Geotechnical Investigation and Prediction of Rock Burst, Squeezing with Remediation Design by Numerical Analyses along Headrace Tunnel in Swat Valley, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan — Oak Academic Publishing
Research ArticleOpen AccessGoogle Scholar indexed
Geotechnical Investigation and Prediction of Rock Burst, Squeezing with Remediation Design by Numerical Analyses along Headrace Tunnel in Swat Valley, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
Institute of Geology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
,
Institute of Geology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
,
Institute of Geology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
,
Institute of Geology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
,
Institute of Geology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
1 Institute of Geology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
2 Institute of Geology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
3 Institute of Geology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
4 Institute of Geology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
5 Institute of Geology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
This study illustrates the classification of the rock mass and evaluation of rock squeezing, rock burst potential, deformation modulus along the proposed tunnel alignment of small hydropower in Swat Valley, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP), Pakistan. The field and laboratory studies were conducted to classify the rock mass by using geomechanical classification systems i.e . Rock Mass Rating (RMR), tunneling quality index (Q), Rock Mass Index (RMi). The empirical relations classified the ground as non-squeezing and minor to non-squeezing conditions, respectively. Whereas, other methods depict minor to medium bursting potential along chainage 1+000 to 4+000 m, while results along chainage 2+400 - 2+800 m present medium to high bursting potential. Furthermore, numerical analyses were carried out by RS 3 for elastic and plastic conditions in order to assess the total displacement of each section in unsupported and supported conditions. The results gave maximum displacement along chainage 2+400 - 2+800 m (19.2 mm in unsupported and 16mm in supported condition) and minimum displacement along chainage 0+876 - 1+000 m (1.4 mm in unsupported and 1.3 mm in supported condition). Hence, the estimated support by empirical methods has been optimized by using numerical analyses for the stability of rock mass along the tunnel.
KeywordsTunnelRock SqueezingRock BurstRock Mass CharacterizationNumerical Analyses
Panthi, K.K. (2012) A Probabilistic Approach in Assessing Tunnel Squeezing—A Discussion Based on Tunnel Projects from Nepal Himalaya. 46th US Rock Mechanics/Geo-Mechanics Symposium, Chicago, Illinois, 24-27 June 2012, 467-482.
Yaxun, X., Feng, X.T. and Li, S. (2016) Rock Mass Failure Mechanisms during the Evolution Process of Rock Bursts in Tunnels. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences, 83, 174-181. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2016.01.008
Zhang, C., Feng, X.T. and Zhou, H. (2013) Rockmass Damage Development Following Two Extremely Intense Rock Bursts in Deep Tunnels at Jinping II Hydropower Station, Southwestern China. Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment, 72, 237-247. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-013-0470-y
Gong, Q.M., Yin, L.J. and She, Q.R. (2013) TBM Tunneling in Marble Rock Masses with High in Situ Stress and Large Groundwater Inflow: A Case Study in China. Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment, 72, 163-172. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-013-0460-0
Kaya, A., Karaman, K. and Bulut, F. (2017) Geotechnical Investigations and Remediation Design for Failure of Tunnel Portal Section: A Case Study in Northern Turkey. Journal of Mountain Science, 14, 1140-1160. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11629-016-4267-x
Ritter, W. (1879) Die Statik der Tunnelgewolbe. Springer, German.
Naithani, A.K., Bhatt, A.K. and Murthy, K.S.K. (2009) Geological and Geotechnical Investigations of Loharinag-Pala Hydroelectric Project, Garhwal Himalaya, Uttarakhand. Journal of the Geological Society of India, 73, 821-836. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12594-009-0066-0
Gupta, M.C., Singh, B.K. and Singh, K.N. (2011) Engineering Geological Rock Mass Classification of Punasa Tunnel Site, Khandwa District, Madhya Pradesh. Journal of the Geological Society of India, 77, 269-272. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12594-011-0034-3
Panthee, S., Singh, P.K., Kainthola, A., et al. (2018) Comparative Study of the Deformation Modulus of Rock Mass. Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment, 77, 751-760.
