Cancer is a set of diseases including abnormal growth of cells that can spread to another tissue. Verbascoside (or acteoside) is a naturally occurring, water-soluble secondary metabolite with significant biological properties, which is distributed widely in plant kingdom. Verbascoside is pharmacologically active compounds with many recent evidences that support its biological activities and safety. This review focus es on the recent studies that concerned with the antitumor activities of verbascoside alone and as a synergistic agent as well as nanoproduct. It also shows the latest advances in its antitumor effects, cytotoxic selectivity and its efficiencies in treating cancer, in vitro and/or vivo .
Miller, K.D., Siegel, R.L., Lin, C.C., Mariotto, A.B., Kramer, J.L., Rowland, J.H., Stein, K.D., Alteri, R. and Jemal, A. (2016) Cancer Treatment and Survivorship Statistics, 2016. CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians, 66, 271-289. https://doi.org/10.3322/caac.21349
World Health Organization (WHO) (2020) Cancer. https://www.who.int/health-topics/cancer#tab=tab_1
Lee, S.H. and Ham, E.M. (2010) The Relationship between the Optimistic Bias about Cancer and Cancer Preventive Behavior of the Korean, Chinese, American, and Japanese Adult Residing in Korea. Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing, 40, 52-59. https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2010.40.1.52
Anand, P., Kunnumakara, A.B., Sundaram, C., Harikumar, K.B., Tharakan, S.T., Lai, O.S., Sung, B. and Aggarwal, B.B. (2008) Cancer Is a Preventable Disease That Requires Major Lifestyle Changes. Pharmaceutical Research, 25, 2097-2116. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11095-008-9661-9
Tian, Y., Qiu, X., Wang, C., Zhao, J., Jiang, X., Niu, W., Huang, J. and Zhang, F. (2021) Cancer Associates with Risk and Severe Events of COVID-19: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. International Journal of Cancer, 148, 363-374. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijc.33213
Nussbaumer, S., Bonnabry, P., Veuthey, J.L. and Fleury-Souverain, S. (2011) Analysis of Anticancer Drugs: A Review. Talanta, 85, 2265-2289. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2011.08.034
Rostamabadi, H., Falsafi, S.R. and Jafari, S.M. (2019) Nanoencapsulation of Carotenoids within Lipid-Based Nanocarriers. Journal of Controlled Release, 298, 38-67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jconrel.2019.02.005
Leopoldini, M., Russo, N. and Toscano, M. (2011) The Molecular Basis of Working Mechanism of Natural Polyphenolic Antioxidants. Food Chemistry, 125, 288-306. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2010.08.012
Jafari, S.M. and McClements, D.J. (2017) Nanotechnology Approaches for Increasing Nutrient Bioavailability. Advances in Food and Nutrition Research, 81, 1-30. https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.afnr.2016.12.008
Zare, M., Norouzi Roshan, Z., Assadpour, E. and Jafari, S.M. (2021) Improving the Cancer Prevention/Treatment Role of Carotenoids through Various Nano-Delivery Systems. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 61, 522-534. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2020.1738999
Maqsoudlou, A., Assadpour, E., Mohebodini, H. and Jafari, S.M. (2020) Improving the Efficiency of Natural Antioxidant Compounds via Different Nanocarriers. Advances in Colloid and Interface Science, 278, Article ID: 102122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cis.2020.102122
de Souza Gil, E., Adrian Enache, T. and Maria Oliveira-Brett, A. (2013) Redox Behaviour of Verbascoside and Rosmarinic Acid. Combinatorial Chemistry & High Throughput Screening, 16, 92-97. https://doi.org/10.2174/138620713804806337
Oyourou, J.N., Combrinck, S., Regnier, T. and Marston, A. (2013) Purification, Stability and Antifungal Activity of Verbascoside from Lippia javanica and Lantana camara Leaf Extracts. Industrial Crops and Products, 43, 820-826. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2012.08.028
Fan, Y., Xu, C., Li, J., Zhang, L., Yang, L., Zhou, Z., Zhu, Y. and Zhao, D. (2018) Ionic Liquid-Based Microwave-Assisted Extraction of Verbascoside from Rehmannia Root. Industrial Crops and Products, 124, 59-65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2018.07.063
Taskova, R.M., Gotfredsen, C.H. and Jensen, S.R. (2005) Chemotaxonomic Markers in Digitalideae (Plantaginaceae). Phytochemistry, 66, 1440-1447. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phytochem.2005.04.020
Dembitsky, V.M. (2005) Astonishing Diversity of Natural Surfactants: 5. Biologically Active Glycosides of Aromatic Metabolites. Lipids, 40, 869-900. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11745-005-1449-2
Hasan, A.K., Ibrahim, S.A., Amani, A.T. and Monther, F.M. (2018) Determination, Isolation, and Identification of Aucubin and verbascoside in the Leaves of Iraqi Plantago lancoleta L. Using Different Detecting Methods. International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 11, 74-80.
