Vitamin D and its association with cardiovascular disease (CVD) are currently a topic of investigation. The objective of this study was to explore the association between vitamin D status (serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D)) and a cardiometabolic risk score (CMRS) derived from markers of cardiac autonomic nervous system activity, vascular dynamics, and body composition, using an innovative non-invasive technology. We found that individuals who were vitamin D sufficient ((25(OH)D) ≥ 30 ng/ml, n = 51), compared to those who were vitamin D insufficient (<30 ng/ml, n = 44), had significantly higher heart rate variability (as measured by time and frequency domain variables) and lower photoplethysmography analysis markers and CMRS. These outcomes show that vitamin D insufficient subjects had reduced cardio protective parasympathetic nervous system activity, increased endothelial dysfunction, and hence were at greater cardiometabolic risk, implying vitamin D may play a meaningful role in CVD.
Holick, M.F. (2007) Vitamin D Deficiency. The New England Journal of Medicine, 357, 266-281. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra070553
Mann, M.C., Hollenberg, M.D. and Hanley, D.A. (2015) Vitamin D, the Autonomic Nervous System, and Cardiovascular Risk. Physiological Reports, 3, 123491-1234914. https://doi.org/10.14814/phy2.12349
Kim, D.H., Sabour, S. and Sagar, U.N. (2008) Prevalence of Hypovitaminosis D in Cardiovascular Diseases (from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2001 to 2004). The American Journal of Cardiology, 102, 1540-1544. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjcard.2008.06.067
Norman, P.E. and Powell, J.T. (2014) Vitamin D and Cardiovascular Disease. Circulation Research, 114, 379-393. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.113.301241
Schottker, B., Jorde, R. and Peasey, A. (2014) Vitamin D and Mortality: Meta-Analysis of Individual Participant Data from a Large Consortium of Cohort Studies from Europe and the United States. BMJ, 348, 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.g3656
Wang, L., Song, Y. and Manson, J.E. (2012) Circulating 25-Hydroxy-Vitamin D and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease: A Meta-Analysis of Prospective Studies. Circulation: Cardiovascular Quality and Outcomes, 5, 819-829. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCOUTCOMES.112.967604
Parker, J., Hashmi, O. and Dutton, D. (2010) Levels of Vitamin D and Cardiometabolic Disorders: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Maturitas, 65, 225-236. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.maturitas.2009.12.013
Wang, L., Manson, J.E. and Song, Y. (2010) Systematic Review: Vitamin D and Calcium Supplementation in Prevention of Cardiovascular Events. Annals of Internal Medicine, 152, 315-323. https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-152-5-201003020-00010
Beveridge, L.A. and Witham, M.D. (2013) Vitamin D and the Cardiovascular System. Osteoporosis International, 24, 2167-2180. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00198-013-2281-1
DeLuca, G.C., Kimball, S.M. and Kolasinski, J. (2013) Review: The Role of Vitamin D in Nervous System Health and Disease. Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology, 39, 458-484. https://doi.org/10.1111/nan.12020
Garcion, E., Wion-Barbot, N. and Montero-Menei, C.N. (2002) New Clues about Vitamin D Functions in the Nervous System. Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism: TEM, 13, 100-105. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1043-2760(01)00547-1
Mann, M.C., Exner, D.V. and Hemmelgarn, B.R. (2013) Vitamin D Levels Are Associated with Cardiac Autonomic Activity in Healthy Humans. Nutrients, 5, 2114-2127. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu5062114
Mann, M.C., Exner, D.V. and Hemmelgarn, B.R. (2014) Vitamin D Supplementation Is Associated with Improved Modulation of Cardiac Autonomic Tone in Healthy Humans. International Journal of Cardiology, 172, 506-508. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2014.01.058
Mann, M.C. (2015) Vitamin D and Cardiac Autonomic Tone: Cardiovascular Implications in Humans with and without Chronic Kidney Disease. University of Calgary, Calgary.
