Smoking Is a Risk Factor of Colorectal Advanced Adenomas Compared to Nonadvanced Adenomas
- 1 Department of Endocrinology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- 2 Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- 3 Department of Pathology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
Abstract
Background: It is uncertain that whether smoking is a risk factor of colorectal advanced adenomas compared to nonadvanced adenomas, so we peformed the case-control study to explore this issue. Material and Methods: The cases were defined as patients with advanced adenomas and the controls were patients with nonadvanced adenomas. Clinical data were extracted from the hospital information system. Missing data were imputed with the multiple imputation of chained equations method, and the effect of smoking on the risk of advanced adenomas was calculated by binary logistic regression models to obtain odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence interval. Results: Current smoking rate in patients with advanced adenomas was significantly higher than that in patients with nonadvanced adenomas (31.6% VS 23.1%), the OR of advanced adenoma for current smoking compared with nonsmoking was 1.54 (1.09, 2.18), P = 0.013, and the weighted ORs ranged from 1.50 (1.01, 2.23) to 1.58 (1.09, 2.30), and the results of sensitivity analyses were still consistent. Conclusion: In adults with Han ethnicity in South China, current smoking is a risk factor of colorectal advanced adenomas compared to nonadvanced adenomas.
- Botteri, E., Iodice, S., Bagnardi, V., Raimondi, S., Lowenfels, A.B. and Maisonneuve, P. (2008) Smoking and Colorectal Cancer: A Meta-Analysis. JAMA, 300, 2765-2778. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2008.839
- Henley, S.J., Thomas, C.C., Sharapova, S.R., Momin, B., Massetti, G.M., Winn, D.M., et al. (2016) Vital Signs: Disparities in Tobacco-Related Cancer Incidence and Mortality, United States, 2004-2013. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR), 65, 1212-1218. https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6544a3
- Xie, Y., Shi, L., He, X. and Luo, Y. (2021) Gastrointestinal Cancers in China, the USA, and Europe. Gastroenterology Report, 9, 91-104. https://doi.org/10.1093/gastro/goab010
- Botteri, E., Iodice, S., Raimondi, S., Maisonneuve, P. and Lowenfels, A.B. (2008) Cigarette Smoking and Adenomatous Polyps: A Meta-Analysis. Gastroenterology, 134, 388-395. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2007.11.007
- Buchanan, D.D., Sweet, K., Drini, M., Jenkins, M.A., Win, A.K., English, D.R., et al. (2010) Risk Factors for Colorectal Cancer in Patients with Multiple Serrated Polyps: A Cross-Sectional Case Series from Genetics Clinics. PLOS ONE, 5, e11636. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0011636
- Wallace, K., Grau, M.V., Ahnen, D., Snover, D.C., Robertson, D.J., Mahnke, D., et al. (2009) The Association of Lifestyle and Dietary Factors with the Risk for Serrated Polyps of the Colorectum. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention, 18, 2310-2317. https://doi.org/10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-09-0211
- Cancer Genome Atlas, N. (2012) Comprehensive Molecular Characterization of Human Colon and Rectal Cancer. Nature, 487, 330-337. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature11252
- He, X., Hang, D., Wu, K., Nayor, J., Drew, D.A., Giovannucci, E.L., et al. (2020) Long-Term Risk of Colorectal Cancer after Removal of Conventional Adenomas and Serrated Polyps. Gastroenterology, 158, 852-861e4. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2019.06.039
- Terry, M.B., Neugut, A.I., Bostick, R.M., Sandler, R.S., Haile, R.W., Jacobson, J.S., et al. (2002) Risk Factors for Advanced Colorectal Adenomas: A Pooled Analysis. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention, 11, 622-629.
- American Diabetes Association Professional Practice C. 2. (2022) Classification and Diagnosis of Diabetes: Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes-2022. Diabetes Care, 45, S17-S38. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc22-S002
- Sterne, J.A., White, I.R., Carlin, J.B., Spratt, M., Royston, P., Kenward, M.G., et al. (2009) Multiple Imputation for Missing Data in Epidemiological and Clinical Research: Potential and Pitfalls. BMJ, 338, b2393. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.b2393