The maritime industry is currently facing the challenges of adopting new technologies and operational practices with stricter international, national and local rules in order to reduce exhaust gas emissions from ships. The most objective of regulations introduced and presented by the Worldwide Sea Organization such as International Maritime Organization (IMO) and the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is to lessen the commitment shipping makes to worldwide and local discharges. This paper analy z e s emissions from marine engines and the process of waste exhaust gas formation and provides a summary of the emission reduction technologies to satisfy MARPOL NO x tier III and EPA tier IV rules. The results showed the possibility of achieving a valuable emission reduction percentage if future diesel engines are equipped with pre-treatment, internal-treatment and/or post-treatment techniques. Economics impact for medium and low speed for category 3 marine diesel engines is also presented.
KeywordsAir PollutionGHGIMO RequirementsTier IIITier IVScrubberSCRExhaust Gas Emissions
Seddiek, S. and Elgohary, M. (2014) Eco-Friendly Selection of Ship Emissions Reduction Strategies with Emphasis on Sox and NOx Emissions. International Journal of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering, 6, 737-748. https://doi.org/10.2478/IJNAOE-2013-0209
Lin, B and Lin, C.Y. (2006) Compliance with International Emission Regulations: Reducing the Air Pollution from Merchant Vessels. Marine Policy, 30, 220-225. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2005.01.005
International Maritime Organization (2015) Third IMO GHG Study 2014. Report, International Maritime Organization, London.
Hermann, R.R. (2017) Drivers for Environmental Technologies Selection in the Shipping Industry: A Case Study of the North European Sulphur Emission Control Area. International Journal of Environmental Technology and Management, 20, 139-162. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJETM.2017.10010687
Ueno, C. (2010) Understanding Tier 4 Interim and Tier 4 Final. MTU onsite Energy. https://www.mtu-online.com/uploads/tx_templavoila/WhitePaper_Tier4i_and_Tier4_02.pdf
Kristensen, H.O. (2012) Energy Demand and Exhaust Gas Emissions of Marine Engines. Clean Shipping Currents, 1, 18-26.
Lamas, M.I. and Rodriguez, C.G. (2012) Emissions from Marine Engines and NOx Reduction Methods. Journal of Maritime Research, 9, 77-81.
Woodyard, D. (2009) Pounder’s Marine Diesel Engines and Gas Turbines. Ninth Edition, Elsevier, Oxford, 61-87.
Man Diesel Turbo (2009) Exhaust Gas Emission Control Today and Tomorrow. https://marine.mandieselturbo.com/docs/librariesprovider6/technical-papers/exhaust-gas-emission -control-today-and-tomorrow.pdf?sfvrsn=22
Cariou, P. (2011) Is Slow Steaming a Sustainable Means of Reducing CO2 Emissions from Container Shipping? Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 16, 260-264. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2010.12.005
Kuiken, K. (2017) Diesel Engines: For Ship Propulsion and Power Plants from 0 to 100,000Kw. In: Regulations for Propulsion Engines, Classification, Repair and Damage, 3rd Edition, Onnen Target Global Energy Training, Netherlands, 398-424.
Kristensen, H.O. (2015) Energy Demand and Exhaust Gas Emissions of Marine Engines. Mitigating and Reversing the Side-Effects of Environmental Legislation on RO-RO Shipping in Northern Europe. Report, Technical University of Denmark, Denmark.
Rudzki, A and Carran, A. (2014) Assessment of Current and Future Air Pollutant Emission Reduction Technologies for Marine Diesel Engines. Report, Defense Research and Development Canada, Atlantic Research Centre, Victoria, Canada. https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a603708.pdf
Issa, M., Ibrahim, H., Lepage, R. and Ilinca, A. (2019) A Review and Comparison on Recent Optimization Methodologies for Diesel Engines and Diesel Power Generators. Journal of Power and Energy Engineering, 7, 31-56. https://doi.org/10.4236/jpee.2019.76003
Elgohary, M, Seddiek, S. and Salem, A.M. (2015) Overview of Alternative Fuels with Emphasis on the Potential of Liquified Natural Gas as Future Marine Fuel. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part M: Journal of Engineering for the Maritime Environment, 229, 365-375. https://doi.org/10.1177/1475090214522778
Sastre, B.L. (2017) Implementation of LNG as Marine Fuel in Current Vessels: Perspectives and Improvements on Their Environmental Efficiency. Master Thesis, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Spain.
