Cognitive Biases in Occupational Safety and Health: A Systematic Review of Prevalence and the Evidence for Effective Debiasing Strategies

Abstract

This systematic literature review synthesizes empirical and theoretical research on cognitive biases and debiasing strategies within occupational safety and health (OSH). Following PRISMA guidelines, the authors analyzed peer-reviewed literature, identifying only 13 relevant studies from an initial pool of 705. The findings confirm the influence of cognitive biases across critical OSH domains: accident causation (e.g., attribution errors), safety decision-making (e.g., overconfidence, optimism bias), hazard perception (e.g., confirmation bias), and safety management systems (e.g., hindsight bias, reductionism). These biases systematically distort judgment and risk perception, often prioritizing individual blame over systemic factors. Crucially, the review reveals a significant research gap: while the existence and impact of biases are well-documented, empirically validated and OSH-specific debiasing strategies remain notably underdeveloped and understudied. Analysis of existing interventions indicates that standardized checklists are often ineffective or counterproductive. In contrast, strategies emphasizing deliberate system design, such as premortem analysis, scenario-based learning, structured training incorporating accountability (e.g., pause and reflect slowdowns), and customized programs addressing operational realities, demonstrate greater potential. The findings underscore the urgent need for further empirical research and implementation of targeted debiasing techniques to enhance decision-making and safety outcomes in OSH practice.