Influence of Soil pH, Organic Matter, and Clay Content on Environmentally Available Lead in Soils: A Case Study in Muncie, Indiana, USA — Oak Academic Publishing
Research ArticleOpen AccessGoogle Scholar indexed
Influence of Soil pH, Organic Matter, and Clay Content on Environmentally Available Lead in Soils: A Case Study in Muncie, Indiana, USA
Department of Environment, Geology and Natural Resources, Ball State University, Muncie, IN, USA
,
Department of Environment, Geology and Natural Resources, Ball State University, Muncie, IN, USA
,
Department of Environment, Geology and Natural Resources, Ball State University, Muncie, IN, USA
,
Department of Environment, Geology and Natural Resources, Ball State University, Muncie, IN, USA
1 Department of Environment, Geology and Natural Resources, Ball State University, Muncie, IN, USA
2 Department of Environment, Geology and Natural Resources, Ball State University, Muncie, IN, USA
3 Department of Environment, Geology and Natural Resources, Ball State University, Muncie, IN, USA
4 Department of Environment, Geology and Natural Resources, Ball State University, Muncie, IN, USA
Due to historical and ongoing industrial practices, lead contamination in urban soils presents substantial health risks, primarily due to its capacity to readily migrate from the soil to humans. This research focused on the influence of soil pH, organic matter, and clay content on extractable lead amounts. Sixty-four soil samples from Muncie, Indiana, were analyzed, revealing that the examined factors accounted for 21.71% of the Pb mg/Kg-dry variable variance (p < 0.002). A significant inverse correlation was observed between Pb and clay content (r = − 0.4, p < 0.001), with XRD and FTIR analyses confirming the binding affinity of clay minerals with lead. In contrast, no significant relationships were found between Pb concentrations and soil pH (r = 0.07; p = 0.59) or organic matter content (r = 0.12; p = 0.34). Elucidating the interactions between lead, clay minerals, and other soil constituents is crucial for addressing lead-contaminated soils and reducing environmental and health impacts.
Kabata-Pendias, A. and Szteke, B. (2015) Trace Elements in Abiotic and Biotic Environments. CRC Press, Boca Raton. https://doi.org/10.1201/b18198
Huo, X., Peng, L., Xu, X., Zheng, L., Qiu, B., Qi, Z., et al. (2007) Elevated Blood Lead Levels of Children in Guiyu, an Electronic Waste Recycling Town in China. Environmental Health Perspectives, 115, 1113-1117. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.9697
Steinnes, E. and Friedland, A.J. (2006) Metal Contamination of Natural Surface Soils from Long-Range Atmospheric Transport: Existing and Missing Knowledge. Environmental Reviews, 14, 169-186. https://doi.org/10.1139/a06-002
Counter, S.A., Buchanan, L.H. and Ortega, F. (2005) Neurocognitive Impairment in Lead-Exposed Children of Andean Lead-Glazing Workers. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 47, 306-312. https://www.jstor.org/stable/44996842 https://doi.org/10.1097/01.jom.0000155717.45594.65
Dayton, E.A., Basta, N.T., Payton, M.E., Bradham, K.D., Schroder, J.L. and Lanno, R.P. (2006) Evaluating the Contribution of Soil Properties to Modifying Lead Phytoavailability and Phytotoxicity. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry: An International Journal, 25, 719-725. https://doi.org/10.1897/05-307R.1
Baron, S., Carignan, J. and Ploquin, A. (2006) Dispersion of Heavy Metals (Metalloids) in Soils from 800-Year-Old Pollution (Mont-Lozere, France). Environmental Science & Technology, 40, 5319-5326. https://doi.org/10.1021/es0606430
HERO (2020) Human Health Risk Assessment DTSC-Modified Screening Levels. https://dtsc.ca.gov/wp-content/uploads/sites/31/2022/02/HHRA-Note-3-June2020-Revised-May2022A.pdf
Environmental Protection Agency (2001) Lead; Identification of Dangerous Levels of Lead.
Drexler, J., Fisher, N., Henningsen, G., Lanno, R., McGeer, J., Sappington, K., et al. (2003) Issue Paper on the Bioavailability and Bioaccumulation of Metals. US Environmental Protection Agency Risk Assessment Forum, Washington DC.
Surkan, P.J., Zhang, A., Trachtenberg, F., Daniel, D.B., McKinlay, S. and Bellinger, D.C. (2007) Neuropsychological Function in Children with Blood Lead Levels https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuro.2007.07.007
Needleman, H. (2004) Lead Poisoning. Annual Review of Medicine, 55, 209-222. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.med.55.091902.103653
Lanphear, B.P., Hornung, R., Ho, M., Howard, C.R., Eberly, S. and Knauf, K. (2002) Environmental Lead Exposure during Early Childhood. The Journal of Pediatrics, 140, 40-47. https://doi.org/10.1067/mpd.2002.120513
Juhasz, A.L., Weber, J., Smith, E., Naidu, R., Marschner, B., Rees, M., et al. (2009) Evaluation of SBRC-Gastric and SBRC-Intestinal Methods for the Prediction of in vivo Relative Lead Bioavailability in Contaminated Soils. Environmental Science & Technology, 43, 4503-4509. https://doi.org/10.1021/es803238u
WHO: World Health Organization (2011) Guidelines for Drinking-Water Quality.