Nilsen, O.V. (2018) LNG Regulatory Update “Best Fuel of the Future”. Internationalisation Conference on LNG Project & the Baltic Sea Region LNG Cluster, Bergen, Norway, 10-12 April 2018. http://www.golng.eu/files/Main/20180417/2.%20Ole%20Vidar%20Nilsen%20-%20DNV%20GL.pdf
Zhou, S., Liu, Y. and Zhou, J.X. (2014) A Study on Exhaust Gas Emission Control Technology of Marine Diesel Engine. Advanced Materials Research, 864, 1804-1809. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.864-867.1804
Zheng, Z., Yao, M.F., Zhang, B. and Chen, Z. (2005) Experimental Study on Performance and Emissions Characteristics of HCCI Operation for DME/Methanol Dual Fuel. Transactions of CSICE, 23, 32-36.
Martz, J. (2011) Focusing on Dual-Fuel Engine Benefits. Consulting-Specifying Engineer Magazine and Newsletters. https://www.csemag.com/articles/focusing-on-dual-fuel-engine-benefits
Wartsila Corporation (2006) The Engine of Industry. Wartsila Annual Report, Helsinki, Finland. https://www.wartsila.com/docs/default-source/investors/financial-materials/annual-reports/annual-report-2006.pdf?sfvrsn=b1b31c45_2
Wang, Y., Lin, L., Roskilly, A., Zeng, S., et al. (2007) An Analytic Study of Applying Miller Cycle to Reduce NOx Emission from Petrol Engine. Applied Thermal Engineering, 27, 1779-1789. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2007.01.013
Kovacs, D. and Eilts, P. (2015) Potentials of the Miller Cycle on HD Diesel Engines Regarding Performance Increase and Reduction of Emissions. SAE International, No. 2015-24-2440. https://doi.org/10.4271/2015-24-2440
Goldsworthy, L. (2002) Design of Ship Engines for Reduced Emission of Oxides Nitrogen. Engineering a Sustainable Future Conference Proceeding, Australian Maritime College, Launceston.
Geist, M. (1998) Sulzer RTA-8T Engines: Compact Two Stroke for Tankers and Bulk Carriers. Report, Wartsila NSD Switzerland Ltd., Winterthur.
Kech, J., Hegner, R. and Mannle, T. (2014) Turbocharging: Key Technology for High-Performance Engines. MTU Engine Technology White Paper.
Agarwal, D., Singh, S.K. and Agarwal, A.K. (2011) Effect of Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR) on Performance, Emissions, Deposits and Durability of a Constant Speed Compression Ignition Engine. Applied Energy, 88, 2900-2907. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2011.01.066
Andersson, K., et al. (2016) Shipping and the Environment. In: Andersson, K., Brynolf, S., Lindgren, J. and Wilewska-Bien, M., Eds., Shipping and the Environment, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-49045-7_1
Ibrahim, S. (2016) Process Evaluation of a Sox and NOx Exhaust Gas Cleaning Concept for Marine Application. Master of Science Thesis, Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden.
International Maritime Organization (2018) Marine Environment Protection Committee on Its Fifty-Eighth Session. Marine Environment Protection Committee. MEPC 58/23, United Kingdom. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/waste/ships/pdf/report_mepc58.pdf
Reynolds, K.J., Caughlan, S.A. and Strong, R.S. (2011) Exhaust Gas Cleaning Systems-Selection Guide. Report, U.S. Department of Transportation. File No. 10047.01.
Entec UK Limited (2005) Service Contract on Ship Emissions. Assignment, Abatement and Market Based Instruments. Final Report, European Commission Directorate General Environment.
Issa, M., Beaulac, P., Ibrahim, H. and Ilinca, A. (2019) Marinization of a Two-Stage Mixed Structured Packing Scrubber for Sox Abatement and CO2 Capture. International Journal of Advanced Research, 7, 73-82. https://doi.org/10.21474/IJAR01/8793
Chew, H.H. (2012) U.S. Patent No. 8,241,597. U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, Washington DC.
Cimino, S., Lisi, L. and Tortorelli, M. (2016) Low Temperature SCR on Supported MnOx Catalysts for Marine Exhaust Gas Cleaning: Effect of KCl Poisoning. Chemical Engineering Journal, 283, 223-230. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2015.07.033
Ballinger, T., Cox, J., Konduru, M., De, D., Manning, W. and Andersen, P. (2009) Evaluation of SCR Catalyst Technology on Diesel Particulate Filters. SAE International Journal of Fuels and Lubricants, 2, 369-374. https://www.jstor.org/stable/26273395 https://doi.org/10.4271/2009-01-0910
Jack Faucett Associates (1985) Update of EPA’s Motor vehicle Emission Control Equipment Retail Price Equivalent. Calculation Formula, Final Report.
United States Environmental Protection Agency (2009) Costs of Emission Reduction Technologies for Category 3 Marine Engines. Final Report, Assessment and Standards Division Office of Transportation and Air Quality.