The aim of the study was to conduct original research to better understand the relationship between participation in vigorous physical activity and the frequency in use of five servant leadership characteristics. The relationship between vigorous physical activity participation and self-reported servant leadership characteristics was evaluated in 162 women and men with a median age of 36 ± 9 years. Participants’ self-reported vigorous physical activity participation was evaluated with the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ), and self-reported servant leadership characteristics were evaluated using the Servant Leadership Questionnaire (SLQ). Vigorous physical activity participation was not statistically related to self-reported servant leadership characteristics. Participants in this study on average participated in approximately 43 minutes of vigorous physical activity each day of the week. These participants had much higher vigorous physical activity participation rates than the national average. Participants’ perception of their servant leadership characteristics was also high. Findings suggest that the exclusive use of servant leadership philosophy to promote vigorous physical activity participation is not needed, leaving open the possibility that any type of leadership approach could be used to promote physical activity participation.
Ahlskog, J. E. (2011). Does Vigorous Exercise Have a Neuroprotective Effect in Parkinson Disease? Neurology, 77, 288-294. https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0b013e318225ab66
Bailey, R. (2006). Physical Education and Sport in Schools: A Review of Benefits and Outcomes. Journal of School Health, 76, 397-401. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1746-1561.2006.00132.x
Barbuto, J. E., & Gifford, G. T. (2010). Examining Gender Differences of Servant Leadership: An Analysis of the Agentic and Communal Properties of the Servant Leadership Questionnaire. Journal of Leadership Education, 9, 4-23. https://doi.org/10.12806/V9/I2/RF1 https://journalofleadershiped.org/vol-9-iss-2/158-examining-gender-diffe-rences-of-servant-leadership-an-analysis-of-the-agentic-and-communal-properties-of-servant-leadership-questionnaire
Barbuto, J. E., & Wheeler, D. W. (2006). Scale Development and Construct Clarification of Servant Leadership. Group & Organization Management, 31, 300-326. https://doi.org/10.1177/1059601106287091
Beachamp, M. R., Welch, A. S., & Hulley, A. J. (2007). Transformational and Transactional Leadership and Exercise-Related Self-Efficacy: An Exploratory Study. Journal of Health Psychology, 12, 83-88. https://doi.org/10.1177/1359105307071742
Boles, M., Pelletier, B., & Lynch, W. (2004). The Relationship between Health Risks and Work Productivity. Journal of Occupational & Environmental Medicine, 46, 737-745. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.jom.0000131830.45744.97 https://journals.lww.com/joem/Abstract/2004/07000/The Relationship Between Health Risks and Work.18.aspx
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2013). Adult Participation in Aerobic and Muscle-Strengthening Physical Activities-United States, 2011. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 62, 326-330. https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6217a2.htm?s cid=mm6217a2 w
Collingwood, T. R. (1997). Providing Physical Fitness Programs to at-Risk Youth. Quest, 49, 67-84. https://doi.org/10.1080/00336297.1997.10484224
Cook, K. F. (2015). Self-Perceived Traits of Servant Leadership in AmeriCorps Volunteers: A Mixed Method Concurrent Explanatory Study. Creighton Journal of Interdisciplinary Leadership, 1, 24-50. https://doi.org/10.17062/cjil.v1i1.21 https://dspace2.creighton.edu/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10504/70819/21-141-2-PB.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
Craig, C. L., Marshall, A. L., Sjostrom, M., Bauman, A. E., Booth, M. L., Ainsworth, B. E., Ekelund, U. et al. (2003). International Physical Activity Questionnaire: 12-Country Reliability and Validity. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 35, 1381-1395. https://doi.org/10.1249/01.MSS.0000078924.61453.FB
Edmunds, J., Ntoumanis, N., & Duda, J. L. (2007). Testing a Self-Determination Theory-Based Teaching Style Intervention in the Exercise Domain. European Journal of Social Psychology, 38, 375-388. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.463
Ekkekakis, P., Parfitt, G., & Petruzzello, S. J. (2012). The Pleasure and Displeasure People Feel When They Exercise at Different Intensities. Sports Medicine, 41, 641-671. https://doi.org/10.2165/11590680-000000000-00000
Ferron, C., Narring, F., Cauderay, M., & Michaud, P. A. (1999). Sport Activity in Adolescence: Associations with Health Perceptions and Experimental Behaviours. Health Education Research, 14, 225-233. https://doi.org/10.1093/her/14.2.225
Garber, J. S., Mardigan, E. A., Click, E. R., & Fitzpatrick, J. J. (2009). Attitudes towards Collaboration and Servant Leadership among Nurses, Physicians and Residents. Journal of Interprofessional Care, 23, 331-340. https://doi.org/10.1080/13561820902886253
Gebel, K., Ding, D., Chey, T., Stamatikis, E., Brown, W. J., & Baumann, A. E. (2015). Effect of Moderate to Vigorous Physical Activity on All-Cause Mortality in Middle-Aged and Older Australians. JAMA Internal Medicine, 175, 970-977. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2015.0541
Greenleaf, R. K. (1977). Servant Leadership: A Journey into the Nature of Legitimate Power and Greatness. Mahwah, NJ: Paulist Press.