Kapa, S., Venkatachalam, K.L. and Asirvatham, S.J. (2010) The Autonomic Nervous System in Cardiac Electrophysiology: An Elegant Interaction and Emerging Concepts. Cardiology in Review, 18, 275-284. https://doi.org/10.1097/CRD.0b013e3181ebb152
Goldberger, J.J., Cain, M.E. and Hohnloser, S.H. (2008) American Heart Association/American College of Cardiology Foundation/Heart Rhythm Society: Scientific Statement on Noninvasive Risk Stratification Techniques for Identifying Patients at Risk for Sudden Cardiac Death: A Scientific Statement from the American Heart Association Council on Clinical Cardiology Committee on Electrocardiography and Arrhythmias and Council on Epidemiology and Prevention. Circulation, 118, 1497-1518. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.189375
Lauer, M.S. (2009) Autonomic Function and Prognosis. Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine, 76, S18-S22. https://doi.org/10.3949/ccjm.76.s2.04
Cozzolino, M., Ketteler, M. and Zehnder, D. (2010) The Vitamin D System: A Crosstalk between the Heart and Kidney. European Journal of Heart Failure, 12, 1031-1041. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurjhf/hfq112
Wagner, D., Hanwell, H.E. and Vieth, R. (2009) An Evaluation of Automated Methods for Measurement of Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D. Clinical Biochemistry, 42, 1549-1556. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2009.07.013
Lewis, J.E., Tannenbaum, S.L. and Gao, J. (2011) Comparing the Accuracy of ES-BC, EIS-GS, and ES Oxi on Body Composition, Autonomic Nervous System Activity, and Cardiac Output to Standardized Assessments. Medical Devices, 4, 169-177. https://doi.org/10.2147/MDER.S24291
Lewis, J.E., Lantigua, L. and Atlas, S.E. (2014) A Cross-Sectional Assessment to Detect Type 2 Diabetes with Endothelial and Autonomic Nervous System Markers Using a Novel System. Journal of Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders, 13, 118-125. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40200-014-0118-x
Chumlea, W.C., Guo, S.S. and Kuczmarski, R.J. (2002) Body Composition Estimates from NHANES III Bioelectrical Impedance Data. International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Dis-orders: Journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity, 26, 1596-1609. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ijo.0802167
Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology and the North American Society of Pacing and Electrophysiology (1996) Heart Rate Variability: Standards of Measurement, Physiological Interpretation and Clinical Use. Circulation, 93, 1043-1065. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.93.5.1043
Wang, T.J., Pencina, M.J. and Booth, S.L. (2008) Vitamin D Deficiency and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease. Circulation, 117, 503-511. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.706127
Autier, P. and Gandini, S. (2007) Vitamin D Supplementation and Total Mortality: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Archives of Internal Medicine, 167, 1730-1737. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.167.16.1730
Cetin, M., Kozdag, G. and Ural, D. (2014) Could Decreased Vitamin D Levels Be Related with Impaired Cardiac Autonomic Functions in Patients with Chronic Heart Failure: An Observational Study. The Anatolian Journal of Cardiology, 14, 434-441. https://doi.org/10.5152/akd.2014.4869
Krause, M., Anschutz, W. and Vettorazzi, E. (2014) Vitamin D Deficiency Intensifies Deterioration of Risk Factors, Such as Male Sex and Absence of Vision, Leading to Increased Postural Body Sway. Gait & Posture, 39, 166-171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaitpost.2013.06.017
Chan, C.T., Levin, N.W. and Chertow, G.M. (2010) Determinants of Cardiac Autonomic Dysfunction in ESRD. Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology: CJASN, 5, 1821-1827. https://doi.org/10.2215/CJN.03080410
Chan, C.T. (2008) Heart Rate Variability in Patients with End-Stage Renal Disease: An Emerging Predictive Tool for Sudden Cardiac Death? Nephrology, Dialysis, Transplantation: Official Publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association-European Renal Association, 23, 3061-3062. https://doi.org/10.1093/ndt/gfn280
Tak, Y.J., Lee, J.G. and Kim, Y.J. (2014) 25-Hydroxyvitamin D and Its Relationship with Autonomic Dysfunction Using Time- and Frequency-Domain Parameters of Heart Rate Variability in Korean Populations: A Cross-Sectional Study. Nutrients, 6, 4373-4388. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu6104373
Al-Mheid, I., Patel, R. and Murrow, J. (2011) Vitamin D Status Is Associated with Arterial Stiffness and Vascular Dysfunction in Healthy Humans. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 58, 186-192. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2011.02.051
Breslavsky, A., Frand, J. and Matas, Z. (2013) Effect of High Doses of Vitamin D on Arterial Properties, Adiponectin, Leptin and Glucose Homeostasis in Type 2 Diabetic Patients. Clinical Nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland), 32, 970-975. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2013.01.020
Baggerly, C.A., Cuomo, R.E. and French, C.B. (2015) Sunlight and Vitamin D: Necessary for Public Health. Journal of the American College of Nutrition, 34, 359-365. https://doi.org/10.1080/07315724.2015.1039866