Adriano, D.C. (2001) Trace Elements in Terrestrial Environments: Biogeochemistry, Bioavailability, and Risks of Metals. Springer, New York. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-21510-5
Zeng, F., Ali, S., Zhang, H., Ouyang, Y., Qiu, B., Wu, F., et al. (2011) The Influence of pH and Organic Matter Content in Paddy Soil on Heavy Metal Availability and Their Uptake by Rice Plants. Environmental Pollution, 159, 84-91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2010.09.019
Krishnamurti, G.S.R., Huang, P.M. and Kozak, L.M. (1999) Sorption and Desorption Kinetics of Cadmium from Soils: Influence of Phosphate. Soil Science, 164, 888-898. https://doi.org/10.1097/00010694-199912000-00002
Kashem, M.A. and Singh, B.R. (2001) Metal Availability in Contaminated Soils: I. Effects of Floodingand Organic Matter on Changes in Eh, pH and Solubility of Cd, Ni and Zn. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems, 61, 247-255. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1013762204510
Zalidis, G., Barbayiarinis, N. and Matsi, T. (1999) Forms and Distribution of Heavy Metals in Soils of the Axios Delta of Northern Greece. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, 30, 817-827. https://doi.org/10.1080/00103629909370248
Mühlbachová, G., Simon, T. and Pechová, M. (2005) The Availability of Cd, Pb and Zn and Their Relationships with Soil pH and Microbial Biomass in Soils Amended by Natural Clinoptilolite. Plant, Soil and Environment, 51, 26-33. https://doi.org/10.17221/3552-PSE
Appel, C. and Ma, L. (2002) Concentration, pH, and Surface Charge Effects on Cadmium and Lead Sorption in Three Tropical Soils. Journal of Environmental Quality, 31, 581-589. https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2002.5810
Maskall, J. and Thornton, I. (1998) Chemical Partitioning of Heavy Metals in Soils, Clays and Rocks at Historical Lead Smelting Sites. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 108, 391-409. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1005029310495
Chlopecka, A., Bacon, J., Wilson, M. and Kay, J. (1996) Forms of Cadmium, Lead, and Zinc in Contaminated Soils from Southwest Poland. Journal of Environmental Quality, 25, 69-79. https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq1996.00472425002500010009x
Carrillo-González, R., Simunek, J., Sauve, S. and Adriano, D. (2006) Mechanisms and Pathways of Trace Element Mobility in Soils. Advances in Agronomy, 91, 111-178. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2113(06)91003-7
McCauley, A., Jones, C. and Jacobsen, J. (2009) Soil pH and Organic Matter. Nutrient Management Module, 8, 1-12.
Sauve, S., McBride, M. and Hendershot, W. (1998) Soil Solution Speciation of Lead (II): Effects of Organic Matter and pH. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 62, 618-621. https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1998.03615995006200030010x
Bataillard, P., Cambier, P. and Picot, C. (2003) Short-Term Transformations of Lead and Cadmium Compounds in Soil after Contamination. European Journal of Soil Science, 54, 365-376. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2389.2003.00527.x
Karamanos, R., Bettany, J. and Stewart, J. (1976) The Uptake of Native and Applied Lead by Alfalfa and Bromegrass from Soil. Canadian Journal of Soil Science, 56, 485-494. https://doi.org/10.4141/cjss76-056
Murray, K.S., Rogers, D.T. and Kaufman, M.M. (2004) Heavy Metals in an Urban Watershed in Southeastern Michigan. Journal of Environmental Quality, 33, 163-172. https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2004.1630
Karathanasis, A. (2006) Soil Mineralogy. Land Use and Land Cover, from Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS), Developed under the Auspices of the UNESCO. EOLSS Publishers, Oxford.
Kome, G.K., Enang, R.K., Tabi, F.O. and Yerima, B.P.K. (2019) Influence of Clay Minerals on Some Soil Fertility Attributes: A Review. Open Journal of Soil Science, 9, 155-188. https://doi.org/10.4236/ojss.2019.99010
Page, A.L. and Keeney, D. (1982) Methods of Soil Analysis. American Society of Agronomy, Madison.
United States Environmental Protection Agency (2004) Soil and Waste pH.
Bouyoucos, G.J. (1962) Hydrometer Method Improved for Making Particle Size Analyses of Soils 1. Agronomy Journal, 54, 464-465. https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj1962.00021962005400050028x
Brower, J.E., Zar, J.H. and Von Ende, C.N. (1998) Field and Laboratory Methods for General Ecology. McGraw-Hill, Boston.
Robertson, S. (2011) Direct Estimation of Organic Matter by Loss on Ignition: Methods. SFU Soil Science Lab.