Gutin, B., & Kasper, M. J. (1992). Can Vigorous Exercise Play a Role in Osteoporosis Prevention? A Review. Osteoporosis International, 2, 55-69. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01623838
Hallal, P. C., & Victora, C. G. (2004). Reliability and Validity of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ). Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 36, 556. https://doi.org/10.1249/01.MSS.0000117161.66394.07
Heath, G. W., Brownson, R. C., Kruger, J., Miles, R., Powell, K. E., & Ramsey, L. T. (2006). The Effectiveness of Urban Design and Land Use and Transport Policies and Practices to Increase Physical Activity: A Systematic Review. Journal of Physical Activity and Health, 3, 55-76. https://doi.org/10.1123/jpah.3.s1.s55
Hershey, P., & Blanchard, K. H. (1969). Management of Organizational Behavior. Academy of Management Journal, 12, 526. https://search.proquest.com/openview/6b62a3c08c14c82dde2a4b50949e40b8/1?pq-origsite=gscholar
Himelhoch, C. R. (2014). Transformational Leadership: And High-Intensity Interval Training (Vol. 1). Spring Lake, MI: MindBodyMed Press.
Hupin, D., Roche, F., Gremeaux, V., Chatard, J. C., Oriol, M., Gaspoz, J. M., & Edouard, P. (2015). Even a Low-Dose of Moderate-to-Vigorous Physical Activity Reduces Mortality by 22% in Adults Aged ≥ 60 Years: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Journal of Sports Medicine, 49, 1262-1267. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2014-094306
IPAQ Short Self-Administered Format (Questionnaire) (2002). Unpublished Instrument. https://sites.google.com/site/theipaq/questionnaire links
Jung, M. E., Bourne, J. E., & Little, J. P. (2014). Where Does HIT Fit? An Examination of the Affective Response to High-Intensity Intervals in Comparison to Continuous Moderate- and Continuous Vigorous-Intensity Exercise in the Exercise Intensity-Affect Continuum. PLoS ONE, 9, e114541. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0114541
Karlsen, T., Aamot, I. L., Haykowsky, M., & Rognmo, O. (2017). High Intensity Interval Training for Maximizing Health Outcomes. Progress in Cardiovascular Disease, 60, 67-77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pcad.2017.03.006
Kaus, R. J. (2014). Affect and Enjoyment Associated with CrossFit Exercise. Master’s Thesis, Bowling Green, OH: Bowling Green State University. https://etd.ohiolink.edu/rws_etd/document/get/bgsu1395427844/inline
Keith, K. (2013). Servant Leadership. In W. G. Rowe, & L. Guerrero (Eds.), Cases in Leadership. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
King, A. C., Carl, F., Birkel, L., & Haskell, W. L. (1988). Increasing Exercise among Blue-Collar Employees: The Tailoring of Worksite Programs to Meet Specific Needs. Preventative Medicine, 17, 357-365.
