Background: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global health challenge that has escalated due to the inappropriate use of antimicrobials in humans, animals, and the environment. Developing and implementing strategies to reduce and combat AMR is critical. Purpose: This study aimed to highlight some global strategies that can be implemented to address AMR using a One Health approach. Methods: This study employed a narrative review design that included studies published from January 2002 to July 2023. The study searched for literature on AMR and antimicrobial stewardship (AMS) in PubMed and Google Scholar using the 2020 PRISMA guidelines. Results: This study reveals that AMR remains a significant global public health problem. Its severity has been markedly exacerbated by inappropriate use of antimicrobials in humans, animals, and the broader ecological environment. Several strategies have been developed to address AMR, including the Global Action Plan (GAP), National Action Plans (NAPs), AMS programs, and implementation of the AWaRe classification of antimicrobials. These strategies also involve strengthening surveillance of antimicrobial consumption and resistance, encouraging the development of new antimicrobials, and enhancing regulations around antimicrobial prescribing, dispensing, and usage. Additional measures include promoting global partnerships, combating substandard and falsified antimicrobials, advocating for vaccinations, sanitation, hygiene and biosecurity, as well as exploring alternatives to antimicrobials. However, the implementation of these strategies faces various challenges. These challenges include low awareness and knowledge of AMR, a shortage of human resources and capacity building for AMR and AMS, in adequate funding for AMR and AMS initiatives, limited laboratory capacities for surveillance, behavioural change issues, and ineffective leadership and multidisciplinary teams. Conclusion: In conclusion, this study established that AMR is prevalent among humans, animals, and the environment. Successfully addressing AMR calls for a collaborative, multifaceted One Health approach. Despite this, some gaps remain effectively implementing strategies currently recommended to combat AMR. As a result, it is essential to reinforce the strategies that are deployed to counter AMR across the human, animal, and environmental sectors.
KeywordsAntimicrobial ResistanceAntimicrobial StewardshipAWaRe ClassificationOne Health Approach
Frieri, M., Kumar, K. and Boutin, A. (2017) Antibiotic Resistance. Journal of Infection and Public Health, 10, 369-378. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiph.2016.08.007
Ferri, M., Ranucci, E., Romagnoli, P. and Giaccone, V. (2017) Antimicrobial Resistance: A Global Emerging Threat to Public Health Systems. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 57, 2857-2876. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2015.1077192
Amann, S., Neef, K. and Kohl, S. (2019) Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR). European Journal of Hospital Pharmacy, 26, 175-177. https://doi.org/10.1136/ejhpharm-2018-001820
Otieku, E., Fenny, A.P., Labi, A.K., Owusu-Ofori, A.K., Kurtzhals, J. and Enemark, U. (2023) Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices Regarding Antimicrobial Use and Resistance among Healthcare Seekers in Two Tertiary Hospitals in Ghana: A Quasi-Experimental Study. BMJ Open, 13, e065233. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2022-065233
Ghaffoori Kanaan, M.H., Tarek, A.M. and Abdullah, S.S. (2021) Knowledge and Attitude among Samples from Community Members, Pharmacists and Health Care Providers about Antibiotic Resistance in Al-Suwaria City/Wassit Province/Iraq. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 790, Article ID: 012059. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/790/1/012059
Impey, R.E., Hawkins, D.A., Sutton, J.M. and Soares da Costa, T.P. (2020) Overcoming Intrinsic and Acquired Resistance Mechanisms Associated with the Cell Wall of Gram-Negative Bacteria. Antibiotics, 9, Article No. 623. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics9090623
Kapoor, G., Saigal, S. and Elongavan, A. (2017) Action and Resistance Mechanisms of Antibiotics: A Guide for Clinicians. Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology, 33, 300-305. https://doi.org/10.4103/joacp.JOACP_349_15
Prestinaci, F., Pezzotti, P. and Pantosti, A. (2015) Antimicrobial Resistance: A Global Multifaceted Phenomenon. Pathogens and Global Health, 109, 309-318. https://doi.org/10.1179/2047773215Y.0000000030
de Kraker, M.E.A., Stewardson, A.J. and Harbarth, S. (2016) Will 10 Million People Die a Year Due to Antimicrobial Resistance by 2050? PLOS Medicine, 13, e1002184. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1002184
Murray, C.J., Ikuta, K.S., Sharara, F., Swetschinski, L., Robles Aguilar, G., Gray, A., et al. (2022) Global Burden of Bacterial Antimicrobial Resistance in 2019: A Systematic Analysis. The Lancet, 399, 629-655. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(21)02724-0
One Health Perspective
Strategies
Surveillance
Mancuso, G., Midiri, A., Gerace, E. and Biondo, C. (2021) Bacterial Antibiotic Resistance: The Most Critical Pathogens. Pathogens, 10, Article No. 1310. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10101310
Merker, M., Tueffers, L., Vallier, M., Groth, E.E., Sonnenkalb, L., Unterweger, D., et al. (2020) Evolutionary Approaches to Combat Antibiotic Resistance: Opportunities and Challenges for Precision Medicine. Frontiers in Immunology, 11, Article No. 1938. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2020.01938
Pulingam, T., Parumasivam, T., Gazzali, A.M., Sulaiman, A.M., Chee, J.Y., Lakshmanan, M., et al. (2022) Antimicrobial Resistance: Prevalence, Economic Burden, Mechanisms of Resistance and Strategies to Overcome. European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 170, Article ID: 106103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejps.2021.106103
Ansari, M.M., Kuche, K., Ghadi, R., Date, T., Chaudhari, D., Khan, R., et al. (2022) Socioeconomic Impact of Antimicrobial Resistance and Their Integrated Mitigation by One Health Approach. In: Akhtar, N., Singh, K.S., Prerna and Goyal, D., Eds., Emerging Modalities in Mitigation of Antimicrobial Resistance, Springer, Cham, 135-156. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-84126-3_7
Gandra, S., Barter, D.M. and Laxminarayan, R. (2014) Economic Burden of Antibiotic Resistance: How Much Do We Really Know? Clinical Microbiology and Infection, 20, 973-979. https://doi.org/10.1111/1469-0691.12798
Dadgostar, P. (2019) Antimicrobial Resistance: Implications and Costs. Infection and Drug Resistance, 12, 3903-3910. https://doi.org/10.2147/IDR.S234610
Ramírez-Castillo, F.Y., Moreno-Flores, A.C., Avelar-González, F., Márquez-Díaz, F., Harel, J. and Guerrero-Barrera, A.L. (2018) An Evaluation of Multidrug-Resistant Escherichia coli Isolates in Urinary Tract Infections from Aguascalientes, Mexico: Cross-Sectional Study. Annals of Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobials, 17, Article No. 34. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12941-018-0286-5
Economou, V. and Gousia, P. (2015) Agriculture and Food Animals as a Source of Antimicrobial-Resistant Bacteria. Infection and Drug Resistance, 8, 49-61. https://doi.org/10.2147/IDR.S55778
Roca, I., Akova, M., Baquero, F., Carlet, J., Cavaleri, M., Coenen, S., et al. (2015) The Global Threat of Antimicrobial Resistance: Science for Intervention. New Microbes and New Infections, 6, 22-29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nmni.2015.02.007
Paramythiotou, E. and Routsi, C. (2016) Association between Infections Caused by Multidrug-Resistant Gram-Negative Bacteria and Mortality in Critically Ill Patients. World Journal of Critical Care Medicine, 5, 111-120. https://doi.org/10.5492/wjccm.v5.i2.111
Bassetti, M., Peghin, M., Vena, A. and Giacobbe, D.R. (2019) Treatment of Infections Due to MDR Gram-Negative Bacteria. Frontiers in Medicine, 6, Article No. 74. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2019.00074
Serra-Burriel, M., Keys, M., Campillo-Artero, C., Agodi, A., Barchitta, M., Gikas, A., et al. (2020) Impact of Multi-Drug Resistant Bacteria on Economic and Clinical Outcomes of Healthcare-Associated Infections in Adults: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. PLOS ONE, 15, e0227139. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0227139
Gautam, A. (2022) Antimicrobial Resistance: The Next Probable Pandemic. Journal of Nepal Medical Association, 60, 225-228. https://doi.org/10.31729/jnma.7174
Sharma, C., Rokana, N., Chandra, M., Singh, B.P., Gulhane, R.D., Gill, J.P.S., et al. (2018) Antimicrobial Resistance: Its Surveillance, Impact, and Alternative Management Strategies in Dairy Animals. Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 4, Article No. 237. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2017.00237
