Modulations in Anti-Oxidant Activities of Selected Gastro-Intestinal Tissues in Alloxan-Induced, Silymarin Treated Diabetic Wistar Rats — Oak Academic Publishing
Research ArticleOpen AccessGoogle Scholar indexed
Modulations in Anti-Oxidant Activities of Selected Gastro-Intestinal Tissues in Alloxan-Induced, Silymarin Treated Diabetic Wistar Rats
Department of Human Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Delta State University, Abraka, Nigeria
,
Department of Human Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Delta State University, Abraka, Nigeria
,
Department of Human Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Delta State University, Abraka, Nigeria
1 Department of Human Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Delta State University, Abraka, Nigeria
2 Department of Human Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Delta State University, Abraka, Nigeria
3 Department of Human Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Delta State University, Abraka, Nigeria
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is reportedly the commonest metabolic disorder with multi organ involvement. By inducing DM (with Alloxan) in Wistar rats, current study investigated the changes in antioxidant activities of selected gastrointestinal (GI) tissues [stomach, duodenum, pancreas and liver], upon treatment with Silymarin and/or Vitamin C. One hundred and twenty five (125) adult male wistar rats of between 130 to 180 grams were procured for the study. Five units of one control and four experimental units were designated with twenty five (25) rats per group (n = 25); Unit 1: Control rats, Unit 2 were DM induced, Silymarin untreated rats, and Units 3, 4 and 5 were DM induced, vitamin C, Silymarin and Vitamin C + Silymarin treated respectively. Following four (4) weeks of administration of test substance(s), rats were euthanized and blood samples obtained for biochemical and antioxidant assay on aforementioned GI tissues. One way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Students t-test at p p < 0.05) at comparison of extract treated unit to control. Study also observed a significant change in pancreatic, liver, and duodenal anti-oxidant marker levels with Vitamin C, Silymarin and Vitamin C + Silymarin co-administrations to diabetic rats. It can therefore be said, that DM caused a destructive alteration pancreatic histo-architecture with improved functional capabilities in wistar rats at administration of Silymarin and vitamin C. Thus, Silymarin posed antioxidant potentials, with ameliorated pancreatic dysfunctions.
KeywordsSilymarinAntioxidantDiabetes Mellitus
Abell, T.L., Camilleri, M. and Donohoe, K. (2008) American Neurogastroenterology and Motility Society and the Society of Nuclear Medicine Consensus Recommendations for Gastric Emptying Scintigraphy: A Joint Report of the American Neurogastroenterology and Motility Society and the Society of Nuclear Medicine. American Journal of Gastroenterology, 103, 753-763.
Abu-El-Fattah, A.A., El-Sawalhi, M.M., Rashed, E.R. and El-Ghazaly, M.A. (2010) Possible Role of Vitamin E, Coenzyme Q10 and Rutin in Protection against Cerebral Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury in Irradiated Rats. International Journal of Radiation Biology, 86, 1070-1078. https://doi.org/10.3109/09553002.2010.501844
Aleisa, A.M., Abouhashish, H.M., Ahmed, M.M., Al-Rejaie, S., Alkhamees, O.A. and Alroujayee, A.S. (2013) Ameliorative Effects of Rutin and Ascorbic Acid Combination on Hypercholesterolemia-Induced Hepatotoxicity in Female Rats. African Journal Pharmacology Pharmacology, 7, 280-288. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJPP12.745
Alsaif, M.A. (2009) Beneficial Effects of Rutin and Vitamin C Coadministration in a Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetes Rat Model of Kidney Nephrotoxicity. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition, 8, 745-754. https://doi.org/10.3923/pjn.2009.745.754
Alsaif, M.A. (2009) Combined Treatment of Rutin and Vitamin C improves the Antioxidant Status in Streptoxotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats. Journal of Medical Science, 9, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.3923/jms.2009.1.9
Aluwong, T., Mohammed, K., Raji, M., Dzenda, T., Govwang, F., Sinkalu, V. and Ayo, J. (2013) Effect of Yeast Probiotic on Growth, Antioxidant Enzyme Activities and Malondialdehyde Concentration of Broiler Chickens. Antioxidants, 2, 326-339. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox2040326
Budin, S.B., Othman, F., Louis, S.R., Bakar, M.A., Das, S. and Mohamed, J. (2009) The Effects of Palm Oil Tocotrienol-Rich Fraction Supplementation on Biochemical Parameters, Oxidative Stress and the Vascular Wall of Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats. Clinics, 64, 235-244. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1807-59322009000300015
Bytzer, P., Talley, N.J., Hammer, J., Young, L.J., Jones, M.P. and Horowitz, M. (2002) GI Symptoms in Diabetes Mellitus Are Associated with Both Poor Glycemic Control and Diabetic Complications. The American Journal of Gastroenterology, 97, 604-611.