United States Environmental Protection Agency (1996) Acid Digestion of Sediments, Sludges, and Soils. Method 3050B. https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2015-12/documents/3050b.pdf
United States Environmental Protection Agency (2014) Method 1340. In vitro Bioaccessibility Assay for Lead in Soil. https://www.epa.gov/hw-sw846/sw-846-test-method-1340-vitro-bioaccessibility-assay-lead-soil
Hair, J.F. (2009) Multivariate Data Analysis. Pearson, London.
Núnez, E., Steyerberg, E.W. and Núnez, J. (2011) Regression Modeling Strategies. Revista Espanola de Cardiología (English Edition), 64, 501-507. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rec.2011.01.017
Kabata-Pendias, A. (2000) Trace Elements in Soils and Plants. CRC Press, Boca Raton. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781420039900
Griffin, R.A. and Shimp, N.F. (1976) Effect of pH on Exchange-Adsorption or Precipitation of Lead from Landfill Leachates by Clay Minerals. Environmental Science & Technology, 10, 1256-1261. https://doi.org/10.1021/es60123a003
Puls, R.W., Powell, R.M., Clark, D. and Eldred, C.J. (1991) Effects of pH, Solid/Solution Ratio, Ionic Strength, and Organic Acids on Pb and Cd Sorption on Kaolinite. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 57, 423-430. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00282905
Harter, R.D. (1983) Effect of Soil pH on Adsorption of Lead, Copper, Zinc, and Nickel. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 47, 47-51. https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1983.03615995004700010009x
Tipping, E. (2002) Cation Binding by Humic Substances. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511535598
Kwiatkowska-Malina, J. (2018) Functions of Organic Matter in Polluted Soils: The Effect of Organic Amendments on Phytoavailability of Heavy Metals. Applied Soil Ecology, 123, 542-545. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsoil.2017.06.021
Baker, L.R., White, P.M. and Pierzynski, G.M. (2011) Changes in Microbial Properties after Manure, Lime, and Bentonite Application to a Heavy Metal-Contaminated Mine Waste. Applied Soil Ecology, 48, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsoil.2011.02.007
Lo, K., Yang, W. and Lin, Y. (1992) Effects of Organic Matter on the Specific Adsorption of Heavy Metals by Soil. Toxicological & Environmental Chemistry, 34, 139-153. https://doi.org/10.1080/02772249209357787
Stevenson, F.J. and Welch, L.F. (1979) Migration of Applied Lead in a Field Soil. Environmental Science & Technology, 13, 1255-1259. https://doi.org/10.1021/es60158a005
Liu, L., Chen, H., Cai, P., Liang, W. and Huang, Q. (2009) Immobilization and Phytotoxicity of Cd in Contaminated Soil Amended with Chicken Manure Compost. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 163, 563-567. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.07.004
Power, J.F. and Prasad, R. (1997) Soil Fertility Management for Sustainable Agriculture. CRC Press, Boca Raton. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781439821985
Halim, M., Conte, P. and Piccolo, A. (2003) Potential Availability of Heavy Metals to Phytoextraction from Contaminated Soils Induced by Exogenous Humic Substances. Chemosphere, 52, 265-275. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0045-6535(03)00185-1
McBride, M.B. (1995) Toxic Metal Accumulation from Agricultural Use of Sludge: Are USEPA Regulations Protective? Journal of Environmental Quality, 24, 5-18. https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq1995.00472425002400010002x
Aparicio, P. and Galán, E. (1999) Mineralogical Interference on Kaolinite Crystallinity Index Measurements. Clays and Clay Minerals, 47, 12-27. https://doi.org/10.1346/CCMN.1999.0470102
Frost, R.L. and Kristof, J. (2004) Raman and Infrared Spectroscopic Studies of Kaolinite Surfaces Modified by Intercalation. In: Wypych, F. and Satyanarayana, K.G., Eds., Interface Science and Technology, Elsevier, New York, 184-215. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1573-4285(04)80041-3
Robinson, L.J., Robertson, A.J., Dawson, L.A. and Main, A.M. (2015) In situ FTIR Analysis of Soils for Forensic Applications. https://www.spectroscopyonline.com/view/situ-ftir-analysis-soils-forensic-applications
Jiang, M.Q., Jin, X.Y., Lu, X.Q. and Chen, Z.L. (2010) Adsorption of Pb(II), Cd(II), Ni(II) and Cu(II) onto Natural Kaolinite Clay. Desalination, 252, 33-39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2009.11.005
Uddin, M.K. (2017) A Review on the Adsorption of Heavy Metals by Clay Minerals, with Special Focus on the Past Decade. Chemical Engineering Journal, 308, 438-462. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2016.09.029
Kothe, E. and Varma, A. (2012) Bio-Geo Interactions in Metal-Contaminated Soils. Springer, Berlin. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-23327-2
Bittell, J. and Miller, R.J. (1974) Lead, Cadmium, and Calcium Selectivity Coefficients on a Montmorillonite, Illite, and Kaolinite. Journal of Environmental Quality, 3, 250-253. https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq1974.00472425000300030013x