Alipieva, K., Korkina, L., Orhan, I.E. and Georgiev, M.I. (2014) Verbascoside—A Review of Its Occurrence, (Bio)Synthesis and Pharmacological Significance. Biotechnology Advances, 32, 1065-1076. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biotechadv.2014.07.001
Zhou, Y., Zhu, J., Shao, L. and Guo, M. (2020) Current Advances in Acteoside Biosynthesis Pathway Elucidation and Biosynthesis. Fitoterapia, 142, Article ID: 104495. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fitote.2020.104495
Swieca, M. (2016) Hydrogen Peroxide Treatment and the Phenylpropanoid Pathway Precursors Feeding Improve Phenolics and Antioxidant Capacity of Quinoa Sprouts via an Induction of L-Tyrosine and L-Phenylalanine Ammonia-Lyases Activities. Journal of Chemistry, 2016, Article ID: 1936516. https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/1936516
Ellis, B.E. (1983) Production of Hydroxyphenylethanol Glycosides in Suspension Cultures of Syringa vulgaris. Phytochemistry, 22, 1941-1943. https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(83)80018-1
Saimaru, H. and Orihara, Y. (2010) Biosynthesis of Acteoside in Cultured Cells of Olea europaea. Journal of Natural Medicines, 64, 139-145. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11418-009-0383-z
Eldesoky, A.H., Abdel-Rahman, R.F., Ahmed, O.K., Soliman, G.A., Saeedan, A.S., Elzorba, H.Y., Elansary, A.A. and Hattori, M. (2018) Antioxidant and Hepatoprotective Potential of Plantago major Growing in Egypt and Its Major Phenylethanoid Glycoside, Acteoside. Journal of Food Biochemistry, 42, e12567. https://doi.org/10.1111/jfbc.12567
Li, M., Zhou, F., Xu, T., Song, H. and Lu, B. (2018) Acteoside Protects against 6-OHDA-Induced Dopaminergic Neuron Damage via Nrf2-ARE Signaling Pathway. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 119, 6-13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2018.06.018
Yang, L., Zhang, B., Liu, J., Dong, Y., Li, Y., Li, N., Zhao, X., Snooks, H., Hu, C. and Ma, X. (2019) Protective Effect of Acteoside on Ovariectomy-Induced Bone Loss in Mice. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 20, Article No. 2974. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20122974
Wu, C.J., Chien, M.Y., Lin, N.H., Lin, Y.C., Chen, W.Y., Chen, C.H. and Tzen, J.T. (2019) Echinacoside Isolated from Cistanche tubulosa Putatively Stimulates Growth Hormone Secretion via Activation of the Ghrelin Receptor. Molecules, 24, Article No. 720. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24040720
Hernández-Chávez, G., Martinez, A. and Gosset, G. (2019) Metabolic Engineering Strategies for Caffeic Acid Production in Escherichia coli. Electronic Journal of Biotechnology, 38, 19-26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejbt.2018.12.004
Vertuani, S., Beghelli, E., Scalambra, E., Malisardi, G., Copetti, S., Toso, R.D., Baldisserotto, A. and Manfredini, S. (2011) Activity and Stability Studies of Verbascoside, a Novel Antioxidant, in Dermo-Cosmetic and Pharmaceutical Topical Formulations. Molecules, 16, 7068-7080. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules16087068
Chen, M., Zhang, Y., Huang, B., Yang, X., Wu, Y., Liu, B., Yuan, Y. and Zhang, G. (2013) Evaluation of the Antitumor Activity by Ni Nanoparticles with Verbascoside. Journal of Nanomaterials, 2013, Article ID 623497. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/623497
Jing, W., Chunhua, M. and Shumin, W. (2015) Effects of Acteoside on Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Inflammation in Acute Lung Injury via Regulation of NF-κB Pathway in Vivo and in Vitro. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, 285, 128-135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.taap.2015.04.004