Kravitz, L. (2014). Metabolic Effects of HIIT. IDEA Fitness Journal, 11, 16-18. http://www.unm.edu/~lkravitz/Article%20folder/metabolicEffectsHIIT.html
Kwoh, L. (2013). Want to Be CEO? What’s Your BMI? The Wall Street Journal. https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424127887324595704578241573341483946
Mayo Clinic Staff (2016). Exercise Intensity: How to Measure It. https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/fitness/in-depth/exercise-intensity/art-20046887
McDowell-Larsen, S., Kearney, L., & Campbell, D. (2002). Fitness and Leadership: Is There a Relationship?: Regular Exercise Correlates with Higher Leadership Ratings in Senior-Level Executives. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 14, 316-324. https://doi.org/10.1108/02683940210428119
Morgan, W. P. (1985). Affective Beneficence of Vigorous Physical Activity. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 17, 94-100. https://doi.org/10.1249/00005768-198502000-00015
Mustain, P. (2014). What If We All Just Stopped Trying to Lose Weight? Scientific American. https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/food-matters/what-if-we-all-just-stopped-trying-to-lose-weight-video/
Neubert, M. J., Penney, L. M., Perry, S. J., Weinberger, E., Witt, L. A., & Hunter, E. M. (2013). Servant Leaders Inspire Servant Followers: Antecedents and Outcomes for Employees and the Organization. The Leadership Quarterly, 24, 316-331. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2012.12.001
Ng, K., Koh, C. S., & Goh, H. (2008). The Heart of the Servant Leader: Leader’s Motivation-to-Serve and Its Impact on LMX and Subordinates’ Extra-Role Behaviors. In Knowledge-Driven Corporation: Complex Creative Destruction (pp. 125-144). https://doi.org/10.1037/e518532013-560 https://books.google.com/
Northouse, P. G. (2012). Leadership: Theory and Practice. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Norton, K., Norton, L., & Sadgrove, D. (2010). Position Statement on Physical Activity and Exercise Intensity Terminology. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 13, 496-502. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2009.09.008
Ozanian, M. (2015). How CrossFit Became a $4 Billion Brand. Forbes. https://www.forbes.com/sites/mikeozanian/2015/02/25/how-crossfit-became-a-4-billion-brand/#810eeab78c17
Robson, S. (2013). Physical Fitness and Resilience: A Review of Relevant Constructs, Measures, and Links to Well-Being. Santa Monica, CA: Rand Corporation. https://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/research_reports/RR100/RR104/RAND_RR104.pdf
Schools, Families, and Communities. http://www.uconnruddcenter.org/schools-families-communities
Swain, D. P., & Franklin, B. A. (2006). Comparison of Cardioprotective Benefits of Vigorous versus Moderate Intensity Aerobic Exercise. The American Journal of Cardiology, 97, 141-147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjcard.2005.07.130
Tavakol, M., & Dennick, R. (2011). Making Sense of Cronbach’s Alpha. International Journal of Medical Education, 2, 53-55. https://doi.org/10.5116/ijme.4dfb.8dfd
Taylor, C. B., Sallis, J. F., & Needle, R. (1985). The Relation of Physical Activity and Exercise to Mental Health. Public Health Reports, 100, 195-202. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1424736/
Thayer, D., Konicki, D. L., Yarborough, C. M., Peterson, K. W., Issac, F., Loppke, R., Fabius, R. et al. (2013). The Link between Workforce Health and Safety and the Health of the Bottom Line: Tracking Market Performance of Companies that Nurture a “Culture of Health”. Journal of Occupational Environmental Medicine, 55, 993-1000. https://doi.org/10.1097/JOM.0b013e3182a6bb75
Tudor-Locke, C., Johnson, W., & Katzmarzyk, P. T. (2010). Frequently Reported Activities by Intensity for U.S. Adults: The American Time Use Survey. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 39, e13-e20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2010.05.017
Tuso, P. (2015). Strategies to Increase Physical Activity. The Permanente Journal, 19, 84-88. https://doi.org/10.7812/TPP/14-242
Wankel, L. M., & Berger, B. G. (2018). The Psychological and Social Benefits of Sport and Physical Activity. Journal of Leisure Research, 22, 167-182. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222216.1990.11969823
Williams, P. T. (2004). Vigorous Exercise and the Population Distribution of Body Weight. International Journal of Obesity, 28, 120-128. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ijo.0802480
World Health Organization. What Is Moderate-Intensity and Vigorous-Intensity Physical Activity? https://www.who.int/dietphysicalactivity/physical_activity_intensity/en/
Wrynn, A. (2003). Contesting the Canon: Understanding the History of the Evolving Discipline of Kinesiology. Quest, 55, 244-256. https://doi.org/10.1080/00336297.2003.10491802
Youngstedt, S. D. (2005). Effects of Exercise on Sleep. Clinics in Sports Medicine, 24, 355-365. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csm.2004.12.003