Mucin genes are the main component of mucus. The sea anemone species, Aulactinia veratra (Phylum Cnidaria) contains different types of mucin genes . In the intertidal zone, A. veratra is found to be exposed to air during the low tide and produce s large quantities of mucus as an external covering. The relation between low tide and mucus secretion is still unclear, and what is the role of mucin during arial exposure is not yet investigated. This study hypothesised that the mucin genes in A. veratra would have significantly high expression in response to aerial exposure . Therefore, the aim of current study was to examine and analyses the response of A. veratra mucins in response to an experiment involving three hours of aerial exposure. To achieve this, aim the RNA-sequencing and bioinformatics analyses were used to examine the expression profile of A. veratra mucin genes in response to aerial exposure. The generated results have shown that, Mucin4-like and mucin5B-like w ere up-regulated in response to the three hours of aerial exposure in A. veratra . This finding shows a significant role of mucin5B-like and mucin4-like genes in response to ai r stress at low tide. The data generated from this study could be used in conjunction with future mucin gene studies of sea anemones and other cnidarians to compare A. veratra mucin gene expression results across time, and to exte nd our understanding of mucin stress response in this phylum.
Wang, X., Li, Y., Luo, D., Wang, X., Zhang, Y., Liu, Z. and Li, G. (2017) Lyn Regulates Mucus Secretion and MUC5AC via the STAT6 Signaling Pathway during Allergic Airway Inflammation. Scientific Reports, 7, Article No. 42675. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep42675
Fahy, J.V. and Dickey, B.F. (2010) Airway Mucus Function and Dysfunction. New England Journal of Medicine, 363, 2233-2247. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra0910061
Cox, K.E., Liu, S., Lwin, T.M., Hoffman, R.M., Batra, S.K. and Bouvet, M. (2023) The Mucin Family of Proteins: Candidates as Potential Biomarkers for Colon Cancer. Cancers, 15, Article No. 1491. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers15051491
Lang, T., Hansson, G.C. and Samuelsson, T. (2007) Gel-Forming Mucins Appeared Early in Metazoan Evolution. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 104, 16209-16214. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0705984104
Toribara, N.W., Roberton, A.M., Ho, S.B., Kuo, W.L., Gum, E., Hicks, J.W. and Kim, Y.S. (1993) Human Gastric Mucin. Identification of a Unique Species by Expression Cloning. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 268, 5879-5885. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9258(18)53402-5
Alipio, H.R.D., Albaladejo-Riad, N. and Lazado, C.C. (2022) Sulphide Donors Affect the Expression of Mucin and Sulphide Detoxification Genes in the Mucosal Organs of Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar). Frontiers in Physiology, 13, Article ID: 1083672. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2022.1083672
Hollingsworth, M.A. and Swanson, B.J. (2004) Mucins in Cancer: Protection and Control of the Cell Surface. Nature Reviews Cancer, 4, 45-60. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrc1251
Pelaseyed, T., Bergstrom, J.H., Gustafsson, J.K., Ermund, A., Birchenough, G.M., Schütte, A. and Wising, C. (2014) The Mucus and Mucins of the Goblet Cells and Enterocytes Provide the First Defense Line of the Gastrointestinal Tract and Interact with the Immune System. Immunological Reviews, 260, 8-20. https://doi.org/10.1111/imr.12182
Pajic, P., Shen, S., Qu, J., May, A.J., Knox, S., Ruhl, S. and Gokcumen, O. (2022) A Mechanism of Gene Evolution Generating Mucin Function. Science Advances, 8, eabm8757. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abm8757
Becher, N., Waldorf, K.A., Hein, M. and Uldbjerg, N. (2009) The Cervical Mucus Plug: Structured Review of the Literature. Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica, 88, 502-513. https://doi.org/10.1080/00016340902852898
Moller, M.N., Kirkeby, S. and Cayé-Thomasen, P. (2017) Innate Immune Defense in the Inner Ear-Mucines Are Expressed by the Human Endolymphatic Sac. Journal of Anatomy, 230, 297-302. https://doi.org/10.1111/joa.12559
Bryne, M., Gravdahl, C., Koppang, H.S., Kjaerheim, A. and Dabelsteen, E. (1995) Is the Carbohydrate Sialosyl-Tn a Marker for Altered, Non-Malignant Activity in Squamous Epithelium in the Head and Neck Region? The Journal of Pathology, 175, 237-242. https://doi.org/10.1002/path.1711750212
Haridi, A. (2022) Identification, Diversity and Domain Structure Analysis of Mucin and Mucin-Like Genes in Sea Anemone Actinia tenebrosa. PeerJ, 10, e13292. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.13292
Silva, J. (2013) Aulactinia veratra. https://gbri.org.au/SpeciesList/Aulactiniaveratra|JasondaSilva/tabid/740/PageContentID/3844/Default.aspx
Edmands, S. and Fautin, D.G. (1991) Redescription of Aulactinia veratra n. comb. (= Cnidopus veratra) (Coelenterata: Actiniaria) from Australia.
