The concern of this study is determine the quality of soil when irrigation used treated water and wastewater in comparison with soil irrigated with tap water on some chemical and physical soil properties. The experiment components were three trials carried out under greenhouse conditions, 10 pots for each trial. The first trial irrigated with tap water, the second trial irrigated by treated water and the third trial irrigated with wastewater. The experiment conducted to study the impact of water types on some soil physical and chemical properties. The experiment included important analysis for water and soil before and after irrigation. The results showed that the values for electrical conductivity (EC) were 0.850, 308 and 324 μs/cm for the treated soil with tap water, treated water and wastewater, respectively. The variation of pH values seems to be approximately constant between the different of water used. The percent of organic matter (OM) in soils receiving treated water and wastewater 4.7% and 5.2% respectively were higher than values in soil treated with tap water 3%. The same trend was in organic carbon (OC) in soils receiving treated water and wastewater 58.5% and 89% respectively, while soil treated with tap water showed the lowest value 27.7%. Soil particle density (SPD) increased significantly in both water treatments were the values was 2 g/cm 3 in tap water but increased value 2.8 g/cm 3 and 3.3 g/cm 3 in treated water and wastewater used respectively. The Bulk Density (BD) values range 1.1 g/cm 3 in soil irrigated with tap water 1.5 g/cm 3 in soil irrigated with treated water and 1.85 g/cm 3 in soil irrigated with treated water. The results of soil analysis before and after planting showed that most of the values increased for the physical and chemical soil properties.
Chen, Y., Lerner, O. and Tarchitzky, J. (2003) Hydraulic conductivity and soil hydrophobicity: effect of irrigation with reclaimed wastewater. In: 9th Nordic I HSS Symposium on Abundance and Functions of Natural Organic Matter Species in Soil and Water (ed. U. Lundstrom), p. 19. Mid-Sweden University, Sundsvall, Sweden.
Tarchitzky, J., Lerner, O., Shani, U., Arye, G. and Brener, A. (2007) Water Distribution Pattern in Treated Wastewater Irrigated Soils: Hydrophobicity Effect. European Journal of Soil Science, 58, 573-588. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2389.2006.00845.x
Hamilton, A.J., Stagnitti, F., Xiong, X., Kreidl, S.L., Benke, K.K. and Maher, P. (2007) Wastewater Irrigation: The State of Play. Vadose Zone Journal, 6, 823-840. https://doi.org/10.2136/vzj2007.0026
Murtaza, G., Ghafoor, A., Qadir, M., Owens, G., Aziz, M.A. and Zia, M.H. (2010) Disposal and Use of Sewage on Agricultural Lands in Pakistan: A Review. Pedosphere, 20, 23-34. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1002-0160(09)60279-4
Pedrero, F., Kalavrouziotis, I., Jose Alarcon, J., Koukoulakis, P. and Asano, T. (2010) Use of Treated Municipal Wastewater in Irrigated Agriculture—Review of Some Practices in Spain and Greece. Agricultural Water Management, 97, 1233-1241. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2010.03.003
Meena, R., Datta, S.P., Golui, D., Dwivedi, B.S. and Meena, M.C. (2016) Long-Term Impact of Sewage Irrigation on Soil Properties and Assessing Risk in Relation to Transfer of Metals to Human Food Chain. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 23, 14269-14283. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-016-6556-x
Shilpi, S., Seshadri, B., Sarkar, B., Bolan, N., Lamb, D. and Naidu, R. (2018) Comparative Values of Various Wastewater Streams as a Soil Nutrient Source. Chemosphere, 192, 272-281. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.10.118
Deshmukh, S.K., Singh, A.K., Datta, S.P. and Annapurna, K. (2011) Impact of Long-Term Wastewater Application on Microbiological Properties of Vadose Zone. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 175, 601-612. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-010-1554-9
Rezapour, S. and Samadi, A. (2011) Soil Quality Response to Long-Term Wastewater Irrigation in Incept Sols from a Semi-Arid Environment. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems, 91, 269-280. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10705-011-9460-2
Tunc, T. and Sahin, U. (2015) The Changes in the Physical and Hydraulic Properties of a Loamy Soil under Irrigation with Simpler-Reclaimed Wastewaters. Agricultural Water Management, 158, 213-224. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2015.05.012
Impact of Short Term Irrigation with Different Water Types on Some Chemical and Physical Soil Properties — Oak Academic Publishing