Leonard, C., Crabb, N., Glover, D., Cooper, S., Bouvy, J., Wobbe, M., et al. (2023) Can the UK “Netflix” Payment Model Boost the Antibacterial Pipeline? Applied Health Economics and Health Policy, 21, 365-372. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40258-022-00786-1
Laxminarayan, R. (2022) The Overlooked Pandemic of Antimicrobial Resistance. The Lancet, 399, 606-607. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(22)00087-3
Mendelson, M., Sharland, M. and Mpundu, M. (2022) Antibiotic Resistance: Calling Time on the “Silent Pandemic”. JAC-Antimicrobal Resistance, 4, dlac016. https://doi.org/10.1093/jacamr/dlac016
Delamare-deboutteville, J. and Mohan, C.V. (2021) Antimicrobial Resistance: Preventing the Silent Pandemic in Aquatic Food Systems. WorldFish. https://digitalarchive.worldfishcenter.org/handle/20.500.12348/4996
Khurana, M.P., Essack, S., Zoubiane, G., Sreenivasan, N., Cordoba, G.C., Westwood, E., et al. (2023) Mitigating Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) Using Implementation Research: A Development Funder’s Approach. JAC-Antimicrobal Resistance, 5, dlad031. https://doi.org/10.1093/jacamr/dlad031
Matee, M., Mshana, S.E., Mtebe, M., Komba, E.V., Moremi, N., Lutamwa, J., et al. (2023) Mapping and Gap Analysis on Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance Systems in Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda and Zambia. Bulletin of the National Research Centre, 47, Article No. 12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s42269-023-00986-2
Mahoney, A.R., Safaee, M.M., Wuest, W.M. and Furst, A.L. (2021) The Silent Pandemic: Emergent Antibiotic Resistances Following the Global Response to SARS-CoV-2. iScience, 24, Article ID: 102304. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2021.102304
Paneri, M., Sevta, P., Paneri, M. and Sevta, P. (2023) Overview of Antimicrobial Resistance: An Emerging Silent Pandemic. The Global Journal of Medical Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Update, 18, Article No. 11. https://doi.org/10.25259/GJMPBU_153_2022
Kakkar, A.K., Shafiq, N., Singh, G., Ray, P., Gautam, V., Agarwal, R., et al. (2020) Antimicrobial Stewardship Programs in Resource-Constrained Environments: Understanding and Addressing the Need of the Systems. Frontiers in Public Health, 8, Article No. 140. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2020.00140
Walsh, T.R., Gales, A.C., Laxminarayan, R. and Dodd, P.C. (2023) Antimicrobial Resistance: Addressing a Global Threat to Humanity. PLoS Medicine, 20, e1004264. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1004264
Coque, T.M., Cantón, R., Pérez-Cobas, A.E., Fernández-de-Bobadilla, M.D. and Baquero, F. (2023) Antimicrobial Resistance in the Global Health Network: Known Unknowns and Challenges for Efficient Responses in the 21st Century. Microorganisms, 11, Article No. 1050. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms11041050
Sandner-Miranda, L., Vinuesa, P., Cravioto, A. and Morales-Espinosa, R. (2018) The Genomic Basis of Intrinsic and Acquired Antibiotic Resistance in the Genus Serratia. Frontiers in Microbiology, 9, Article No. 828. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2018.00828
Peterson, E. and Kaur, P. (2018) Antibiotic Resistance Mechanisms in Bacteria: Relationships between Resistance Determinants of Antibiotic Producers, Environmental Bacteria, and Clinical Pathogens. Frontiers in Microbiology, 9, Article No. 2928. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2018.02928
Lupo, A., Coyne, S. and Berendonk, T.U. (2012) Origin and Evolution of Antibiotic Resistance: The Common Mechanisms of Emergence and Spread in Water Bodies. Frontiers in Microbiolog, 3, Article No. 18. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2012.00018
Hollenbeck, B.L. and Rice, L.B. (2012) Intrinsic and Acquired Resistance Mechanisms in Enterococcus. Virulence, 3, 421-569. https://doi.org/10.4161/viru.21282
Iramiot, J.S., Kajumbula, H., Bazira, J., Kansiime, C. and Asiimwe, B.B. (2020) Antimicrobial Resistance at the Human-Animal Interface in the Pastoralist Communities of Kasese District, South Western Uganda. Scientific Reports, 10, Article No. 14737. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-70517-w
Booton, R.D., Meeyai, A., Alhusein, N., Buller, H., Feil, E., Lambert, H., et al. (2021) One Health Drivers of Antibacterial Resistance: Quantifying the Relative Impacts of Human, Animal and Environmental Use and Transmission. One Health, 12, Article ID: 100220. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.onehlt.2021.100220
Malijan, G.M., Howteerakul, N., Ali, N., Siri, S., Kengganpanich, M., Nascimento, R., et al. (2022) A Scoping Review of Antibiotic Use Practices and Drivers of Inappropriate Antibiotic Use in Animal Farms in WHO Southeast Asia Region. One Health, 15, Article ID: 100412. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.onehlt.2022.100412
Iskandar, K., Molinier, L., Hallit, S., Sartelli, M., Catena, F., Coccolini, F., et al. (2020) Drivers of Antibiotic Resistance Transmission in Low- and Middle-Income Countries from a “One Health” Perspective—A Review. Antibiotics, 9, Article No. 372. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics9070372
Mudenda, S., Malama, S., Munyeme, M., Matafwali, S.K., Kapila, P., Katemangwe, P., et al. (2023) Antimicrobial Resistance Profiles of Escherichia coli Isolated from Laying Hens in Zambia: Implications and Significance on One Health. JAC-Antimicrobal Resistance, 5, dlad060. https://doi.org/10.1093/jacamr/dlad060
Mudenda, S., Matafwali, S.K., Malama, S., Munyeme, M., Yamba, K., Katemangwe, P., et al. (2022) Prevalence and Antimicrobial Resistance Patterns of Enterococcus Species Isolated from Laying Hens in Lusaka and Copperbelt Provinces of Zambia: A Call for AMR Surveillance in the Poultry Sector. JAC-Antimicrobal Resistance, 4, dlac126. https://doi.org/10.1093/jacamr/dlac126
Murphy, C.P., Carson, C., Smith, B.A., Chapman, B., Marrotte, J., McCann, M., et al. (2018) Factors Potentially Linked with the Occurrence of Antimicrobial Resistance in Selected Bacteria from Cattle, Chickens and Pigs: A Scoping Review of Publications for Use in Modelling of Antimicrobial Resistance (IAM.AMR Project). Zoonoses Public Health, 65, 957-971. https://doi.org/10.1111/zph.12515
Selvarajan, R., Obize, C., Sibanda, T., Abia, A.L.K. and Long, H. (2023) Evolution and Emergence of Antibiotic Resistance in Given Ecosystems: Possible Strategies for Addressing the Challenge of Antibiotic Resistance. Antibiotics, 12, Article No. 28. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics12010028
Allabi, A.C., Agbo, A.G., Boya, B. and Mudenda, S. (2023) Antimicrobial Stewardship: Knowledge and Attitudes of Pharmacy Staff on Antibiotic Dispensing Patterns, Use and Resistance in Benin. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 14, 189-214. https://doi.org/10.4236/pp.2023.146014
Mulchandani, R., Wang, Y., Gilbert, M. and Van Boeckel, T.P. (2023) Global Trends in Antimicrobial Use in Food-Producing Animals: 2020 to 2030. PLOS Global Public Health, 3, e0001305. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgph.0001305
Daria, S. and Islam, M.R. (2022) Indiscriminate Use of Antibiotics for COVID-19 Treatment in South Asian Countries Is a Threat for Future Pandemics Due to Antibiotic Resistance. Clinical Pathology. https://doi.org/10.1177/2632010X221099889
Mugada, V., Mahato, V., Andhavaram, D. and Vajhala, S.M. (2021) Evaluation of Prescribing Patterns of Antibiotics Using Selected Indicators for Antimicrobial Use in Hospitals and the Access, Watch, Reserve (Aware) Classification by the World Health Organization. Turkish Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 18, 282-288. https://doi.org/10.4274/tjps.galenos.2020.11456
Lucien, M.A.B., Canarie, M.F., Kilgore, P.E., Jean-Denis, G., Fénélon, N., Pierre, M., et al. (2021) Antibiotics and Antimicrobial Resistance in the COVID-19 Era: Perspective from Resource-Limited Settings. International Journal of Infectious Diseases, 104, 250-254. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2020.12.087
Badulla, W.F.S., Alshakka, M. and Mohamed Ibrahim, M.I. (2020) Antimicrobial Resistance Profiles for Different Isolates in Aden, Yemen: A Cross-Sectional Study in a Resource-Poor Setting. BioMed Research International, 2020, Article ID: 1810290. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/1810290
Gajdács, M., Urbán, E., Stájer, A. and Baráth, Z. (2021) Antimicrobial Resistance in the Context of the Sustainable Development Goals: A Brief Review. European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education, 11, 71-82. https://doi.org/10.3390/ejihpe11010006
Bogdanic, N., Mocibob, L., Vidovic, T., Soldo, A. and Begovac, J. (2022) Azithromycin Consumption during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Croatia, 2020. PLOS ONE, 17, e0263437. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0263437