Black, N.A., Voellmy, R. and Szmant, A.M. (1995) Heat Shock Protein Induction in Montastraea alveolate and Aiptasia pallida Exposed to Elevated Temperatures. The Biological Bulletin, 188, 234-240. https://doi.org/10.2307/1542301
Olsen, K., Ritson-Williams, R., Ochrietor, J.D., Paul, V.J. and Ross, C. (2013) Detecting Hyperthermal Stress in Larvae of the Hermatypic Coral Porites astreoides: The Suitability of Using Biomarkers of Oxidative Stress versus Heat-Shock Protein Transcriptional Expression. Marine Biology, 160, 2609-2618. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00227-013-2255-z
Bellantuono, A.J., Granados-Cifuentes, C., Miller, D.J., Hoegh-Guldberg, O. and Rodriguez-Lanetty, M. (2012) Coral Thermal Tolerance: Tuning Gene Expression to Resist Thermal Stress. PLOS ONE, 7, e50685. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0050685
Muller, J.N. (2016) An Investigation of Sunlight Stress Response Genes in the Intertidal Sea Anemone, Actinia tenebrosa. Master Dissertation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane.
Rosa, I.C., Rocha, R.J., Lopes, A., Cruz, I.C., Calado, R., Bandarra, N. and Rosa, R. (2016) Impact of Air Exposure on the Photobiology and Biochemical Profile of an Aggressive Intertidal Competitor, the Zoanthid Palythoa caribaeorum. Marine Biology, 163, Article No. 222. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00227-016-3002-z
Teixeira, T., Diniz, M., Calado, R. and Rosa, R. (2013) Coral Physiological Adaptations to Air Exposure: Heat Shock and Oxidative Stress Responses in Veretillum cynomorium. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 439, 35-41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jembe.2012.10.010
DuBuc, T.Q., Traylor-Knowles, N. and Martindale, M.Q. (2014) Initiating a Regenerative Response; Cellular and Molecular Features of Wound Healing in the Cnidarian Nematostella vectensis. BMC Biology, 12, Article No. 24. https://doi.org/10.1186/1741-7007-12-24
Levitan, S., Sher, N., Brekhman, V., Ziv, T., Lubzens, E. and Lotan, T. (2015) The Making of an Embryo in a Basal Metazoan: Proteomic Analysis in the Sea Anemone Nematostella vectensis. Proteomics, 15, 4096-4104. https://doi.org/10.1002/pmic.201500255
Van Der Burg, C.A., Pavasovic, A., Gilding, E.K., Pelzer, E.S., Surm, J.M., Smith, H.L. and Prentis, P.J. (2020) The Rapid Regenerative Response of a Model Sea Anemone Species Exaiptasia pallida Is Haracterized by Tissue Plasticity and Highly Coordinated Cell Communication. Marine Biotechnology, 22, 285-307. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10126-020-09951-w
Van der Burg, C.A., Prentis, P.J., Surm, J.M. and Pavasovic, A. (2016) Insights into the Innate Immunome of Actiniarians Using a Comparative Genomic Approach. BMC Genomics, 17, Article No. 850. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12864-016-3204-2
Surm, J.M., Smith, H.L., Madio, B., Undheim, E.A., King, G.F., Hamilton, B.R. and Prentis, P.J. (2019) A Process of Convergent Amplification and Tissue-Specific Expression Dominates the Evolution of Toxin and Toxin-Like Genes in Sea Anemones. Molecular Ecology, 28, 2272-2289. https://doi.org/10.1111/mec.15084
Stewart, Z.K., Pavasovic, A., Hock, D.H. and Prentis, P.J. (2017) Transcriptomic Investigation of Wound Healing and Regeneration in the Cnidarian Calliactis polypus. Scientific Reports, 7, Article No. 41458. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep41458
Bolger, A.M., Lohse, M. and Usadel, B. (2014) Trimmomatic: A Flexible Trimmer for Illumina Sequence Data. Bioinformatics, 30, 2114-2120. https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btu170
Frischkorn, K.R., Harke, M.J., Gobler, C.J. and Dyhrman, S.T. (2014) De Novo Assembly of Aureococcus anophagefferens Transcriptomes Reveals Diverse Responses to the Low Nutrient and Low Light Conditions Present during Blooms. Frontiers in Microbiology, 5, Article No. 375. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2014.00375