Georgiev, M.I., Eibl, R. and Zhong, J.J. (2013) Hosting the Plant Cells in Vitro: Recent Trends in Bioreactors. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 97, 3787-800. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-013-4817-x
Azimi, H., Fallah-Tafti, M., Khakshur, A.A. and Abdollahi, M. (2012) A Review of Phytotherapy of Acne Vulgaris: Perspective of New Pharmacological Treatments. Fitoterapia, 83, 1306-1317. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fitote.2012.03.026
Khullar, M., Sharma, A., Wani, A., Sharma, N., Chandan, B.K., Kumar, A. and Ahmed, Z. (2019) Acteoside Ameliorates Inflammatory Responses through NFkB Pathway in Alcohol Induced Hepatic Damage. International Immunopharmacology, 69, 109-117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intimp.2019.01.020
Ostrom, Q.T., Gittleman, H., Liao, P., Rouse, C., Chen, Y., Dowling, J., Wolinsky, Y., Kruchko, C. and Barnholtz-Sloan, J. (2014) CBTRUS Statistical Report: Primary Brain and Central Nervous System Tumors Diagnosed in the United States in 2007-2011. Neuro-Oncology, 16, iv1-iv63. https://doi.org/10.1093/neuonc/nou223
Varone, A., Spano, D. and Corda, D. (2020) Shp1 in Solid Cancers and Their Therapy. Frontiers in Oncology, 10, Article No. 935. https://doi.org/10.3389/fonc.2020.00935
Yin, S., Wu, H., Lv, J., Wu, X., Zhang, Y., Du, J. and Zhang, Y. (2014) SHP-1 Arrests Mouse Early Embryo Development through Downregulation of Nanog by Dephosphorylation of STAT3. PLoS ONE, 9, e86330. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0086330
Hwang, T.W., Kim, D.H., Kim, D.B., Jang, T.W., Kim, G.H., Moon, M., Yoon, K.A., Choi, D.E., Park, J.H. and Kim, J.J. (2019) Synergistic Anticancer Effect of Acteoside and Temozolomide-Based Glioblastoma Chemotherapy. International Journal of Molecular Medicine, 43, 1478-1486. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2019.4061
He, S., Liao, G., Liu, Y., Huang, L., Kang, M. and Chen, L. (2015) Overexpression of STAT3/pSTAT3 Was Associated with Poor Prognosis in Gastric Cancer: A Meta-Analysis. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, 8, 20014-20023.
Jia, W.Q., Wang, Z.T., Zou, M.M., Lin, J.H., Li, Y.H., Zhang, L. and Xu, R.X. (2018) Verbascoside Inhibits Glioblastoma Cell Proliferation, Migration and Invasion While Promoting Apoptosis through Upregulation of Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase SHP-1 and Inhibition of STAT3 Phosphorylation. Cellular Physiology and Biochemistry, 47, 1871-1882. https://doi.org/10.1159/000491067
Pugsley, H.R. (2017) Quantifying Autophagy: Measuring LC3 Puncta and Autolysosome Formation in Cells Using Multispectral Imaging Flow Cytometry. Methods, 112, 147-156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ymeth.2016.05.022
Bahrami, A., Khazaei, M. and Hasanzadeh, M. (2018) Therapeutic Potential of Targeting PI3K/AKT Pathway in Treatment of Colorectal Cancer: Rational and Progress. Journal of Cellular Biochemistry, 119, 2460-2469. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcb.25950
McCubrey, J.A., Steelman, L.S., Chappell, W.H., Sun, L., Davis, N.M., Abrams, S.L., et al. (2012) Advances in Targeting Signal Transduction Pathways. Oncotarget, 3, 1505-1521. https://doi.org/10.18632/oncotarget.802
Attia, Y.M., El-Kersh, D.M., Wagdy, H.A. and Elmazar, M.M. (2018) Verbascoside: Identification, Quantification, and Potential Sensitization of Colorectal Cancer Cells to 5-FU by Targeting PI3K/AKT Pathway. Scientific Reports, 8, Article No. 16939. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-35083-2
Puca, R., Nardinocchi, L., Sacchi, A., Rechavi, G., Givol, D. and D’Orazi, G. (2009) HIPK2 Modulates p53 Activity towards Pro-apoptotic Transcription. Molecular Cancer, 8, Article No. 85. https://doi.org/10.1186/1476-4598-8-85
