Characterization of an Artisanal Multigear Fishery in the Core Zone of La Encrucijada Biosphere Reserve, Mexican Pacific

Abstract

Artisanal fisheries operating within protected coastal systems play a critical role in sustaining local livelihoods while interacting closely with ecologically sensitive environments. This study provides an integrated assessment of a multigear artisanal fishery operated by a cooperative society in Barra Zacapulco, located within the core zone of La Encrucijada Biosphere Reserve on the southern Pacific coast of Mexico. Catch data derived from cooperative landing records and monitored fishing trips were used to analyze catch composition, catch per unit effort (CPUE), relative biomass, by-catch, and seasonal patterns across different fishing gears. In addition, socio-economic surveys were conducted to characterize fishers’ profiles and perceptions of fishery trends and environmental change. Results revealed a multispecific fishery strongly structured by fishing gear and hydrological seasonality. Finfish catches were concentrated during the dry season, whereas shrimp exploitation was closely linked to the rainy season, when increased freshwater discharge enhances lagoon productivity and connectivity. Cast nets emerged as the most widely used and comparatively balanced gear, while stow nets exhibited higher shrimp efficiency but generated substantially greater by-catch, including species of conservation concern. Socio-economic findings highlighted a locally rooted and experienced fishing community, but also pointed to challenges related to aging fishers, limited formal education, and the underrepresentation of women in capture activities. Fishers’ perceptions of declining catches and environmental degradation—particularly mangrove loss, sedimentation, pollution, and reduced fishing areas—were consistent with empirical and historical evidence. These findings underscore the need for integrated and participatory management strategies that incorporate seasonal dynamics, promote selective fishing practices, mitigate by-catch, and strengthen local capacities to ensure the sustainability of artisanal fisheries within protected areas.