Murillo-Zamora, E., Trujillo, X., Huerta, M., Mendoza-Cano, O., Guzmán-Esquivel, J., Guzmán-Solórzano, J.A., et al. (2022) Empirical Antibiotic Prescribing in Adult COVID-19 Inpatients over Two Years in Mexico. Antibiotics, 11, Article No. 764. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics11060764
Chitungo, I., Dzinamarira, T., Nyazika, T.K., Herrera, H., Musuka, G. and Murewanhema, G. (2022) Inappropriate Antibiotic Use in Zimbabwe in the COVID-19 Era: A Perfect Recipe for Antimicrobial Resistance. Antibiotics, 11, Article No. 244. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics11020244
Muloi, D., Ward, M.J., Pedersen, A.B., Fèvre, E.M., Woolhouse, M.E.J. and Van Bunnik, B.A.D. (2018) Are Food Animals Responsible for Transfer of Antimicrobial-Resistant Escherichia coli or Their Resistance Determinants to Human Populations? A Systematic Review. Foodborne Pathogens and Disease, 15, 467-474. https://doi.org/10.1089/fpd.2017.2411
Lepper, H.C., Woolhouse, M.E.J. and van Bunnik, B.A.D. (2022) The Role of the Environment in Dynamics of Antibiotic Resistance in Humans and Animals: A Modelling Study. Antibiotics, 11, Article No. 1361. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics11101361
Parkhill, J. (2022) Antimicrobial Resistance Exchange Between Humans and Animals: Why We Need to Know More. Engineering, 15, 11-12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eng.2022.04.007
Ikhimiukor, O.O., Odih, E.E., Donado-Godoy, P. and Okeke, I.N. (2022) A Bottom-Up View of Antimicrobial Resistance Transmission in Developing Countries. Nature Microbiology, 7, 757-765. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41564-022-01124-w
Koutsoumanis, K., Allende, A., álvarez-Ordónez, A., Bolton, D., Bover-Cid, S., Chemaly, M., et al. (2022) Transmission of Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) during Animal Transport. EFSA Journal, 20, Article No. 7586. https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2022.7586
Godman, B., Egwuenu, A., Haque, M., Malande, O.O., Schellack, N., Kumar, S., et al. (2021) Strategies to Improve Antimicrobial Utilization with a Special Focus on Developing Countries. Life (Basel), 11, Artice No. 528. https://doi.org/10.3390/life11060528
Saleem, Z., Godman, B., Cook, A., Khan, M.A., Campbell, S.M., Seaton, R.A., et al. (2022) Ongoing Efforts to Improve Antimicrobial Utilization in Hospitals among African Countries and Implications for the Future. Antibiotics, 11, Artice No. 1824. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics11121824
Kariuki, S., Kering, K., Wairimu, C., Onsare, R. and Mbae, C. (2022) Antimicrobial Resistance Rates and Surveillance in Sub-Saharan Africa: Where Are We Now? Infection and Drug Resistance, 15, 3589-3609. https://doi.org/10.2147/IDR.S342753
Laxminarayan, R., Duse, A., Wattal, C., Zaidi, A.K.M., Wertheim, H.F.L., Sumpradit, N., et al. (2013) Antibiotic Resistance—The Need for Global Solutions. The Lancet Infectious Diseases, 13, 1057-1098. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(13)70318-9
O’Neill, J. (2016) Tackling Drug-Resistant Infections Globally: Final Report and Recommendations. The Review on Antimicrobial Resistance. 1-84. https://amr-review.org/sites/default/files/160518_Final paper_with cover.pdf
Piddock, L.J.V. (2016) Reflecting on the Final Report of the O’Neill Review on Antimicrobial Resistance. The Lancet Infectious Diseases, 16, 767-768. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(16)30127-X
Piddock, L.J.V. (2019) The Global Antibiotic Research and Development Partnership (GARDP): Researching and Developing New Antibiotics to Meet Global Public Health Needs. MedChemComm, 10, 1227-1230. https://doi.org/10.1039/C9MD90010A
Lee, C.R., Cho, I.H., Jeong, B.C. and Lee, S.H. (2013) Strategies to Minimize Antibiotic Resistance. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 10, 4274-4305. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph10094274
Uddin, T.M., Chakraborty, A.J., Khusro, A., Zidan, B.R.M., Mitra, S., Emran, T., et al. (2021) Antibiotic Resistance in Microbes: History, Mechanisms, Therapeutic Strategies and Future Prospects. Journal of Infection and Public Health, 14, 1750-1766. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiph.2021.10.020
World Health Organization (2015) Global Action Plan on Antimicrobial Resistance. World Health Organization, Geneva, 1-28. https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/193736
World Health Organization (2019) Antimicrobial Stewardship Programmes in Health-Care Facilities in Low- and Middle-Income Countries. A WHO Practical Toolkit. https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/329404/9789241515481-eng.pdf
Queenan, K., Hasler, B. and Rushton, J. (2016) A One Health Approach to Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance: Is There a Business Case for It? The International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents, 48, 422-427. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2016.06.014
McEwen, S.A. and Collignon, P.J. (2018) Antimicrobial Resistance: A One Health Perspective. Microbiology Spectrum, 6, ARBA-0009-2017. https://doi.org/10.1128/microbiolspec.ARBA-0009-2017
Mackenzie, J.S. and Jeggo, M. (2019) The One Health Approach—Why Is It So Important? Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease, 4, Article No. 88. https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed4020088
Aslam, B., Khurshid, M., Arshad, M.I., Muzammil, S., Rasool, M., Yasmeen, N., et al. (2021) Antibiotic Resistance: One Health One World Outlook. Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology, 11, Article ID: 771510. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2021.771510
Guardabassi, L., Butaye, P., Dockrell, D.H., Fitzgerald, J.R. and Kuijper, E.J. (2020) One Health: A Multifaceted Concept Combining Diverse Approaches to Prevent and Control Antimicrobial Resistance. Clinical Microbiology and Infection, 26, 1604-1605. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmi.2020.07.012
Earnshaw, S., Mendez, A., Monnet, D.L., Hicks, L., Cruickshank, M., Weekes, L., et al. (2013) Global Collaboration to Encourage Prudent Antibiotic Use. The Lancet Infectious Diseases, 13, 1003-1004. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(13)70315-3
Howard, S.J., Catchpole, M., Watson, J. and Davies, S.C. (2013) Antibiotic Resistance: Global Response Needed. The Lancet Infectious Diseases, 13, 1001-1003. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(13)70195-6
Stewart, Williams, J. and Wall, S. (2019) The AMR Emergency: Multi-Sector Collaboration and Collective Global Policy Action Is Needed Now. Global Health Action, 12, Article ID: 1855831. https://doi.org/10.1080/16549716.2019.1855831
Iwu, C.D. and Patrick, S.M. (2021) An Insight into the Implementation of the Global Action Plan on Antimicrobial Resistance in the WHO African Region: A Roadmap for Action. The International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents, 58, Article ID: 106411. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2021.106411
Sandberg, M., Hesp, A., Aenishaenslin, C., Bordier, M., Bennani, H., Bergwerff, U., et al. (2021) Assessment of Evaluation Tools for Integrated Surveillance of Antimicrobial Use and Resistance Based on Selected Case Studies. Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 8, Article No. 663. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2021.620998
Seale, A.C., Gordon, N.C., Islam, J., Peacock, S.J. and Scott, J.A.G. (2017) AMR Surveillance in Low and Middle-Income Settings—A Roadmap for Participation in the Global Antimicrobial Surveillance System (GLASS). Wellcome Open Research, 2, Article No. 92. https://doi.org/10.12688/wellcomeopenres.12527.1
Harbarth, S., Balkhy, H.H., Goossens, H., Jarlier, V., Kluytmans, J., Laxminarayan, R., et al. (2015) Antimicrobial Resistance: One World, One Fight! Antimicrobial Resistance & Infection Control, 4, Article No. 49. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13756-015-0091-2
Badau, E. (2021) A One Health Perspective on the Issue of the Antibiotic Resistance. Parasite, 28, Article No. 16. https://doi.org/10.1051/parasite/2021006
Velazquez-Meza, M.E., Galarde-López, M., Carrillo-Quiróz, B. and Alpuche-Aranda, C.M. (2022) Antimicrobial Resistance: One Health Approach. Veterinary World, 15, 743-749. https://doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2022.743-749
Page, M.J., McKenzie, J.E., Bossuyt, P.M., Boutron, I., Hoffmann, T.C., Mulrow, C.D., et al. (2021) The PRISMA 2020 Statement: An Updated Guideline for Reporting Systematic Reviews. BMJ, 372, n71. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.n71
Lota, M.M.M., Chua, A.Q., Azupardo, K., Lumangaya, C., Reyes, K., Villanueva, S., et al. (2022) A Qualitative Study on the Design and Implementation of the National Action Plan on Antimicrobial Resistance in the Philippines. Antibiotics, 11, Article No. 820. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics11060820
Boon, D.L.C. (2017) National Action Plan on Antimicrobial Resistance in Singapore. The International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents, 50, S21-S22.