Grabherr, M.G., Haas, B.J., Yassour, M., Levin, J.Z., Thompson, D.A., Amit, I. and Chen, Z. (2011) Full-Length Transcriptome Assembly from RNA-Seq Data without a Reference Genome. Nature Biotechnology, 29, 644-652. https://doi.org/10.1038/nbt.1883
Li, W. and Godzik, A. (2006) Cd-Hit: A Fast Program for Clustering and Comparing Large Sets of Protein or Nucleotide Sequences. Bioinformatics, 22, 1658-1659. https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btl158
Fu, L., Niu, B., Zhu, Z., Wu, S. and Li, W. (2012) CD-HIT: Accelerated for Clustering the Next-Generation Sequencing Data. Bioinformatics, 28, 3150-3152. https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/bts565
Parra, G., Bradnam, K. and Korf, I. (2007) CEGMA: A Pipeline to Accurately Annotate Core Genes in Eukaryotic Genomes. Bioinformatics, 23, 1061-1067. https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btm071
Ye, J., Fang, L., Zheng, H., Zhang, Y., Chen, J., Zhang, Z. and Wang, J. (2006) WEGO: A Web Tool for Plotting GO Annotations. Nucleic Acids Research, 34, W293-W297. https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkl031
Ali, M.Y., Pavasovic, A., Mather, P.B. and Prentis, P.J. (2015) Transcriptome Analysis and Characterisation of Gill-Expressed Carbonic Anhydrase and Other Key Osmoregulatory Genes in Freshwater Crayfish Cherax quadricarinatus. Data in Brief, 5, 187-193. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dib.2015.08.018
Langmead, B. and Salzberg, S.L. (2012) Fast Gapped-Read Alignment with Bowtie 2. Nature Methods, 9, 357-359. https://doi.org/10.1038/nmeth.1923
Li, B. and Dewey, C.N. (2011) RSEM: Accurate Transcript Quantification from RNA-Seq Data with or without a Reference Genome. BMC Bioinformatics, 12, Article No. 323. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2105-12-323
Robinson, M.D., McCarthy, D.J. and Smyth, G.K. (2010) edgeR: A Bioconductor Package for Differential Expression Analysis of Digital Gene Expression Data. Bioinformatics, 26, 139-140. https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btp616
Nigam, A.K., Kumari, U., Mittal, S. and Mittal, A.K. (2012) Comparative Analysis of Innate Immune Parameters of the Skin Mucous Secretions from Certain Freshwater Teleosts, Inhabiting Different Ecological Niches. Fish Physiology and Biochemistry, 38, 1245-1256. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10695-012-9613-5
Zhang, G., Fang, X., Guo, X., Li, L., Luo, R., Xu, F. and Xiong, Z. (2012) The Oyster Genome Reveals Stress Adaptation and Complexity of Shell Formation. Nature, 490, 49-54. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature11413
Reitzel, A.M., Sullivan, J.C., Traylor-Knowles, N. and Finnerty, J.R. (2008) Genomic Survey of Candidate Stress-Response Genes in the Estuarine Anemone Nematostella vectensis. The Biological Bulletin, 214, 233-254. https://doi.org/10.2307/25470666
Barshis, D.J., Ladner, J.T., Oliver, T.A., Seneca, F.O., Traylor-Knowles, N. and Palumbi, S.R. (2013) Genomic Basis for Coral Resilience to Climate Change. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 110, 1387-1392. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1210224110
Kültz, D. (2005) Molecular and Evolutionary Basis of the Cellular Stress Response. Annual Review of Physiology, 67, 225-257. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.physiol.67.040403.103635
Booth, N.J. and Bilodeau-Bourgeois, A.L. (2009) Proteomic Analysis of Head Kidney Tissue from High and Low Susceptibility Families of Channel Catfish Following Challenge with Edwardsiella ictaluri. Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 26, 193-196. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2008.03.003