 2 and bootstrap. These methods estimates the species richness based on the presence/absence data of each taxon identified in the samples. We use the submenu of quadrat richness in “Past” [1] software to estimate richness in regional chronostratigraphic stages.The results show that the estimated diversity of foraminiferal assemblages with the exception of late Yakhtashian, increased constantly from Asselian to Murgabian with the highest diversity of foraminifera seen in the Murgabian. The main decrease in foraminiferal species richness happened during the Midian which corresponds to the kamura cooling event.
Hammer, Ø., Harper, D. and Ryan, P.D. (2001) PAST: Paleontological Statistics Software Package for Education and Data Analysis. Palaeontologia Electronica, 4, 9. http://palaeo-electronica.org/2001_1/past/issue1_01.htm
Margalef, R. (1968) Perspective in Ecological Theory. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 111 p.
Washington, H.G. (1984) Diversity, Biotic and Similarity Indices. A Review with Special Relevance to Aquatic Ecosystems. Water Research, 18, 653-694.
Whittaker, R.H. (1972) Evolution and Measurement of Species Diversity. Taxon, 21, 213-251. https://doi.org/10.2307/1218190
Hammer, Ø. (2003) Biodiversity Curve for the Ordovician of Baltoscandia. Lethaia, 36, 305-313. https://doi.org/10.1080/00241160310006493
Colwell, R.K. (2008) Range Model: Tools for Exploring and Assessing Geometric Constraints on Species Richness (the Mid-Domain Effect) along Transects. Ecography, 31, 4-7. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2008.0906-7590.05347.x
Hammer, Ø. and Harper, D. (2006) Paleontological Data Analysis. Blackwell Publishing, Malden, 351 p.
Sepkoski, J. (1997) Presidential Address: Biodiversity: Past, Present, and Future. Journal of Paleontology, 71, 533-539. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022336000040026
Bentone, M.J. (1995) Diversification and Extinction in the History of Life. Science, 268, 52-58. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.7701342
Ruban, D.A. and Tyszka, J. (2005) Diversity Dynamics and Mass Extinction of Early-Middle Jurassic Foraminifers. Paleogeography, Paleoclimatology, Paleoecology, 222, 239-343.
Uhen, M.D. and Pyenson, N.D. (2007) Diversity Estimate, Biases, and Historiographic Effects. Paleontologia Electronic, 10, 22.
Vilhena, D. and Smith, A.B. (2013) Spatial Bias in the Marine Fossil Record. PLoS ONE, 8, e74470. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0074470
Ruban, D.A. (2004) Diversity Dynamics of Early-Middle Jurassie Brachiopods of Caucasus. Acta Paleontological Polonica, 49, 2275-2820.
Assereto, R. (1963) The Paleozoic Foraminifera in Central Elborz (Iran): Prelimnery Note. Rivista Italianadi Paleontologial Stratigrafia, 69, 503-543.
Aghanabati, A. (2003) Geology of Iran. Publication of the Geological Survey of Iran, 586 p. (In Persian)
Arefi Fard, S. and Davydov, V.I. (2014) New Permian Aliak and Kariz Now Formations, Alborz Basin, NE Iran: Correlation with the Zagros Mountain and Oman. Geological Journal, 50, 811-826.
Nabavi, M. (1976) Introductory to the Geology of Iran. Geological Survey of Iran.
Stoecklin, J. (1974a) Northern Iran: Alborz Mountains. In: Spencer, A.M., Ed., Mesozoic-Cenozoic Orogenic Belts; Data for Orogenic Studies; Alpine-Himalayan Orogens, Special Publication, Vol. 4, Geological Society, London, 213-234.
Muttoni, M., Gaetani, D., Kent, V., Sciunnach, D., Angiolini, L., Berra, B., Garzanti, E., Mattei, M. and Zanchi, A. (2009) Opening of the Neo-Tethys Ocean and the Pangea B to Pangea A Transformation during the Permian Giovanni. GeoArabia, 14, 17-48.
Smith, A.B. and McGowan, A.J. (2011) The Ties Linking Rock and Fossil Records and Why They Are Important for Palaeobiodiversity Studies. Geological Society London Special Publications, 358, 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1144/sp358.1
Vaziri, H., Yao, A. and Kuwahara, K. (2005) Lithofacies and Microbiofacies (Foraminifers and Radiolarians) of the Permian Sequence in the Shalamzar Area, Central Alborz, North Iran. Journal of Geosciences, 48, 39-69.
Gaetani, M., Angiolini, A., Ueno, K., Nicora, A., Stephenson, M.H., Sciunnach, D., Rettori, R., Price, G. and Sabouri, J. (2009) Pennsylvanian-Early Triassic Stratigraphy in the Alborz Mountains (Iran). Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 312, 79-128. https://doi.org/10.1144/SP312.5
Leven, E.Y. (1976) A Stage Scale for the Permian Deposits of Tethys. International Geology Review, 18, 807-819. https://doi.org/10.1080/00206817609471283
Shabanian, R. (2010) Importace of Longenid Foraminifers in Permian of NW of Iran. The 1st International Applied Geological Congress, Mashhad, 26-28 April 2010.