Palmstrom, A. and Singh, R. (2001) The Deformation Modulus of Rock Masses: Comparisons between in Situ Tests and Indirect Estimates. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, 16, 115-131. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0886-7798(01)00038-4
Hoek, E. and Diederichs, M.S. (2006) Empirical Estimation of Rock Mass Modulus. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences, 43, 203-215. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2005.06.005
Shen, J., Karakus, M. and Xu, C. (2012) A Comparative Study for Empirical Equations in Estimating Deformation Modulus of Rock Masses. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, 32, 245-250. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2012.07.004
Ajalloeian, R. and Mohammadi, M. (2014) Estimation of Limestone Rock Mass Deformation Modulus Using Empirical Equations. Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment, 73, 541-550. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-013-0530-3
Karaman, K., Ferdi, C. and Ayhan, K. (2015) A Comparative Assessment of Rock Mass Deformation Modulus. International Journal of Mining Science and Technology, 25, 735-740. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmst.2015.07.006
Bieniawski, Z.T. (1978) Determining Rock Mass Deformability: Experience from Case Histories. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences, 15, 237-247. https://doi.org/10.1016/0148-9062(78)90956-7
Gardner, W.S. (1987) Design of Drilled Piers in the Atlantic Piedmont. In: Smith, R.E., Ed., Foundations and Excavations in Decomposed Rock of the Piedmont Province, Vol. 9, ASCE, Reston, 62-86.
Palmstrom, A. (1996) RMi-A Rock Mass Characterization System for Rock Engineering Purposes. PhD Thesis, The University of Oslo, Norway.
Barton, N. (2002) Some New Q-Value Correlations to Assist in Site Characterization and Tunnel Design. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences, 39, 185-216. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1365-1609(02)00011-4
Kayabasi, A., Gokceoglu, C. and Ercanoglu, M. (2003) Estimating the Deformation Modulus of Rock Masses: A Comparative Study. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences, 40, 55-63. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1365-1609(02)00112-0
Zhang, L. and Einstein, H.H. (2004) Using RQD to Estimate the Deformation Modulus of Rock Masses. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences, 41, 337-341. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1365-1609(03)00100-X
Gurocak, Z., Solanki, P. and Zaman, M.M. (2007) Empirical and Numerical Analyses of Support Requirements for a Diversion Tunnel at the Boztepe Dam Site, Eastern Turkey. Engineering Geology, 91, 194-208. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2007.01.010
Serafim, J.L. and Pereira, J.P. (1983) Considerations on the Geomechanical Classification of Bieniawski. Proceedings of International Symposium on Engineering Geology and Underground Openings, Lisbon, Portugal, 1983, 1133-1144.
Nicholson, G.A. and Bieniawski, Z.T. (1990) A Nonlinear Deformation Modulus Based on Rock Mass Classification. International Journal of Mining and Geological Engineering, 8, 181-202. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01554041
Mitri, H.S., Edrissi, R. and Henning, J. (1994) Finite Element Modeling of Cable Bolted Stopes in Hard Rock Ground Mines. Proceedings of SME Annual Conference, Albuquerque, NM, USA, 14-17 February 1994, 94-116.
Gokceoglua, C., Sonmeza, H. and Kayabasi, A. (2003) Predicting the Deformation Moduli of Rock Masses. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences, 40, 701-710. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1365-1609(03)00062-5
Gurocak, Z. (2011) Analyses of Stability and Support Design for a Diversion Tunnel at the Kapikaya Dam Site, Turkey. Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment, 70, 41-52. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-009-0258-2
Hamid, R.N., Abdolhadi, G. and Seyed, A.M. (2014) On the Use of the RMR System for Estimation of Rock Mass Deformation Modulus. Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment, 73, 531-540. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-013-0522-3
Rocscience Inc. (2014) RS3 Version 1.0—Finite Element Analysis for Excavations and Slopes. Toronto, ON.
Rocscience Inc. (2014) Dips Version 7.0—Graphical and Statistical Analysis of Orientation Data. Toronto, ON. http://www.rocscience.com
Palmstrom, A. (2005) Measurements of and Correlations between Block Size and Rock Quality Designation (RQD). Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, 20, 362-377. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2005.01.005
Palmstrom, A. (1982) The Volumetric Joint Count a Useful and Simple Measure of the Degree of Jointing. Proceedings of 4th International Congress IAEG, New Delhi, 10-15 December 1982, 221-228.
Palmstrom, A. (1985) Application of the Volumetric Joint Count as a Measure of Rock Mass Jointing. Proceedings of International Symposium on Fundamentals of Rock Joints, Bjorkliden, 15-20 September 1985, 103-111.
Palmstrom, A. (1986) A General Practical Method for Identification of Rock Masses to Be Applied in Evaluation of Rock Mass Stability Conditions and TBM Boring Progress. Proceedings of the Conference on Fjellsprengningsteknikk, Bergmekanikk, Geoteknikk, Oslo, Norway, 1986, 31.1-31.31.