Bytzer, P., Talley, N.J., Leemon, M., Young, L.J., Jones, M.P. and Horowitz, M. (2001) Prevalence of Gastrointestinal Symptoms Associated with Diabetes Mellitus: A Population-Based Survey of 15,000 Adults. Archives of Internal Medicine, 161, 1989-1996. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.161.16.1989
Cade, W.T. (2008) Diabetes-Related Microvascular and Macrovascular Diseases in the Physical Therapy Setting. Physical Therapy, 88, 1322-1335. https://doi.org/10.2522/ptj.20080008
Calabrese, V.C., Cornelius, V.L., et al. (2012) Oxidative Stress, Glutathione Status, Sirtuin and Cellular Stress Response in Type 2 Diabetes. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, 1822, 729-736. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbadis.2011.12.003
Camilleri, M., Bharucha, A.E. and Farrugia, G. (2011) Epidemiology, Mechanisms, and Management of Diabetic Gastroparesis. Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology, 9, 5-12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cgh.2010.09.022
Camilleri, M. (2007) Clinical Practice. Diabetic Gastroparesis. The New England Journal of Medicine, 356, 820-829. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMcp062614
Forrest, A., Huizinga, J.D., Wang, X.-Y., Liu, L.-W. and Parsons, M. (2008) Increase in Stretch-Induced Rhythmic Motor Activity in the Diabetic Rat Colon Is Associated with Loss of ICC of the Submuscular Plexus. American Journal of Physiology, Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology, 294, G315-G326. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.00196.2007
Forster, J., Damjanov, I., Lin, Z., Sarosiek, I., Wetzel, P. and McCallum, R.W. (2005) Absence of the Interstitial Cells of Cajal in Patients with Gastroparesis and Correlation with Clinical Findings. Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery, 9, 102-108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gassur.2004.10.001
Phillips, M., Cataneo, R.N., Cheema, T. and Greenberg, J. (2004) Increased Breath Biomarkers of Oxidative Stress in Diabetes Mellitus. Clinica Chimica Acta, 344, 189-194. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cccn.2004.02.025
Pieper, A.A., Verma, A., Zhang, J. and Snyder, S.H. (1999) Poly (ADP-ribose) Polymerase, Nitric Oxide and Cell Death. Trends in Pharmacological Science, 20, 171-181. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0165-6147(99)01292-4
Franke, S.I., Pra, D., da Silva, J., Erdtmann, B. and Henriques, J.A.P. (2005) Possible Repair Action of Vitamin C on DNA Damage Induced by Methyl Methanesulfonate, Cyclophosphamide, FeSO4 and CuSO4 in Mouse Blood Cells in Vivo. Mutation Research/Genetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesis, 583, 75-84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mrgentox.2005.03.001
Kangralkar, V.A., Patil, S.D. and Bandivadekar, R.M. (2010) Oxidative Stress and Diabetes: A Review. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Applications, 1, 38-45.