Shabanian, R. and Saeidi, A. (2007) Permian Smaller Foraminifera Biozonation in Northwest of Iran. Peyke Noor Journal Science Fall, 1, 79-90. (In Persian)
Davydov, V.I. and Blasky, P. (1996) Permian Fusulinids from the Koryak Terrane, Northeastern Russia and Their Paleobiogeographic a Ffinity. Jornal of Foraminiforal Reserch, 26, 213-243. https://doi.org/10.2113/gsjfr.26.3.213
Baghebani, D. (1996) Biostratigraphy of Permian Foraminifera in Zagross (NW. IRAN). M.Sc Thesis, Tehran Islamic Azad University, Tehran. (In Persian)
Bozorgnia, F. (1973) Paleozoic Foraminitional Biostratigraphy of Central and East Alborz Mountain Iran. N. I. O. C. Publication No. 4, Tehran.
Filimonova, T.V. (2013) Smaller Foraminifers from the Permian of Central Iran. Stratigraphy and Geological Correlation, 21, 18-35. https://doi.org/10.1134/S0869593813010036
Leven, E.Y. and Scherbovich, S.F. (1978) Fusulinids and Asselian Stratigraphy of Darvas. Moscow Society of Natural Studies, Geological Series. Nauka Publishing House, Moscow, 162 p. (In Russian)
Filimonova, T.V. (2010) Smaller Foraminifers of the Lower Permian from Western Tethys. Stratigraphy and Geological Correlation, 18, 687-811. https://doi.org/10.1134/S0869593810070014
Alipour, Z., Hosseini-Nezhad, S.M., Vachard, D. and Rashidi, K. (2012) The Latest Carboniferous-Early Permian Dorud Group of the Eastern Alborz (Iran): Biostratigraphy and Taxonomy of Smaller Foraminifers. Geological Journal, 48, 385-402. https://doi.org/10.1002/gj.2457
Vaziri, H. (1992) Distribution of the Permian System in the Abyek-Hiv Area (Central Alborz). Ulum-e Zamin, 8, 44-59. (In Persian)
Hamdi, B., Vaziri, H. and Rangrize-Azarfam, F. (2012) Biostratigraphy of the Ruteh Formation in North of Shalamzar, Central Alborz Baesd on Conodonts. Faslnemeh Zamin, 23, 37-43. (In Persian)
Menning, M., Allekseev, A.S., Chuvashov, B.I., Davydov, V.I., Devuyst, F.-X., Forke, H.C., Grunt, T.A., Hance, L., Heckel, P.H., Izokh, N.G. and Jin, Y.-G. (2006) Global Time Scale and Regional Stratigraphic Reference Scale of Central and West Europe, Tethys, South China and North America as Used in the Devonian-Carboniferous-Permian Correlation Chart. Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology, 240, 318-372.
Vachard, D., Pille, L. and Gaillot, J. (2010) Palaeozoic Foraminifera: Systematics, Palaeoecology and Responses to the Global Changes. Revue de Micropaléontologie, 53, 209-254.
Isozaki, Y., Kawahata, H. and Ota, A. (2007) A Unique Carbon Isotope Record across the Guadalupian-Lopingian (Middle-Upper Permian) Boundary in Mid-Oceanic. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 36, 407-412.
Isozaki, Y. and Aljinovic, D. (2009) End-Guadalopian Extinction of the Permian Gigantic Bivalve Alatoconchidae: End of Gigantism in Tropical Seas by Cooling. Paleogeogr, Paleoclim, Paleoecol, 284, 11-21.
Shu-zhong, S. and Shi, G.R. (2002) Paleobiogeographical Extinction Patterns of Permian Brachiopods in the Asian-Western Pacific Region. Paleobiology, 28, 449-463. https://doi.org/10.1666/0094-8373(2002)028 2.0.CO;2
Tong, J. and Shi, G.R. (2000) Evolution of the Permian and Triassic Foraminifera in south China, Permium Triassic Evolution of Tethys and Western Circum-Pacific. Elsevier, Amsterdam, 291-307.
Medadi, M., Mosaddegh, H., Aleali, M. and Majidifard, M.R. (2016) Paleobiodiversity of Permian (Yakhtashian-Dzhulfian) Small Foraminifera Base on Litho and Biostratigraphy in Abe-Garm (Gazvin-Iran) Section. Ulum-I Zamin, 26, 127-138. (In Persian)
Foote, M. (2000) Origination and Extinctio Components of Taxonomic Diversity: General Problems. Paleobiology, 26, 578-605. https://doi.org/10.1666/0094-8373(2000)026 2.0.CO;2