Humans temper their evolutionary competitive instincts with extensive extrapersonal assistance (EA). The consequences of this EA, as experienced by both the receptor and the contributor, are significant donors to vast swaths of human culture and society. However, effectiveness and efficiency are not guaranteed outcomes associated with humans’ efforts to assist. Indeed, intentions to assist may paradoxically result in hindrances for receptors if contributors fail to prioritize an effectual ratio of affection to expectations, fail to account for human nature and the unique human, or fail to optimally prioritize freedom of all parties. This paper examines different aspects of EA: individual as opposed to collective, voluntary versus coerced, temporary or persistent, altruistic and/or self-aggrandizing, active rather than fallow. We examine principles and methods regarding these aspects that tend to optimize the effectiveness and efficiency of EA with the overall goal of reducing human suffering by realizing independence and self-reliance of the receivers. Recommendations include an emphasis on the utilization of receptor capabilities, planning and prioritizing long-term independence, compassionate resolution of short-term exigencies, and favoring human-centered implementation of organizational EA.
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