Meng, W., Wang, Z., Hu, B., Wang, Z., Li, H. and Goodman, R.C. (2016) Heavy Metals in Soil and Plants after Long-Term Sewage Irrigation at Tianjin China: A Case Study Assessment. Agricultural Water Management, 171, 153-161. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2016.03.013
Liu, B., Ma, X., Ai, S., Zhu, S., Zhang, W. and Zhang, Y. (2016) Spatial Distribution and Source Identification of Heavy Metals in Soils under Different Land Uses in a Sewage Irrigation Region, Northwest China. Journal of Soils and Sediments, 16, 1547-1556. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11368-016-1351-3
Chen, L., Feng, Q., Li, C., Wei, Y., Zhao, Y., Feng, Y., Zheng, H., Li, F. and Li, H. (2017) Impacts of Aquaculture Wastewater Irrigation on Soil Microbial Functional Diversity and Community Structure in Arid Regions. Scientific Reports, 7, Article No. 11193. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-11678-z
Arif, M.S., Riaz, M., Shahzad, S.M., Yasmeen, T., Buttler, A., Garcia-Gil, J.C., Roohi, M. and Rasool, A. (2016) Contrasting Effects of Untreated Textile Wastewater onto the Soil Available Nitrogen-Phosphorus and Enzymatic Activities in Aridisol. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 188, 102. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-016-5112-y
Roohi, M., Riaz, M., Arif, M.S., Shahzad, S.M., Yasmeen, T., Ashraf, M.A., Riaz, M.A. and Mian, I.A. (2017) Low C/N Ratio Raw Textile Wastewater Reduced Labile C and Enhanced Organic-Inorganic N and Enzymatic Activities in a Semiarid Alkaline Soil. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 24, 3456-3469. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-016-8102-2
Chen, J., Tang, C. and Yu, J. (2006) Use of O-18, H-2 and N-15 to Identify Nitrate Contamination of Groundwater in a Wastewater Irrigated Field near the City of Shijiazhuang, China. Journal of Hydrology, 326, 367-378. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2005.11.007
Yadav, R.K., Minhas, P.S., Lal, K., Chaturvedi, R.K., Yadav, G. and Verma, T.P. (2015) Accumulation of Metals in Soils, Groundwater and Edible Parts of Crops Grown under Long-Term Irrigation with Sewage Mixed Industrial Effluents. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 95, 200-206. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00128-015-1547-z
Lado, M. and Ben-Hur, M. (2009) Treated Domestic Sewage Irrigation Effects on Soil Hydraulic Properties in Arid and Semiarid Zones: A Review. Soil & Tillage Research, 106, 152-163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2009.04.011
Luo, L., Lin, H. and Li, S. (2010) Quantification of 3-D Soil Macro Pore Networks in Different Soil Types and Land Uses Using Computed Tomography. Journal of Hydrology, 393, 53-64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2010.03.031
Udawatta, R.P. and Anderson, S.H. (2008) CT-Measured Pore Characteristics of Surface and Subsurface Soils Influenced by Agroforestry and Grass Buffers. Geoderma, 145, 381-389. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2008.04.004
Meng, C., Niu, J., Li, X., Luo, Z., Du, X., Du, J., Lin, X. and Yu, X. (2017) Quantifying Soil Macro Pore Networks in Different Forest Communities Using Industrial Computed Tomography in a Mountainous Area of North China. Journal of Soils and Sediments, 17, 2357-2370. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11368-016-1441-2
Halliwell, D.J., Barlow, K.M. and Nash, D.M. (2001) A Review of the Effects of Wastewater Sodium on Soil Physical Properties and Their Implications for Irrigation Systems. Soil Research, 39, 1259-1267. https://doi.org/10.1071/SR00047
Mohammad, M.J. and Mazahreh, N. (2003) Changes in Soil Fertility Parameters in Response to Irrigation of Forage Crops with Secondary Treated Wastewater. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, 34, 1281-1294. https://doi.org/10.1081/CSS-120020444
Jaramillo, M. and Restrepo, I. (2017) Wastewater Reuse in Agriculture: A Review about Its Limitations and Benefits. Sustainability, 9, 1734. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101734
Itanna, F. (2003) Influence of Soil Type Differences on the Distribution of DTPA Extractable Heavy Metals in Soils Irrigated with Industrial Effluents. SINET Ethiopian Journal of Science, 26, 47-54. https://doi.org/10.4314/sinet.v26i1.18199
Qian, Y.L. and Mecham, B. (2005) Long-Term Effect of Recycled Wastewater Irrigation on Soil Chemical Properties on Golf Course Fairways. American Society of Agronomy Journal, 97, 717-721. https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj2004.0140
Amer, K. (2005) The Occurrence and Formation Potential of Trihalomethanes in Drinking and Recreational Water in Tulkarm District, Palestine, M.Sc. Thesis, p. 5-10. https://file:///C:/Users/microsoft/Downloads/AmerKanan_Mastertheses.pdf
Black, C.A., Evans, D.D., White, J.L., Ensminger, L.E. and Clark, F.E. (1965) Method of Soil Analysis. American Society of Agronomy, Inc., Wisconsin.
