A Simple Framework for the Annotation of Small Corpora
- 1 Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
Abstract
This paper describes a framework for the annotation of discourse which consists of the combination of software tools and a tagset. Its main purpose is to create small corpora for action-research projects conducted by Second of Foreign Language teachers, including Content and Language Integrated Learning, in their classrooms. The framework intends to be a solution for this particular situation, which requires a high level of simplicity. Although in the literature of Corpus Linguistics there are some good frameworks and tagsets for the annotation of corpora, they are usually too complex for teachers who are not experts either in Corpus Linguistics or Discourse Analysis.
- Allen, J., & Core, M. (1997). Draft of DAMSL: Dialog Act Markup in Several Layers. Rochester: University of Rochester.
- Austin, J. L. (1962). How to Do Things with Words. London: Oxford University Press.
- Bunt, H., Alexandersson, J., Carletta, J., Choe, J.-W., Fang, A. C., Hasida, K., Romary, L. et al. (2010). Towards an ISO Standard for Dialogue Act Annotation. In Seventh Conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation (pp. 2548-2555). Valetta, Malta.
- Chiarcos, C., Dipper, S., Goetze, M., Lesser, U., Luedelin, A., Ritz, J., & Stede, M. (2008). A Flexible Framework for Integrating Annotations from Different Tools and Tag Sets. Traitment Automatique des Langues, 49, 217-246.
- Core, M. G., & Allen, J. (1997). Coding Dialogs with the Damsl Annotation Scheme. In AAAI Fall Symposium on Communicative Action in Humans and Machines (Vol. 56, pp. 28-35). Cambridge, MA.
- Foster, P., Tonkyn, A., & Wigglesworth, G. (2000). Measuring Spoken Language: A Unit for All Reasons. Applied Linguistics, 21, 354-375. https://doi.org/10.1093/applin/21.3.354
- González Gándara, D. (2017). The Role of the Students in the CLIL Classroom a New Perspective to Identify Types of Tasks. International Journal of Applied Linguistics and English Literature, 6, 5-10. https://doi.org/10.7575/aiac.ijalel.v.6n.4p.5
- González Gándara, D. (2019). Discourse Analysis in the CLIL Classroom. The Effects of Task Dimensions on L2 Oral Performance. PhD Thesis, Santiago de Compostela: Universidade de Santiago de Compostela.
- González-Ledesma, A. (2007). PRAGMATEXT: Annotating the C-ORAL-ROM Corpus with Pragmatic Knowledge. Birmingham: University of Birmingham.
- Hovy, E., & Lavid, J. (2010). Towards a Science of Corpus Annotation: A New Methodological Challenge for Corpus Linguistics. International Journal of Translation, 22, 13-36.
- Jurafsky, D., Shriberg, L., & Biasca, D. (1997). Switchboard SWBD-DAMSL Shallow Discourse-Function Annotation: Coders Manual (pp. 97-102). Institute of Cognitive Science Technical Report. Boulder, CO, USA: University of Colorado.
- Leech, G., & Weisser, M. (2003). Generic Speech Act Annotation for Task-Oriented Dialogue. In D. Archer, P. Rayson, A. Wilson, & A. McEnery (Eds.), Proceedings of the Corpus Linguistics 2003 Conference (pp. 441-446). Lancaster: UCREL Technical Papers.
- Lewis, B., LaLiberte, D., & Stallman, R. (1990). GNU EMACS LISP Reference Manual. Cambridge, MA: Free Software Foundation.