Zhou, L., Feng, Y., Jin, Y., Liu, X., Sui, H., Chai, N., Chen, X., Liu, N., Wang, Y. and Li, Q. (2014) Verbascoside Promotes Apoptosis by Regulating HIPK2-p53 Signaling in Human Colorectal Cancer. BMC Cancer, 14, Article No. 747. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2407-14-747
Bray, F., Ferlay, J., Soerjomataram, I., Siegel, R.L., Torre, L.A. and Jemal, A. (2018) Global Cancer Statistics 2018: GLOBOCAN Estimates of Incidence and Mortality Worldwide for 36 Cancers in 185 Countries. CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians, 68, 394-424. https://doi.org/10.3322/caac.21492
Siegel, R.L., Miller, K.D. and Jemal, A. (2016) Cancer Statistics, 2016. CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians, 66, 7-30. https://doi.org/10.3322/caac.21332
Reczek, C.R. and Chandel, N.S. (2018) ROS Promotes Cancer Cell Survival through Calcium Signaling. Cancer Cell, 33, 949-951. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccell.2018.05.010
Vasincu, A., Neophytou, C.M., Luca, S.V., Skalicka-Wozniak, K., Miron, A. and Constantinou, A.I. (2020) 6-O-(3”, 4”-di-O-trans-cinnamoyl)-α-l-rhamno-pyrano-sylcatalpol and Verbascoside: Cytotoxicity, Cell Cycle Kinetics, Apoptosis, and ROS Production Evaluation in Tumor cells. Journal of Biochemical and Molecular Toxicology, 7, e22443. https://doi.org/10.1002/jbt.22443
Abu-Serie, M.M. and Habashy, N.H. (2019) Two Purified Proteins from Royal Jelly with in Vitro Dual Anti-Hepatic Damage Potency: Major Royal Jelly Protein 2 and Its Novel Isoform X1. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 128, 782-795. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.01.210
Kontos, C.K., Mavridis, K., Talieri, M., Scorilas, A. (2013) Kallikrein-Related Peptidases (KLKs) in Gastrointestinal Cancer: Mechanistic and Clinical Aspects. Thrombosis and Haemostasis, 110, 450-457. https://doi.org/10.1160/TH12-11-0791
Ma, D., Wang, J., Liu, L., Chen, M. and Wang, Z. (2020) Acteoside as a Potential Therapeutic Option for Primary Hepatocellular Carcinoma: a Preclinical Study. BMC Cancer, 20, Article No. 936. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12885-020-07447-3
Bowers, J.L., Tyulmenkov, V.V., Jernigan, S.C. and Klinge, C.M. (2000) Resveratrol Acts as a Mixed Agonist/Antagonist for Estrogen Receptors α and β. Endocrinology, 141, 3657-3667. https://doi.org/10.1210/endo.141.10.7721
Zhang, B., Zheng, R. and Wang, Y. (2020) Study on the Antibreast Cancer Mechanism and Bioactive Components of Si-Wu-Tang by Cell Type-Specific Molecular Network. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2020, Article ID: 2345970. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/2345970
Senol, H. (2019) Cytotoxic Effect and Apoptosis Induction of Verbascoside in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231. Doctoral Dissertation, Near East University, Nicosia.
Genovese, G., Kahler, A.K., Handsaker, R.E., Lindberg, J., Rose, S.A., Bakhoum, S.F., Chambert, K., Mick, E., Neale, B.M., Fromer, M., Purcell, S.M., et al. (2014) Clonal Hematopoiesis and Blood-Cancer Risk Inferred from Blood DNA Sequence. New England Journal of Medicine, 371, 2477-2487. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1409405
Lin, H.P., Jiang, S.S. and Chuu, C.P. (2012) Caffeic Acid Phenethyl Ester Causes p21Cip1 Induction, Akt Signaling Reduction, and Growth Inhibition in PC-3 Human Prostate Cancer Cells. PLoS ONE, 7, e31286. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0031286
Surendiran, A., Sandhiya, S., Pradhan, S.C. and Adithan, C. (2009) Novel Applications of Nanotechnology in Medicine. Indian Journal of Medical Research, 130, 689-701.