Karp, B.E., Tate, H., Plumblee, J.R., Dessai, U., Whichard, J.M., Thacker, E.L., et al. (2017) National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System: Two Decades of Advancing Public Health through Integrated Surveillance of Antimicrobial Resistance. Foodborne Pathogens and Disease, 10, 545-557. https://doi.org/10.1089/fpd.2017.2283
Republic of Zambia NAP on AMR (2017) Multi-Sectoral National Action Plan on Antimicrobial Resistance. Government of the Republic of Zambia [Internet]. 1-79. https://www.afro.who.int/publications/multi-sectoral-national-action-plan-antimicrobial-resistance-2017-2027
Chua, A.Q., Verma, M., Hsu, L.Y. and Legido-Quigley, H. (2021) An Analysis of National Action Plans on Antimicrobial Resistance in Southeast Asia Using a Governance Framework Approach. The Lancet Regional Health—Western Pacific, 7, Article ID: 100084. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lanwpc.2020.100084
Willemsen, A., Reid, S. and Assefa, Y. (2022) A Review of National Action Plans on Antimicrobial Resistance: Strengths and Weaknesses. Antimicrobial Resistance and Infection Control, 11, Article No. 90. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13756-022-01130-x
Saleem, Z., Hassali, M. and Hashmi, F. (2018) Pakistan’s National Action Plan for Antimicrobial Resistance: Translating Ideas into Reality. The Lancet Infectious Diseases, 18, 1066-1067. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(18)30516-4
Shabangu, K., Essack, S.Y. and Duma, S.E. (2023) Barriers to Implementing National Action Plans on Antimicrobial Resistance Using a One Health Approach: Policy-Makers’ Perspectives from South Africa and Eswatini. Journal of Global Antimicrobial Resistance, 33, 130-136. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jgar.2023.02.007
From the Federal Task Force on Combating Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria (2020) National Action Plan for Combating Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria, 2020-2025. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta. https://www.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/carb-national-action-plan-2020-2025.pdf
Siachalinga, L., Mufwambi, W. and Lee, L.H. (2022) Impact of Antimicrobial Stewardship Interventions to Improve Antibiotic Prescribing for Hospital Inpatients in Africa: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Journal of Hospital Infection, 129, 124-143. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhin.2022.07.031
Verma, M., Shafiq, N., Tripathy, J.P., Nagaraja, S.B., Kathirvel, S., Chouhan, D.K., et al. (2019) Antimicrobial Stewardship Programme in a Trauma Centre of a Tertiary Care Hospital in North India: Effects and Implementation Challenges. Journal of Global Antimicrobial Resistance, 17, 283-290. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jgar.2019.02.020
Doron, S. and Davidson, L.E. (2011) Antimicrobial Stewardship. Mayo Clinic Proceedings, 86, 1113-1123. https://doi.org/10.4065/mcp.2011.0358
Dyar, O.J., Huttner, B., Schouten, J. and Pulcini, C. (2017) What Is Antimicrobial Stewardship? Clinical Microbiology and Infection, 23, 793-798. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmi.2017.08.026
Weston, A., Epstein, L., Davidson, L.E., DeMaria, A. and Doron, S. (2013) The Impact of a Massachusetts State-Sponsored Educational Program on Antimicrobial Stewardship in Acute Care Hospitals. Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology, 34, 437-439. https://doi.org/10.1086/669861
Lakoh, S., Bawoh, M., Lewis, H., Jalloh, I., Thomas, C., Barlatt, S., et al. (2023) Establishing an Antimicrobial Stewardship Program in Sierra Leone: A Report of the Experience of a Low-Income Country in West Africa. Antibiotics, 12, Article No. 424. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics12030424
Kotwani, A. and Gandra, S. (2023) Strengthening Antimicrobial Stewardship Activities in Secondary and Primary Public Healthcare Facilities in India: Insights from a Qualitative Study with Stakeholders. Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology, 41, 59-63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmmb.2022.12.011
Aiesh, B.M., Nazzal, M.A., Abdelhaq, A.I., Abutaha, S.A., Zyoud, S.H. and Sabateen, A. (2023) Impact of an Antibiotic Stewardship Program on Antibiotic Utilization, Bacterial Susceptibilities, and Cost of Antibiotics. Scientific Reports, 13, Article No. 5040. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-32329-6
Silverberg, S.L., Zannella, V.E., Countryman, D., Ayala, A.P., Lenton, E., Friesen, F., et al. (2017) A Review of Antimicrobial Stewardship Training in Medical Education. International Journal of Medical Education, 8, 353-374. https://doi.org/10.5116/ijme.59ba.2d47
Al-Omari, A., Al, Mutair, A., Alhumaid, S., Salih, S., Alanazi, A., Albarsan, H., et al. (2020) The Impact of Antimicrobial Stewardship Program Implementation at Four Tertiary Private Hospitals: Results of a Five-Years Pre-Post Analysis. Antimicrobial Resistance & Infection Control, 9, Article No. 95. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13756-020-00751-4
Alabi, A.S., Picka, S.W., Sirleaf, R., Ntirenganya, P.R., Ayebare, A., Correa, N., et al. (2022) Implementation of an Antimicrobial Stewardship Programme in Three Regional Hospitals in the South-East of Liberia: Lessons Learned. JAC-Antimicrobal Resistance, 4, dlac069. https://doi.org/10.1093/jacamr/dlac069
Shah, N., Joshi, A. and Ganguly, B. (2017) Impact of Antibiotic Stewardship Program on Prescribing Pattern of Antimicrobials in Patients of Medical Intensive Care Unit. Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research, 11, FC11-FC15. https://doi.org/10.7860/JCDR/2017/27171.10237
Timbrook, T.T., Hurst, J.M. and Bosso, J.A. (2016) Impact of an Antimicrobial Stewardship Program on Antimicrobial Utilization, Bacterial Susceptibilities, and Financial Expenditures at an Academic Medical Center. Hospital Pharmacy, 51, 703-711. https://doi.org/10.1310/hpj5109-703
Lee, B.R., Goldman, J.L., Yu, D., Myers, A.L., Stach, L.M., Hedican, E., et al. (2017) Clinical Impact of an Antibiotic Stewardship Program at a Children’s Hospital. Infectious Diseases & Therapy, 6, 103-113. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40121-016-0139-5
Rogers, V., Katwyk, S., Jones, S.L. and Hoffman, S.J. (2018) Mapping Educational Opportunities for Healthcare Workers on Antimicrobial Resistance and Stewardship around the World. Human Resources for Health, 16, Article No. 9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12960-018-0270-3
Elgendy, M.O. and Abdelrahim, M.E.A. (2021) Public Awareness about Coronavirus Vaccine, Vaccine Acceptance, and Hesitancy. Journal of Medical Virology, 93, 6535-6543. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.27199
Cairns, K.A., Roberts, J.A., Cotta, M.O. and Cheng, A.C. (2015) Antimicrobial Stewardship in Australian Hospitals and Other Settings. Infectious Diseases and Therapy, 4, 27-38. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40121-015-0083-9
Gitaka, J., Kamita, M., Mureithi, D., Ndegwa, D., Masika, M., Omuse, G., et al. (2020) Combating Antibiotic Resistance Using Guidelines and Enhanced Stewardship in Kenya: A Protocol for an Implementation Science Approach. BMJ Open, 10, e030823. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-030823
McKenzie, D., Rawlins, M. and Del Mar, C. (2013) Antimicrobial Stewardship: What’s It All about? Australian Prescriber 36, 116-120. https://doi.org/10.18773/austprescr.2013.045
Song, M., Deng, Z., Chan, O. and Grépin, K.A. (2022) Understanding the Implementation of Antimicrobial Policies: Lessons from the Hong Kong Strategy and Action Plan. Antibiotics, 11, Article No. 636. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics11050636
Aryee, A. and Price, N. (2015) Antimicrobial Stewardship—Can We Afford to Do without It? British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 79, 173-181. https://doi.org/10.1111/bcp.12417
Gyssens, I.C. (2018) Role of Education in Antimicrobial Stewardship. Medical Clinics of North America, 102, 855-871. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mcna.2018.05.011
Keitoku, K., Nishimura, Y., Hagiya, H., Koyama, T. and Otsuka, F. (2021) Impact of the World Antimicrobial Awareness Week on Public Interest between 2015 and 2020: A Google Trends Analysis. International Journal of Infectious Diseases, 111, 12-20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2021.08.018
Wu, D., Walsh, T.R. and Wu, Y. (2021) World Antimicrobial Awareness Week 2021—Spread Awareness, Stop Resistance. China CDC Weekly, 3, 987-993. https://doi.org/10.46234/ccdcw2021.241
World Health Organization (2021) World Antimicrobial Awareness Week: Campaign Guidance. https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/world-antimicrobial-awareness-week-campaign-guidance
Pinto, Jimenez, C.E., Keestra, S.M., Tandon, P., Pickering, A.J., Moodley, A., Cumming, O., et al. (2023) One Health WASH: An AMR-Smart Integrative Approach to Preventing and Controlling Infection in Farming Communities. BMJ Global Health, 8, e011263. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2022-011263
World Health Organization (2021) Global Antimicrobial Resistance and Use Surveillance System (GLASS) Report 2021. World Health Organization, Geneva. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240027336
Pollack, L.A. and Srinivasan, A. (2014) Core Elements of Hospital Antibiotic Stewardship Programs from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 59, S97-S100. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciu542
Ribero, Pombo, M.H., Gandra, S., Thompson, D., Lamkang, A.S., Pulcini, C. and Laxminarayan, R. (2018) Global Core Standards for Hospital Antimicrobial Stewardship Programs: International Perspectives and Future Directions. World Innovation Summit for Health, Doha, 1-54.