Olsen, S.R., Cole, C.V., Watanabe, F.S. and Dean, L.A. (1954). Estimation of Available Phosphorus in Soils by Extraction with NaHCO. Circular No. 939 United States Department of Agriculture.
Walkley, A. and Black, I.A. (1934) An Examination of the Degtjareff Method for Determining Soil Organic Matter, and a Proposed Modification of the Chromic Acid Titration Method. Soil science, 37, 29-38.
FAO (2003) Users Manual for Irrigation with Treated Wastewater. Regional Office for the Near East, Cairo, Egypt.
Pescod, M.B. (1992) Wastewater Treatment and Use in Agriculture. Other. Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome, Italy. Paper No. 4729. http://eprints.icrisat.ac.in/id/eprint/8638 .
Mutengu, S., Hoko, Z. and Makoni, F.I.S. (2007) Physics and Chemistry of the Earth Part C: Solar, Terrestrial and Planetary Science, 32, 967-1412.
Kiziloglu, F., Tuean, M., Sahin, U., Angin, I., Anapali, O. and Okuroglu, M. (2007) Effect of Wastewater Irrigation on Soil and Cabbage-Plant (Brassica Oleracea var. Capitate cv. Yalova-1) Chemival Properties. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science, 170, 166-172. https://doi.org/10.1002/jpln.200621971
Angin, I., Yaganoglu, P. and Turan, M. (2005) Effects of Long-Term Wastewater Irrigation on Soil Properties. Journal of Sustainable Agriculture, 26, 31-42. https://doi.org/10.1300/J064v26n03_05
Bratby, J., Schuler, P., Richards, M., Jimenez, J., and Petrik, K. (2006) A Rational Approach to Size Denitrification Filters to Meet TMDL Requirements. Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation, 2006, 3466-3478.
Plaut, Z., Edelstein, M. and Ben-Hur, M. (2013) Overcoming Salinity Barriers to Crop Production Using Traditional Methods. Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences, 32, 250-291. https://doi.org/10.1080/07352689.2012.752236
Soriano-Disla, J.M., Janik, L.J., Viscarra Rossel, R.A., Macdonald, L.M. and McLaughlin, M.J. (2014) The Performance of Visible, Near-, and Mid-Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy for Prediction of Soil Physical, Chemical, and Biological Properties. Applied Spectroscopy Reviews, 49, 139-186. https://doi.org/10.1080/05704928.2013.811081
AL-Jasser, A.O. (2011) Saudi Wastewater Reuse Standards for Agricultural Irrigation: Riyadh Treatment Plants Effluent Compliance. Journal of King Saud University—Engineering Sciences, 23, 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jksues.2009.06.001
Chang, I.-S., Lee, E.W., Oh, S. and Kim, Y. (2005) Comparison of SAR (Sodium Adsorption Ratio) between RO and NF Processes for the Reclamation of Secondary Effluent. Water Science and Technology, 51, 313-318. https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2005.0651
Akponikpe, P., Wima, K., Yakouba, H. and Mermoud, A. (2011) Reuse of Domestic Wastewater Treated in Macrophyte Ponds to Irrigate Tomato and Eggplant in Semi-Arid West-Africa: Benefits and Risks. Agricultural Water Management, 98, 834-840.
Valipour, M. and Singh, V.P. (2016) Global Experiences on Wastewater Irrigation: Challenges and Prospects. In: Balanced Urban Development: Options and Strategies for Liveable Cities, Springer, Cham, 289-327. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-28112-4_18
Manas, P., Castro, E. and Heras, J. (2009) Irrigation with Treated Wastewater: Effects on Soil, Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) Crop and Dynamics of Microorganisms. Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A, 44, 1261-1273. https://doi.org/10.1080/10934520903140033
Sacks, M. and Bernstein, N. (2011) Utilization of Reclaimed Wastewater for Irrigation of Field-Grown Melons by Surface and Subsurface Drip Irrigation. Israel Journal of Plant Sciences, 59, 159-169. https://doi.org/10.1560/IJPS.59.2-4.159
Ndour, N., Baudoin, E., Guisse, A., Seck, M., Khouma, M. and Brauman, A. (2008) Impact of Irrigation Water Quality on Soil Nitrifying and Total Bacterial Communities. Biology and Fertility of Soils, 44, 797-803. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00374-008-0285-3