Occupational Safety and Health Hazards in Apparel Processing Factories Posed by Respirable PM_2.5 in Export Processing Zone, Machakos County, Kenya

Abstract

Recent epidemiological evidence demonstrates a consistent association of severe health effects with ambient particulate matter. Reduced life expectancy, as well as hospitalization for cardiorespiratory effects, and exacerbation of diseases such as asthma and COPD. Export processing zones (EPZ) employ large number of workers who engage in manufacturing of goods. Apparel processing is a key economic activity in EPZ. Garment cutting and stitching contribute to release of fine particles. This study aimed at assessing exposure to PM 2.5 among workers in apparel processing companies in EPZ, Machakos County Kenya. The study utilized a cross-sectional descriptive design. Four apparel manufacturing factories were selected. Concentrations of PM 2.5 were measured using a potable real time PM detector model , Turnkey Osiris Airborne Particulate Monitor with an accuracy of 0.1 μg/m 3 . The mean value for PM 2.5 was 65.61 ± 31.5 with a range of 59.08 - 72.14 μg/m 3 . Main PM 2.5 sources were found to be from Sewing/Embroidery > Cutting/Fusing/pre s - si ng > Fabric/relaxing/spreading > Packaging > Office departments respectively. The mean concentrations were above the WHO acceptable levels of 15 μg · m -3 for 24-hour exposure. The study reveals that there are significant PM 2.5 particles in apparel processing companies EPZ, Machakos County. The management should explore engineering control measures, occupational safety practices, and administrative controls to reduce respirable dust exposure.