Masetla, M.A., Ntuli, P.N., Abraham, V., Godman, B., Witika, B.A., Mudenda, S., et al. (2023) Antimicrobial Stewardship for Outpatients with Chronic Bone and Joint Infections in the Orthopaedic Clinic of an Academic Tertiary Hospital, South Africa. Antibiotics, 12, Article No. 1142. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics12071142
Arieti, F., Gopel, S., Sibani, M., Carrara, E., Pezzani, M.D., Murri, R., et al. (2020) White Paper: Bridging the Gap between Surveillance Data and Antimicrobial Stewardship in the Outpatient Sector—Practical Guidance from the JPIAMR ARCH and COMBACTE-MAGNET EPI-Net Networks. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, 75, II42-II51. https://doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkaa428
Hermsen, E.D., MacGeorge, E.L. andresen, M.L., Myers, L.M., Lillis, C.J. and Rosof, B.M. (2020) Decreasing the Peril of Antimicrobial Resistance through Enhanced Health Literacy in Outpatient Settings: An Underrecognized Approach to Advance Antimicrobial Stewardship. Advances in Therapy, 37, 918-932. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12325-019-01203-1
Sine, K., Appaneal, H., Dosa, D. and LaPlante, K.L. (2022) Antimicrobial Prescribing in the Telehealth Setting: Framework for Stewardship during a Period of Rapid Acceleration within Primary Care. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 75, 2260-2265. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciac598
Nathwani, D., Varghese, D., Stephens, J., Ansari, W., Martin, S. and Charbonneau, C. (2019) Value of Hospital Antimicrobial Stewardship Programs [ASPs]: A Systematic Review. Antimicrobial Resistance and Infection Control, 8, Article No. 35. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13756-019-0471-0
Van Katwyk, S.R., Hoffman, S.J., Mendelson, M., Taljaard, M. and Grimshaw, J.M. (2020) Strengthening the Science of Addressing Antimicrobial Resistance: A Framework for Planning, Conducting and Disseminating Antimicrobial Resistance Intervention Research. Health Research Policy and Systems, 18, Article No. 60.
Netthong, R., Kane, R. and Ahmadi, K. (2022) Antimicrobial Resistance and Community Pharmacists’ Perspective in Thailand: A Mixed Methods Survey Using Appreciative Inquiry Theory. Antibiotics, 11, Article No. 161. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics11020161
Bishop, C., Yacoob, Z., Knobloch, M.J. and Safdar, N. (2019) Community Pharmacy Interventions to Improve Antibiotic Stewardship and Implications for Pharmacy Education: A Narrative Overview. Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy, 15, 627-631. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sapharm.2018.09.017
Lim, K., Broom, A., Olsen, A. and Seale, H. (2023) Community Pharmacists as Antimicrobial Guardians and Gatekeepers—A Qualitative Study of the Perspectives of Pharmacy Sector Stakeholders. Exploratory Research in Clinical and Social Pharmacy, 9, Article ID: 100212. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rcsop.2022.100212
Hayes, C.V., Parekh, S., Lecky, D.M., Loader, J., Triggs-Hodge, C. and Ashiru-Oredope, D. (2023) The National Implementation of a Community Pharmacy Antimicrobial Stewardship Intervention (PAMSI) through the English Pharmacy Quality Scheme 2020 to 2022. Antibiotics, 12, Article No. 793. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics12040793
Rusic, D., Bukic, J., Seselja, P.A., Leskur, D., Modun, D., Petric, A., et al. (2021) Are We Making the Most of Community Pharmacies? Implementation of Antimicrobial Stewardship Measures in Community Pharmacies: A Narrative Review. Antibiotics, 10, Article No. 63. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics10010063
Tebug, S.F., Mouiche, M.M.M., Abia, W.A., Teno, G., Tiambo, C.K., Moffo, F., et al. (2021) Antimicrobial Use and Practices by Animal Health Professionals in 20 Sub-Saharan African Countries. Preventive Veterinary Medicine, 186, Article ID: 105212. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prevetmed.2020.105212
Payumo, J., Alocilja, E., Boodoo, C., Luchini-Colbry, K., Ruegg, P., McLamore, E., et al. (2021) Next Generation of AMR Network. Encyclopedia, 1, 871-892. https://doi.org/10.3390/encyclopedia1030067
Talebi, B., Abadi, A., Rizvanov, A.A., Haertlé, T. and Blatt, N.L. (2019) World Health Organization Report: Current Crisis of Antibiotic Resistance. BioNanoScience, 9, 778-788. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12668-019-00658-4
Sarkar, S. and Okafor, C.C. (2022) Effect of Changes in Veterinary Feed Directive Regulations on Violative Antibiotic Residues in the Tissue of Food Animals from the Inspector-Generated Sampling in the United States. Microorganisms, 10, Article No. 2031. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10102031
Dillon, M.E. and Jackson-Smith, D. (2021) Impact of the Veterinary Feed Directive on Ohio Cattle Operations. PLOS ONE, 16, e0255911. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0255911
More, S.J. (2020) European Perspectives on Efforts to Reduce Antimicrobial Usage in Food Animal Production. Irish Veterinary Journal, 73, Article No. 2. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13620-019-0154-4
Doidge, C., Ruston, A., Lovatt, F., Hudson, C., King, L. and Kaler, J. (2020) Farmers’ Perceptions of Preventing Antibiotic Resistance on Sheep and Beef Farms: Risk, Responsibility, and Action. Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 7, Article No. 524. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2020.00524
World Health Organization (2022) The WHO AWaRe (Access, Watch, Reserve) Antibiotic Book. Web Annex. Infographics. 1-160. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/WHO-MHP-HPS-EML-2022.02
World Health Organization (2021) 2021 AWaRe Classification. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/2021-aware-classification
Mudenda, S., Daka, V. and Matafwali, S.K. (2023) World Health Organization AWaRe Framework for Antibiotic Stewardship: Where Are We Now and Where Do We Need to Go? An Expert Viewpoint. Antimicrobial Stewardship & Healthcare Epidemiology, 3, e84. https://doi.org/10.1017/ash.2023.164
Hsia, Y., Lee, B.R., Versporten, A., Yang, Y., Bielicki, J., Jackson, C., et al. (2019) Use of the WHO Access, Watch, and Reserve Classification to Define Patterns of Hospital Antibiotic Use (AWaRe): An Analysis of Paediatric Survey Data from 56 Countries. The Lancet Global Health, 7, e861-e871.