Jiang, C., Li, H., Jia, X., Ma, X., Qian, Y. and Qian, W. (2010) Fabrication and Characterization of Poly (N-isopropyl acrylamide)-Gold Nanoshell Structures. Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, 10, 6599-605. https://doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2010.2540
Ma, Z., Zhao, X., Jiang, C., Yu, J., Wu, J. and Zeng, X. (2016) Gold Nanoshells with Verbascoside Induce the Apoptosis of Drug-Resistant Leukemia Cells through Caspases Pathway and Inhibit Tumor Growth. Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, 16, 7118-7124. https://doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2016.11357
Afaq, F. and Katiyar, S.K. (2011) Polyphenols: Skin Photoprotection and Inhibition of Photocarcinogenesis. Mini Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry, 11, 1200-1215.
Wang, Z.Y., Agarwal, R., Bickers, D.R. and Mukhtar H. (1991) Protection against Ultraviolet B Radiation-Induced Photocarcinogenesis in Hairless Mice by Green Tea Polyphenols. Carcinogenesis, 12, 1527-1530. https://doi.org/10.1093/carcin/12.8.1527
Mittal, A., Elmets, C.A. and Katiyar, S.K. (2003) Dietary Feeding of Proanthocyanidins from Grape Seeds Prevents Photocarcinogenesis in SKH-1 Hairless Mice: Relationship to Decreased Fat and Lipid Peroxidation. Carcinogenesis, 24, 1379-1388. https://doi.org/10.1093/carcin/bgg095
Wright, T.I., Spencer, J.M. and Flowers, F.P. (2006) Chemoprevention of Nonmelanoma Skin Cancer. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, 54, 933-946. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2005.08.062
Aziz, M.H., Reagan-Shaw, S., Wu, J., Longley, B.J. and Ahmad, N. (2005) Chemoprevention of Skin Cancer by Grape Constituent Resveratrol: Relevance to Human Disease? The FASEB Journal, 19, 1193-1195. https://doi.org/10.1096/fj.04-3582fje
Katiyar, S.K. (2007) UV-Induced Immune Suppression and Photocarcinogenesis: Chemoprevention by Dietary Botanical Agents. Cancer letters, 255, 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.canlet.2007.02.010
Korkina, L.G., De Luca, C., Kostyuk, V.A. and Pastore, S. (2009) Plant Polyphenols and Tumors: From Mechanisms to Therapies, Prevention, and Protection against Toxicity of Anti-Cancer Treatments. Current Medicinal Chemistry, 16, 3943-3965.
Nichols, J.A. and Katiyar, S.K. (2010) Skin Photoprotection by Natural Polyphenols: Anti-Inflammatory, Antioxidant and DNA Repair Mechanisms. Archives of Dermatological Research, 302, 71-83. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00403-009-1001-3
Cheimonidi, C., Samara, P., Polychronopoulos, P., Tsakiri, E.N., Nikou, T., Myrianthopoulos, V., Sakellaropoulos, T., Zoumpourlis, V., Mikros, E., Papassideri, I., Argyropoulou, A. (2018) Selective Cytotoxicity of the Herbal Substance Acteoside against Tumor Cells and Its Mechanistic Insights. Redox Biology, 16, 169-178. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.redox.2018.02.015
Abate-Shen, C. and Shen, M.M. (2002) Mouse Models of Prostate Carcinogenesis. Trends in Genetics, 18, S1-S5. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-9525(02)02683-5
Van Bokhoven, A., Varella-Garcia, M., Korch, C., Johannes, W.U, Smith, E.E., Miller, H.L., Nordeen, S.K., Miller, G.J. and Lucia, M.S. (2003) Molecular Characterization of Human Prostate Carcinoma Cell Lines. The Prostate, 57, 205-225. https://doi.org/10.1002/pros.10290
Sun, W.D., Chen, F. and Sun, Y. (2008) The Pharmacological Research of Acteoside on the Action Inhibited Begnin Prostatic Hyperplasia in Rats. Journal of Yangzhou University (Agricultural and Life Science Edition), Issue 4, 33-36.