Sen, Z. and Eissa, E.A. (1992) Rock Quality Charts for Log-Normally Distributed Block Sizes. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences & Geomechanics Abstracts, 29, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1016/0148-9062(92)91040-C
Bieniawski, Z.T. (1973) Engineering Classification of Jointed Rock Masses. South African Institution of Civil Engineers, 15, 335-344.
Bieniawski, Z.T. (1989) Engineering Rock Mass Classifications. Wiley, New York. 251 p.
Barton, N.R., Lien, R. and Lunde, J. (1974) Engineering Classification of Rock Masses for the Design of Tunnel Support. Rock Mechanics, 4, 189-239. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01239496
Palmstrom, A. (1995) Characterizing the Strength of Rock Masses for Use in Design of Underground Structures. International Conference of Design and Construction of Underground Structures, New Delhi, 23-25 February 1995, 10 p.
Singh, B., Jethwa, J.L. and Dube, A.K. (1992) Correlation between Observed Support Pressure and Rock Mass Quality. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, 7, 59-74. https://doi.org/10.1016/0886-7798(92)90114-W
Goel, R.K., Jethwa, J.L. and Paithankar, A.G. (1995) Indian Experiences with Q and RMR Systems. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, 10, 97-109. https://doi.org/10.1016/0886-7798(94)00069-W
Sengupta, S. (1998) Influence of Geological Structures on in Situ Stresses. PhD Thesis, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT, Uttarakhand, India, 275.
Hoek, E. and Brown, E.T. (1980) Underground Excavations in Rock. Institution of Mining and Metallurgy, London, 527.
Russenes, B.F. (1974) Analysis of Rock Spalling for Tunnels in Steep Valley Sides (in Norwegian). Master’s Thesis, Norwegian Institute of Technology, Department of Geology, Norway, 247.
Grimstad, E. and Barton, N. (1993) Updating the Q-System for NMT, In: Proceedings of the International Symposium on Sprayed Concrete, Norwegian Concrete Association, Oslo, Norway, 20.
Palmstrom, A. (1995) RMi-A for Rock Mass Characterization System for Rock Engineering Purposes. PhD Thesis, The University of Oslo, Norway, 400.
ASTM (1995) Standard Test Method for Determination of the Point Load Strength Index of Rock (Withdrawn 2016). ASTM D 5731-95, West Conshohocken, PA.
Read, S.A.L., Richards, L.R. and Perrin, N.D. (1999) Applicability of the Hoek-Brown Failure Criterion to New Zealand Greywacke Rocks. Proceedings of the 9th International Congress on Rock Mechanics, Paris, France, 25-28 August 1999, 655-660.
Eberhardt, E. (2001) Numerical Modelling of Three-Dimension Stress Rotation Ahead of an Advancing Tunnel Face. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences, 38, 499-518. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1365-1609(01)00017-X
Jing, L. and Hudson, J.A. (2002) Numerical Methods in Rock Mechanics. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences, 39, 409-427. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1365-1609(02)00065-5
Vermeer, P.A., Moller, S.C. and Ruse, N. (2003) On the Application of Numerical Analysis in Tunnelling. Proceedings of the 12th Asian Regional Conference on Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, World Scientific, Singapore, 1-6.
Lee, J.S. (2009) An Application of Three-Dimensional Analysis around a Tunnel Portal under Construction. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, 24, 731-738. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2009.06.003
Verma, A.K. and Singh, T.N. (2010) Assessment of Tunnel Instability—A Numerical Approach. Arabian Journal of Geosciences, 3, 181-192. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-009-0066-9
Verma, A.K., Bajpai, R.K. and Singh, T.N. (2011) 3D Instability Analysis of an Underground Geological Repositorydan Indian Case Study. Arabian Journal of Geosciences, 4, 1173-1188. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-010-0131-4
Kainthola, A., Singh, P.K., Wasnik, A.B., Sazid, M. and Singh, T.N. (2012) Finite Element Analysis of Road Cut Slopes Using Hoek & Brown Failure Criterion. International Journal of Earth Science and Engineering, 5, 1100-1109.
Singh, P.K., Wasnik, A.B. and Kainthola, A. (2013) The Stability of Road Cut Cliff Face along SH-121: A Case Study. Natural Hazards, 68, 497-507. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-013-0627-9
Qiu, Y., Yang, X., You, C. and Xu, Q. (2013) Numerical Simulation Test of Tunnel’s Deformation under Different Levels of Horizontal Stress. In: Fourth International Conference on Transportation Engineering, American Society of Civil Engineers, Chengdu, China, 2071-2075. https://doi.org/10.1061/9780784413159.301