Sharland, M., Pulcini, C., Harbarth, S., Zeng, M., Gandra, S., Mathur, S., et al. (2018) Classifying Antibiotics in the WHO Essential Medicines List for Optimal Use—Be AWaRe. The Lancet Infectious Diseases, 18, 18-20. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(17)30724-7
Sharland, M., Zanichelli, V., Ombajo, L.A., Bazira, J., Cappello, B., Chitatanga, R., et al. (2022) The WHO Essential Medicines List AWaRe Book: From a List to a Quality Improvement System. Clinical Microbiology and Infection, 28, 1533-1535. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmi.2022.08.009
Budd, E., Cramp, E., Sharland, M., Hand, K., Howard, P., Wilson, P., et al. (2019) Adaptation of the WHO Essential Medicines List for National Antibiotic Stewardship Policy in England: Being AWaRe. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, 74, 3384-3389. https://doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkz321
Mudenda, S., Chomba, M., Chabalenge, B., Hikaambo, C.N., Banda, M., Daka, V., et al. (2022) Antibiotic Prescribing Patterns in Adult Patients According to the WHO AWaRe Classification: A Multi-Facility Cross-Sectional Study in Primary Healthcare Hospitals in Lusaka, Zambia. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 13, 379-392. https://doi.org/10.4236/pp.2022.1310029
Kiggundu, R., Wittenauer, R., Waswa, J.P., Nakambale, H.N., Kitutu, F.E., Murungi, M., et al. (2022) Point Prevalence Survey of Antibiotic Use across 13 Hospitals in Uganda. Antibiotics, 11, Article No. 199. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics11020199
Mudenda, S., Mukela, M., Matafwali, S., Banda, M., Mutati, R.K., Muungo, L.T., et al. (2022) Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices towards Antibiotic Use and Antimicrobial Resistance among Pharmacy Students at the University of Zambia: Implications for Antimicrobial Stewardship Programmes. Scholars Academic Journal of Pharmacy, 11, 117-124. https://doi.org/10.36347/sajp.2022.v11i08.002
Hassan, M.M., Kalam, M.A., Alim, M.A., Shano, S., Nayem, M.R.K., Badsha, M.R., et al. (2021) Knowledge, Attitude, and Practices on Antimicrobial Use and Antimicrobial Resistance among Commercial Poultry Farmers in Bangladesh. Antibiotics, 10, Article No. 784. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics10070784
Kalam, M.A., Alim, M.A., Shano, S., Nayem, M.R.K., Badsha, M.R., Al, Mamun, M.A., et al. (2021) Knowledge, Attitude, and Practices on Antimicrobial Use and Antimicrobial Resistance among Poultry Drug and Feed Sellers in Bangladesh. Veterinary Sciences, 8, Article No. 111. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci8060111
Kainga, H., Phonera, M.C., Chikowe, I., Chatanga, E., Nyirongo, H., Luwe, M., et al. (2023) Determinants of Knowledge, Attitude, and Practices of Veterinary Drug Dispensers toward Antimicrobial Use and Resistance in Main Cities of Malawi: A Concern on Antibiotic Stewardship. Antibiotics, 12, Article No. 149. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics12010149
Vijay, D., Bedi, J.S., Dhaka, P., Singh, R., Singh, J., Arora, A.K., et al. (2021) Knowledge, Attitude, and Practices (KAP) Survey among Veterinarians, and Risk Factors Relating to Antimicrobial Use and Treatment Failure in Dairy Herds of India. Antibiotics, 10, Article No. 216. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics10020216
Tahoon, M.A., Khalil, M.M., Hammad, E., Morad, W.S., Awad, S.M. and Ezzat, S. (2020) The Effect of Educational Intervention on Healthcare Providers’ Knowledge, Attitude, & Practice towards Antimicrobial Stewardship Program at National Liver Institute, Egypt. Egyptian Liver Journal, 10, Article No. 5. https://doi.org/10.1186/s43066-019-0016-5
Mangesho, P.E., Caudell, M.A., Mwakapeje, E.R., Ole-Neselle, M., Kimani, T., Dorado-García, A., et al. (2021) Knowing Is Not Enough: A Mixed-Methods Study of Antimicrobial Resistance Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practises among Maasai Pastoralists. Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 8, Article No. 152. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2021.645851
Dopelt, K., Amar, A., Yonatan, N. and Davidovitch, N. (2023) Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices Regarding Antibiotic Use and Resistance: A Cross-Sectional Study among Students in Israel. Antibiotics, 12, Article No. 1028. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics12061028
Shah, P., Shrestha, R., Mao, Z., Chen, Y., Chen, Y., Koju, P., et al. (2019) Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice Associated with Antibiotic Use among University Students: A Survey in Nepal. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16, Article No. 3996. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16203996
Jairoun, A., Hassan, N., Ali, A., Jairoun, O., Shahwan, M. and Hassali, M. (2019) University Students’ Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practice Regarding Antibiotic Use and Associated Factors: A Cross-Sectional Study in the United Arab Emirates. International Journal of General Medicine, 12, 235-246. https://doi.org/10.2147/IJGM.S200641
Liu, C., Liu, C., Wang, D. and Zhang, X. (2019) Knowledge, Attitudes and Intentions to Prescribe Antibiotics: A Structural Equation Modeling Study of Primary Care Institutions in Hubei, China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16, Article No. 2385. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.2.10397/v1
Tembo, N., Mudenda, S., Banda, M., Chileshe, M. and Matafwali, S. (2022) Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices on Antimicrobial Resistance among Pharmacy Personnel and Nurses at a Tertiary Hospital in Ndola, Zambia: Implications for Antimicrobial Stewardship Programmes. JAC-Antimicrobal Resistance, 4, dlac107. https://doi.org/10.1093/jacamr/dlac107
Al-Taani, G.M., Al-Azzam, S., Karasneh, R.A., Sadeq, A.S., Mazrouei, N., et al. (2022) Pharmacists’ Knowledge, Attitudes, Behaviors and Information Sources on Antibiotic Use and Resistance in Jordan. Antibiotics, 11, Article No. 175. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics11020175
Huang, S. and Eze, U.A. (2023) Awareness and Knowledge of Antimicrobial Resistance, Antimicrobial Stewardship and Barriers to Implementing Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing among Medical Laboratory Scientists in Nigeria: A Cross-Sectional Study. Antibiotics, 12, Article No. 815. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics12050815
Ahmed, R., Bashir, A., Brown, J.E.P., Cox, J.A.G., Hilton, A.C., Jordan, S.L., et al. (2020) Aston University’s Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) Roadshow: Raising Awareness and Embedding Knowledge of AMR in Key Stage 4 Learners. Infection Prevention in Practice, 2, Article ID: 100060. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.infpip.2020.100060
Miyano, S., Htoon, T.T., Nozaki, I., Pe, E.H. and Tin, H.H. (2022) Public Knowledge, Practices, and Awareness of Antibiotics and Antibiotic Resistance in Myanmar: The First National Mobile Phone Panel Survey. PLOS ONE, 17, e0273380. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0273380
Inácio, J., Barnes, L.M., Jeffs, S., Castanheira, P., Wiseman, M., Inácio, S., et al. (2017) Master of Pharmacy Students’ Knowledge and Awareness of Antibiotic Use, Resistance and Stewardship. Currents in Pharmacy Teaching and Learning, 9, 551-559. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cptl.2017.03.021
Ashiru-Oredope, D., Hopkins, S., Vasandani, S., Umoh, E., Oloyede, O., Nilsson, A., et al. (2021) Healthcare Workers’ Knowledge, Attitudes and Behaviours with Respect to Antibiotics, Antibiotic Use and Antibiotic Resistance across 30 EU/EEA Countries in 2019. Eurosurveillance, 26, Article ID: 1900633. https://doi.org/10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2021.26.12.1900633
Kalonga., J., Hangoma., J., Banda., M., Munkombwe., D. and Mudenda, S. (2020) Antibiotic Prescribing Patterns in Paediatric Patients at Levy Mwanawasa University Teaching Hospital in Lusaka, Zambia. International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 4, Article No. 138. https://doi.org/10.31531/2581-3080.1000138
Mudenda, S., Bangara, F., Sitali, J. and Banda, M. (2019) Knowledge, Attitude, and Practices on Antibiotic Resistance among Pharmacists at the University Teaching Hospitals in Lusaka, Zambia. Journal of Harmonized Research in Pharmacy, 8, 12-25. https://doi.org/10.30876/JOHR.8.2.2019.12-24
Hussain, I., Yousaf, N., Haider, S., Jalil, P., Saleem, M.U., Imran, I., et al. (2021) Assessing Knowledge and Perception Regarding Antimicrobial Stewardship and Antimicrobial Resistance in University Students of Pakistan: Findings and Implications. Antibiotics, 10, Article No. 866. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics10070866
Zulu, A., Matafwali, S.K., Banda, M. and Mudenda, S. (2020) Assessment of Knowledge, Attitude and Practices on Antibiotic Resistance among Undergraduate Medical Students in the School of Medicine at the University of Zambia. International Journal of Basic & Clinical Pharmacology, 9, 263-270. https://doi.org/10.18203/2319-2003.ijbcp20200174
Mudenda, S., Hankombo, M., Saleem, Z., Sadiq, M.J., Banda, M., Munkombwe, D., et al. (2021) Knowledge, Attitude, and Practices of Community Pharmacists on Antibiotic Resistance and Antimicrobial Stewardship in Lusaka, Zambia. Journal of Biomedical Research & Environmental Sciences, 2, 1005-1014. https://doi.org/10.37871/jbres1343
Sefah, I.A., Akwaboah, E., Sarkodie, E., Godman, B. and Meyer, J.C. (2022) Evaluation of Healthcare Student’s Knowledge on Antibiotic Use, Antimicrobial Resistance and Antimicrobial Stewardship Programs and Associated Factors in a Tertiary University in Ghana: Findings and Implications. Antibiotics, 11, Article No. 1679. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics11121679
Shatla, M., Althobaiti, F.S. and Almqaiti, A. (2022) Public Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices towards Antibiotic Use and Antimicrobial Resistance in the Western Region of Saudi Arabia. Cureus, 14, e31857. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.31857
Chea, B., Kong, S., Thim, S., Ban, N., Seng, S., Fernandez-Colorado, C., et al. (2022) Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices of Antimicrobial Use and Resistance among Livestock Producers in Cambodia. Open Journal of Animal Sciences, 12, 454-466. https://doi.org/10.4236/ojas.2022.123034
Kemp, S.A., Pinchbeck, G.L., Fèvre, E.M. and Williams, N.J. (2021) A Cross-Sectional Survey of the Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices of Antimicrobial Users and Providers in an Area of High-Density Livestock-Human Population in Western Kenya. Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 8, Article ID: 727365. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2021.727365
Kalam, M.A., Rahman, M.S., Alim, M.A., Shano, S., Afrose, S., Jalal, F.A., et al. (2022) Knowledge, Attitudes, and Common Practices of Livestock and Poultry Veterinary Practitioners Regarding the AMU and AMR in Bangladesh. Antibiotics, 11, Article No. 80. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics11010080
IACG (2018) Surveillance and Monitoring for Antimicrobial Use and Resistance.
