Self-Determination in South Sudan: Contested Political Ideologies and Historical Claims

Abstract

This paper examines the contested historical development of self-determination in South Sudan, with particular emphasis on Riek Machar’s pivotal role in transforming the movement’s aspirations into an explicit and negotiable political right. By analyzing colonial-era debates, internal divisions, peace agreements, and the legal framework preceding independence, the study contends that while earlier southern leaders pursued autonomy and political recognition, Riek Machar’s advocacy established external self-determination as a concrete objective. The analysis situates this development within the ideological divide that shaped southern Sudanese liberation politics after 1991, contrasting Riek Machar’s stance with John Garang’s New Sudan vision. Drawing on key agreements, including the 1997 Khartoum Peace Agreement, and relevant historical literature, the study demonstrates how competing ideologies influenced the SPLA split and shaped Southern Sudan’s political trajectory. It further addresses ongoing debates among South Sudanese political actors regarding attribution for the principle that culminated in the 2011 referendum and independence. The paper concludes that while the broader southern resistance provided essential foundations, Riek Machar was instrumental in advancing self-determination as a tangible political right.