Karapehlivan, M., Atakisi, E., Atakisi, O., Yucart, R. and Pancarci, S.M. (2007) Blood Biochemical Parameters during the Lactation and Dry Period in Tuj Ewes. Small Ruminant Research, 73, 267-271. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smallrumres.2006.12.006
Karayiannakis, A.J., Bolanaki, H., Kouklakis, G., Dimakis, K., Memet, I. and Simopoulos, C. (2011) Ischemic Colitis of the Left Colon in a Diabetic Patient. Case Reports in Gastroente-ology, 5, 239-245. https://doi.org/10.1159/000327981
Karthikesan, K., Pari, L. and Menon, V.P. (2012) Protective Effect of Tetrahydrocurcumin and Chlorogenic Acid against Streptozotocin—Nicotinamide Generated Oxidative Stress Induced Diabetes. Journal of Functional Foods, 2, 134-142. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jff.2010.04.001
Kashyap, P. and Farrugia, G. (2010) Diabetic Gastroparesis: What We Have Learned and Had to Unlearn in the Past 5 Years. Gut, 59, 1716-1726. https://doi.org/10.1136/gut.2009.199703
Nyenwe, E.A., Odia, O.J., Ihekwaba, A.E., Ojule, A. and Babatunde, S. (2003) Type 2 Diabetes in Adult Nigerians: A Study of Its Prevalence and Risk Factors in Port Harcourt, Nigeria. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice, 62, 177-185. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2003.07.002
Obembe, A.O., Okwari, O.O., Owu, D.U., Antai, A.B. and Osim, E.E. (2008) Intestinal Motility and Transit Following Chronic Ingestion of Different Forms of Palm Oil Diets. Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences, 23, 95-99. https://doi.org/10.4314/njps.v23i1-2.54940
Ogbonnaya, K.I. and Arem, R. (1990) Diabetic Diarrhea. Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Management. Archives of Internal Medicine, 150, 262-267. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.1990.00390140018005
Okon, U.A., Owo, D.U., Udokang, N.E., Udobang, J.A. and Ekpenyong, C.E. (2012) Oral Administration of Aqueous Leaf Extract of Ocimum Gratissimum Ameliorates Polyphagia, Polydipsia and Weight Loss in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats. American Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences, 2, 45-49. https://doi.org/10.5923/j.ajmms.20120203.04
Sanders, K.M., Ördög, T., Koh, S.D. and Ward, S.M. (2000) A Novel Pacemaker Mechanism Drives Gastrointestinal Rhythmicity. News in Physiological Sciences, 15, 291-298. https://doi.org/10.1152/physiologyonline.2000.15.6.291
Vittal, H., Farrugia, G., Gomez, G. and Pasricha, P.J. (2007) Mechanisms of Disease: The Pathological Basis of Gastroparesis—A Review of Experimental and Clinical Studies. Nature Clinical Practice. Nature Gastroenterology & Hepatology, 4, 336-346. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncpgasthep0838
Wagner, H. (1981) Plant Constituents with Antihepatotoxic Activity. In: Beal, J.L. and Reinhard, E., Eds., Natural Products as Medicinal Agents, Hippokrates-Verlag, Stuttgart, Germany.
Wallace, J.I. (2004) Management of Diabetes in Elderly. Clinical Diabetes, 17, 1.
Ward, S.M., Beckett, E.A., Wang, X., Baker, F., Khoyi M. and Sanders, K.M. (2000) Interstitial Cells of Cajal Mediate Cholinergic Neurotransmission from Enteric Motor Neurons. Journal of Neuroscience, 20, 1393-1403. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.20-04-01393.2000
Ward, S.M., McLaren, G.J. and Sanders, K.M. (2006) Interstitial Cells of Cajal in the Deep Muscular Plexus Mediate Enteric Motor Neurotransmission in the Mouse Small Intestine. The Journal of Physiology, 573, 147-159. https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.2006.105189
Sankaranarayanan, C. and Pari, L. (2011) Thymoquinone Ameliorates Chemical Induced Oxidative Stress and β-Cell Damage in Experimental Hyperglycemic Rats. Chemico-Biological Interactions, 190, 148-154. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbi.2011.02.029
Saravanan, G. and Ponmurugan, P. (2011) Ameliorative Potential of S-Allyl Cysteine on Oxidative Stress in STZ Induced Diabetic Rats. Chemico-Biological Interactions, 189, 100-106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbi.2010.10.001
Sarna, S.K. (2010) Introduction. Colonic Motility: From Bench Side to Bedside. Morgan & Claypool Life Sciences, San Rafael, CA. https://doi.org/10.4199/C00020ED1V01Y201011ISP011