Klein, E.Y., Van, Boeckel, T.P., Martinez, E.M., Pant, S., Gandra, S., Levin, S.A., et al. (2018) Global Increase and Geographic Convergence in Antibiotic Consumption between 2000 and 2015. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 115, E3463-E3470. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1717295115
Schnall, J., Rajkhowa, A., Ikuta, K., Rao, P. and Moore, C.E. (2019) Surveillance and Monitoring of Antimicrobial Resistance: Limitations and Lessons from the GRAM Project. BMC Medicine, 17, Article No. 176. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12916-019-1412-8
Lim, C., Ashley, E.A., Hamers, R.L., Turner, P., Kesteman, T., Akech, S., et al. (2021) Surveillance Strategies Using Routine Microbiology for Antimicrobial Resistance in Low- and Middle-Income Countries. Clinical Microbiology and Infection, 27, 1391-1399. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmi.2021.05.037
Acharya, K.P., Subramanya, S.H. and Lopes, B.S. (2019) Combatting Antimicrobial Resistance in Nepal: The Need for Precision Surveillance Programmes and Multi-Sectoral Partnership. JAC-Antimicrobial Resistance, 1, dlz066. https://doi.org/10.1093/jacamr/dlz066
Joshi, M.P., Hafner, T., Twesigye, G., Ndiaye, A., Kiggundu, R., Mekonnen, N., et al. (2021) Strengthening Multisectoral Coordination on Antimicrobial Resistance: A Landscape Analysis of Efforts in 11 Countries. Journal of Pharmaceutical Policy and Practice, 14, Article No. 27. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40545-021-00309-8
McKenzie, J.S., Morris, R.S., Midwinter, A., Burgess, S., Amia, W.C., Lopes, H., et al. (2019) A Protocol for Active AMR Surveillance in Poultry. Towards a One Health AMR Surveillance System: Protocol for Active AMR Surveillance in Commercial Broiler and Layer Chicken Populations for the Fleming Fund Grants Programme. Version 2. https://www.flemingfund.org/app/uploads/97eb17b6835316221f4818842f0079a9.pdf
Ariyawansa, S., Gunawardana, K.N., Hapudeniya, M.M., Manelgamage, N.J., Karunarathne, C.R., Madalagama, R.P., et al. (2023) One Health Surveillance of Antimicrobial Use and Resistance: Challenges and Successes of Implementing Surveillance Programs in Sri Lanka. Antibiotics, 12, Article No. 446. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics12030446
Berman, T.S., Barnett-Itzhaki, Z., Berman, T. and Marom, E. (2023) Antimicrobial Resistance in Food-Producing Animals: Towards Implementing a One Health Based National Action Plan in Israel. Israel Journal of Health Policy Research, 12, Article No. 18. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13584-023-00562-z
Ikhimiukor, O.O. and Okeke, I.N. (2023) A Snapshot Survey of Antimicrobial Resistance in Food-Animals in Low and Middle-Income Countries. One Health, 16, Article ID: 100489. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.onehlt.2023.100489
Kimera, Z.I., Mshana, S.E., Rweyemamu, M.M., Mboera, L.E.G. and Matee, M.I.N. (2020) Antimicrobial Use and Resistance in Food-Producing Animals and the Environment: An African Perspective. Antimicrobial Resistance and Infection Control, 9, Article No. 37. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13756-020-0697-x
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (2019) Monitoring and Surveillance of Antimicrobial Resistance in Bacteria from Healthy Food Animals Intended for Consumption. Regional Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring and Surveillance Guidelines. https://www.fao.org/documents/card/en/c/ca6897en
Seo, K.W. and Lee, Y.J. (2019) Detection of Plasmid-Mediated Quinolone Resistance Genes in β-Lactamase-Producing Escherichia coli Isolates from Layer Hens. Poultry Science, 98, 1480-1487. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps/pey545
Bennani, H., Cornelsen, L., Stark, K.D.C. and Hasler, B. (2021) Characterisation and Mapping of the Surveillance System for Antimicrobial Resistance and Antimicrobial Use in the United Kingdom. Veterinary Record, 188, e10. https://doi.org/10.1002/vetr.10
Simjee, S., McDermott, P., Trott, D.J. and Chuanchuen, R. (2018) Present and Future Surveillance of Antimicrobial Resistance in Animals: Principles and Practices. Microbiology Spectrum, 6, ARBA-0028-2017. https://doi.org/10.1128/microbiolspec.ARBA-0028-2017
Seo, K.W., Shim, J.B. and Lee, Y.J. (2019) Comparative Genetic Characterization of Third-Generation Cephalosporin-Resistant Escherichia coli Isolated from a Layer Operation System in Korea. Poultry Science, 98, 1472-1479. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps/pey513
El-Shazly, D.A., Nasef, S.A., Mahmoud, F.F. and Jonas, D. (2017) Expanded Spectrum β-Lactamase Producing Escherichia coli Isolated from Chickens with Colibacillosis in Egypt. Poultry Science, 96, 2375-2384. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps/pew493
World Health Organization (2017) Integrated Surveillance of Antimicrobial Resistance in Foodborne Bacteria: Application of a One Health Approach. World Health Organization, Geneva. https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/255747
World Organization for Animal Health (2021) OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Code. https://www.woah.org/en/what-we-do/standards/codes-and-manuals/terrestrial-code-online-access/?id=169&L=0&htmfile=chapitre_antibio_harmonisation.htm
World Health Organization (2015) Global Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance System. Manual for Early Implementation. http://www.who.int/drugresistance/en
Donado-Godoy, P., Castellanos, R., León, M., Arevalo, A., Clavijo, V., Bernal, J., et al. (2015) The Establishment of the Colombian Integrated Program for Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance (COIPARS): A Pilot Project on Poultry Farms, Slaughterhouses and Retail Market. Zoonoses Public Health, 62, 58-69. https://doi.org/10.1111/zph.12192
Collignon, P.C., Conly, J.M., Andremont, A., McEwen, S.A., Aidara-Kane, A., Griffin, P.M., et al. (2016) World Health Organization Ranking of Antimicrobials According to Their Importance in Human Medicine: A Critical Step for Developing Risk Management Strategies to Control Antimicrobial Resistance from Food Animal Production. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 63, 1087-1093. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciw475
Seale, A.C., Hutchison, C., Fernandes, S., Stoesser, N., Kelly, H., Lowe, B., et al. (2017) Supporting Surveillance Capacity for Antimicrobial Resistance: Laboratory Capacity Strengthening for Drug Resistant Infections in Low and Middle Income Countries. Wellcome Open Research, 2, Article No. 91. https://doi.org/10.12688/wellcomeopenres.12523.1
Bertagnolio, S., Suthar, A.B., Tosas, O. and Van Weezenbeek, K. (2023) Antimicrobial Resistance: Strengthening Surveillance for Public Health Action. PLoS Medicine, 20, e1004265. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1004265
World Health Organization (2022) Global Antimicrobial Resistance and Use Surveillance System (GLASS) Report: 2022. World Health Organization, Geneva. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240062702
World Health Organization (2014) Antimicrobial Resistance: Global Report on Surveillance. 1-256.
Tacconelli, E., Carrara, E., Savoldi, A., Harbarth, S., Mendelson, M., Monnet, D.L., et al. (2018) Discovery, Research, and Development of New Antibiotics: The WHO Priority List of Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria and Tuberculosis. The Lancet Infectious Diseases, 18, 318-327. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(17)30753-3
Ho, C.W.L. and Lee, T.-L. (2020) Global Governance of Anti-Microbial Resistance: A Legal and Regulatory Toolkit. In: Jamrozik, E. and Selgelid, M., Eds., Ethics and Drug Resistance: Collective Responsibility for Global Public Health, Springer, Cham, 401-420. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-27874-8_25
World Health Organization (2018) Global Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance System (GLASS) Report: Early Implementation 2017-2018. World Health Organization, Geneva, 1-260.
Iskandar, K., Molinier, L., Hallit, S., Sartelli, M., Hardcastle, T.C., Haque, M., et al. (2021) Surveillance of Antimicrobial Resistance in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Scattered Picture. Antimicrobial Resistance and Infection Control, 10, Article No. 63. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13756-021-00931-w
Gandra, S., Alvarez-Uria, G., Turner, P., Joshi, J., Limmathurotsakul, D. and van Doorn, H.R. (2020) Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: Progress and Challenges in Eight South Asian and Southeast Asian Countries. Clinical Microbiology Reviews, 33, e00048-19. https://doi.org/10.1128/CMR.00048-19
Hay, S.I., Rao, P.C., Dolecek, C., Day, N.P.J., Stergachis, A., Lopez, A.D., et al. (2018) Measuring and Mapping the Global Burden of Antimicrobial Resistance. BMC Medicine, 16, Article No. 78. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12916-018-1073-z
O’Neil, J. (2014) Review on Antibiotic Resistance. Antimicrobial Resistance: Tackling a Crisis for the Health and Wealth of Nations. The Health and Wealth of Nations. https://wellcomecollection.org/works/rdpck35v
Jonas, O.B., Irwin, A., Berthe, F.C.J., Le, Gall, F.G. and Marquez, P. (2017) Drug-Resistant Infections: A Threat to Our Economic Future. World Bank Report 2, 1-132. https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/health/publication/drug-resistant-infections-a-threat-to-our-economic-future
Jiang, T.T., Yang, Y.Q., Cao, N.X., Yin, Y.P. and Chen, X.S. (2020) Novel Education-Based Intervention to Reduce Inappropriate Antibiotic Prescribing for Treatment of Gonorrhoea in China: Protocol for a Cluster Randomised Controlled Trial. BMJ Open, 10, e037549. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-037549
McDonagh, M.S., Peterson, K., Winthrop, K., Cantor, A., Lazur, B.H. and Buckley, D.I. (2018) Interventions to Reduce Inappropriate Prescribing of Antibiotics for Acute Respiratory Tract Infections: Summary and Update of a Systematic Review. Journal of International Medical Research, 46, 3337-3357. https://doi.org/10.1177/0300060518782519
Milani, R.V., Wilt, J.K., Entwisle, J., Hand, J., Cazabon, P. and Bohan, J.G. (2019) Reducing Inappropriate Outpatient Antibiotic Prescribing: Normative Comparison Using Unblinded Provider Reports. BMJ Open Quality, 8, e000351. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjoq-2018-000351
Yevutsey, S.K., Buabeng, K.O., Aikins, M., Anto, B.P., Biritwum, R.B., Frimodt-Moller, N., et al. (2017) Situational Analysis of Antibiotic Use and Resistance in Ghana: Policy and Regulation. BMC Public Health, 17, Article No. 896. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-017-4910-7
Kapona, O. (2017) Zambia Successfully Launches the First Multi-Sectoral National Action Plan on Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR). The Health Press Zambia Bulletin, 1, 5-7. https://www.flemingfund.org/wp-content/uploads/ec74b8a828168c148bcba3700ace7989.pdf
Mremi, I.R., Rumisha, S.F., Sindato, C., Kimera, S.I. and Mboera, L.E.G. (2022) Comparative Assessment of the Human and animal Health Surveillance Systems in Tanzania: Opportunities for an Integrated One Health Surveillance Platform. Global Public Health. https://doi.org/10.1080/17441692.2022.2110921
Nulty, K.M., Soon, J.M., Wallace, C.A. and Nastasijevic, I. (2016) Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring and Surveillance in the Meat Chain: A Report from Five Countries in the European Union and European Economic Area. Trends in Food Science and Technology, 58, 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2016.09.010
Zhao, C., Wang, Y., Tiseo, K., Pires, J., Criscuolo, N.G. and Van Boeckel, T.P. (2021) Geographically Targeted Surveillance of Livestock Could Help Prioritize Intervention against Antimicrobial Resistance in China. Nature Food, 2, 596-602. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43016-021-00320-x
Schrijver, R., Stijntjes, M., Rodríguez-Bano, J., Tacconelli, E., Babu Rajendran, N. and Voss, A. (2018) Review of Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance Programmes in Livestock and Meat in EU with Focus on Humans. Clinical Microbiology and Infection, 24, 577-590. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmi.2017.09.013
Aidara-Kane, A., Angulo, F.J., Conly, J., Minato, Y., Silbergeld, E.K., McEwen, S.A., et al. (2018) World Health Organization (WHO) Guidelines on Use of Medically Important Antimicrobials in Food-Producing Animals. Antimicrobial Resistance & Infection Control, 7, Article No. 7. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13756-017-0294-9
Tang, K.L., Caffrey, N.P., Nóbrega, D.B., Cork, S.C., Ronksley, P.E., Barkema, H.W., et al. (2017) Restricting the Use of Antibiotics in Food-Producing Animals and Its Associations with Antibiotic Resistance in Food-Producing Animals and Human Beings: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. The Lancet Planetary Health, 1, e316-e327. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2542-5196(17)30141-9
Maron, D.F., Smith, T.J.S. and Nachman, K.E. (2013) Restrictions on Antimicrobial USe in Food Animal Production: An International Regulatory and Economic Survey. Globalization and Health, 9, Article No. 48. https://doi.org/10.1186/1744-8603-9-48
Cogliani, C., Goossens, H. and Greko, C. (2011) Restricting Antimicrobial Use in Food Animals: Lessons from Europe. Microbe, 6, 274-279. https://doi.org/10.1128/microbe.6.274.1
Schuts, E.C., Boyd, A., Muller, A.E., Mouton, J.W. and Prins, J.M. (2021) The Effect of Antibiotic Restriction Programs on Prevalence of Antimicrobial Resistance: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Open Forum Infectious Diseases, 8, ofab070. https://doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofab070
Inthavong, P., Chanthavong, S., Nammanininh, P., Phommachanh, P., Theppangna, W., Agunos, A., et al. (2022) Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance of Pigs and Chickens in the Lao People’s Democratic Republic, 2018-2021. Antibiotics, 11, Article No. 177. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics11020177
Buzdugan, S.N., Alarcon, P., Huntington, B., Rushton, J., Blake, D.P. and Guitian, J. (2021) Enhancing the Value of Meat Inspection Records for Broiler Health and Welfare Surveillance: Longitudinal Detection of Relational Patterns. BMC Veterinary Research, 17, Article No. 278. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12917-021-02970-2
Wertheim, H.F.L., Huong, V.T.L. and Kuijper, E.J. (2021) Clinical Microbiology Laboratories in Low-Resource Settings, It Is Not Only about Equipment and Reagents, but Also Good Governance for Sustainability. Clinical Microbiology and Infection, 27, 1389-1390. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmi.2021.07.027
Ferguson, J.K., Joseph, J., Kangapu, S., Zoleveke, H., Townell, N., Duke, T., et al. (2020) Quality Microbiological Diagnostics and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing, an Essential Component of Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance and Control Efforts in Pacific Island Nations. Western Pacific Surveillance and Response, 11, 41-46. https://doi.org/10.5365/wpsar.2018.9.3.004
Amin, M., Pasha, M.H., Hoque, M.N., Siddiki, A.Z., Saha, S. and Kamal, M.M. (2022) Methodology for Laboratory-Based Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance in Animals. Veterinary World, 15, 1066-1079. https://doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2022.1066-1079
Malania, L., Wagenaar, I., Karatuna, O., Tambic Andrasevic, A., Tsereteli, D., Baidauri, M., et al. (2021) Setting up Laboratory-Based Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: Lessons Learned from Georgia. Clinical Microbiology and Infection, 27, 1409-1413. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmi.2021.05.027
Musicha, P., Cornick, J.E., Bar-Zeev, N., French, N., Masesa, C., Denis, B., et al. (2017) Trends in Antimicrobial Resistance in Bloodstream Infection Isolates at a Large Urban Hospital in Malawi (1998-2016): A Surveillance Study. The Lancet Infectious Diseases, 17, 1042-1052. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(17)30394-8
Catalán, P., Wood, E., Blair, J.M.A., Gudelj, I., Iredell, J.R. and Beardmore, R.E. (2022) Seeking Patterns of Antibiotic Resistance in ATLAS, an Open, Raw MIC Database with Patient Metadata. Nature Communications, 13, Article No. 2917. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-30635-7
Kiggundu, R., Lusaya, E., