Conflict and Peace Making in the Republic of Sudan Since 1991: A Horn of Africa Perspective School of International Relations University of International Business and Economics
- 1 Independent Researcher, Beijing, China
Abstract
This study examines the dynamics of conflict and peacemaking efforts in the Republic of Sudan from 1991 to the present through the lens of the Horn of Africa’s geopolitical context. By highlighting the interplay between Sudan’s in-ternal conflicts and regional instability, this study confirms the persistent challenges of achieving sustainable peace. The findings reveal that the period from 1991 onwards marks a transformative phase in Sudan’s political landscape, characterized by significant internal conflicts such as the Darfur crisis and the South Sudan secession. Despite various peace agreements, Sudan remains trapped in cycles of conflict due to unresolved ethnic, political, and economic issues. The study revealed achievements and shortcomings in Sudan’s peace-building journey by analyzing critical peace initiatives like the Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA) and the Juba Peace Agreement (JPA). The research uses qualitative methodology to systematically review the broader regional implications of Sudan’s conflicts and their impact on peace efforts in the Horn of Africa. The paper concludes with practical recommendations to foster sustainable peace by addressing root causes of conflict and promoting regional cooperation.
- Adebajo, A. (2002). Building Peace in West Africa: Liberia, Sierra Leone, and Guinea-Bissau. International Peace Institute. https://doi.org/10.1515/9781685850326
- African Union (2004). African Union Mission in Sudan (AMIS). https://press.un.org/
- African Union (2020). Peace and Security Council.
- AP News (2023a). Sudan Civil War: Over 24,000 Dead as the Country Faces a Humanitarian Crisis. https://apnews.com/article/24ae9cf30e7d5074e518f58b335e9d9a
- AP News (2023b). Russia Vetoes UN Resolution on Ceasefire in Sudan. https://apnews.com/article/85e2b7bb49edc8ca104cf3b9a887c859
- Boege, V., Brown, M. A., & Clements, K. P. (2009). Hybrid Political Orders, Not Fragile States. Peace Review, 21, 13-21. https://doi.org/10.1080/10402650802689997
- Boutros-Ghali, B. (1992). An Agenda for Peace: Preventive Diplomacy, Peacemaking, and Peace-Keeping. International Relations, 11, 201-218. https://doi.org/10.1177/004711789201100302
- Christie, D. J. (2012). The Encyclopedia of Peace Psychology. Wiley-Blackwell.
- Cilliers, J., & Schuunemann, J. (2013). The Future of Intrastate Conflict in Africa More Violence or Greater Peace? Institute for Security Studies.
- Collier, P. (2007). The Bottom Billion: Why the Poorest Countries Are Failing and What Can Be Done About It. Oxford University Press
- De Waal, A. (2007). Darfur: A New History of a Long War. Zed Books.
- De Waal, A. (2014). Violence and Political Order in the Horn of Africa. Cambridge University Press.
- De Waal, A. (2015). The Real Politics of the Horn of Africa: Money, War and the Business of Power. Polity Press.
- De Waal, A. (2017). Horn of Africa and Red Sea Synthesis Paper.
- Galtung, J. (1969). Violence, Peace, and Peace Research. Journal of Peace Research, 6, 167-191. https://doi.org/10.1177/002234336900600301
- Gashaw, A., & Zelalem, M. (2016). The Advent of Competing Foreign Powers in the Geostrategic Horn of Africa: Analysis of Opportunity and Security Risk for Ethiopia. International Relations and Diplomacy, 4, 787-800. https://doi.org/10.17265/2328-2134/2016.12.005
- Global Observatory (2024). More Peacekeeping for Sudan? https://theglobalobservatory.org/2024/09/more-peacekeeping-for-sudan/