Wu, C.H., Chen, C.H., Hsieh, P.F., Lee, Y.H., Kuo, W.W. and Wu, R.C. (2021) Verbascoside Inhibits the Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition of Prostate Cancer Cells through High-Mobility Group Box 1/Receptor for Advanced Glycation End-Products/TGF-β Pathway. Environmental Toxicology, 36, 1080-1089. https://doi.org/10.1002/tox.23107
Scharer, O.D. (2003) Chemistry and Biology of DNA Repair. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 42, 2946-2974. https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.200200523
Han, H.M., Kwon, Y.S. and Kim, M.J. (2016) Antioxidant and Antiproliferative Activity of Extracts from Water Chestnut (Trapa japonica Flerow). Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science, 24, 14-20. https://doi.org/10.7783/KJMCS.2016.24.1.14
Gilgun-Sherki, Y., Rosenbaum, Z., Melamed, E. and Offen, D. (2002) Antioxidant Therapy in Acute Central Nervous System Injury: Current State. Pharmacological Reviews, 54, 271-284. https://doi.org/10.1124/pr.54.2.271
Park, J., Xi, H., Han, J., Lee, J. and Kim, Y. (2020) Prediction and Identification of Biochemical Pathway of Acteoside from Whole Genome Sequences of Abeliophyllum Distichum Nakai, Cultivar Ok Hwang 1ho. Journal of Convergence for Information Technology, 10, 76-91. https://doi.org/10.22156/CS4SMB.2020.10.03.076
Jang, T.W., Choi, J.S. and Park, J.H. (2020) Protective and Inhibitory Effects of Acteoside from Abeliophyllum Distichum Nakai against oxidative DNA Damage. Molecular Medicine Reports, 22, 2076-2084. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2020.11258
Obied, H.K., Prenzler, P.D. and Robards, K. (2008) Potent Antioxidant Biophenols from Olive Mill Waste. Food Chemistry, 111, 171-178. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2008.03.058
Konczak, I., Obied, H.K., Prenzler, P.D., Rehman, A.U. and Robards, K. (2009) Chemistry and Bioactivity of Olive Biophenols in Some Antioxidant and Antiproliferative in Vitro Bioassays. Chemical Research in Toxicology, 22, 227-234. https://doi.org/10.1021/tx8004168
Zhang, Y., Yuan, Y., Wu, H., Xie, Z., Wu, Y., Song, X., Wang, J., Shu, W., Xu, J., Liu, B. and Wan, L. (2018) Effect of Verbascoside on Apoptosis and Metastasis in Human Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma. International Journal of Cancer, 143, 980-991. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijc.31378
Sindhwani, S. and Chan, W.C. (2021) Nanotechnology for Modern Medicine: Next Step towards Clinical Translation. Journal of Internal Medicine, 289, 1-136. https://doi.org/10.1111/joim.13254
Sim, S. and Wong, N.K. (2021) Nanotechnology and Its Use in imaging and Drug Delivery (Review). Biomedical Reports, 14, Article No. 42. https://doi.org/10.3892/br.2021.1418
Hayes, A.W. and Loomis, T.A. (1996) Loomis’s Essentials of Toxicology. Elsevier, Amsterdam.
Etemad, L., Zafari, R., Vahdati-Mashhadian, N., Adel Moallem, S., Shirvan, Z.O. and Hosseinzadeh, H. (2015) Acute, Sub-Acute and Cell Toxicity of Verbascoside. Research Journal of Medicinal Plant, 9, 354-360. https://doi.org/10.3923/rjmp.2015.354.360
Alfarouk, K.O., Stock, C.M., Taylor. S., Walsh, M., Muddathir, A.K., Verduzco, D., Bashir, A.H., Mohammed, O.Y., Elhassan, G.O., Harguindey, S. and Reshkin, S.J. (2015) Resistance to Cancer Chemotherapy: Failure in Drug Response from ADME to P-gp. Cancer Cell International, 15, Article No. 71. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12935-015-0221-1
Irani, K., Xia, Y., Zweier, J.L., Sollott, S.J., Der, C.J. and Fearon, E.R. (1997) Mitogenic Signaling Mediated by Oxidants in Ras-Transformed Fibroblasts. Science, 275, 1649-1652. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.275.5306.1649
Takahashi, A., Ohtani, N., Yamakoshi, K., Iida, S.I. and Tahara, H. (2006) Mitogenic Signalling and the p16 INK4a-Rb Pathway Cooperate to Enforce Irreversible Cellular Senescence. Nature Cell Biology, 8, 1291-1297. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncb1491
Lu, B., Li, M., Zhou, F., Huang, W., Jiang, Y., Mao, S., Zhao, Y. and Lou, T. (2016) The Osmanthus fragrans Flower Phenylethanoid Glycoside-Rich Extract: Acute and Subchronic Toxicity Studies. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 187, 205-212. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2016.04.049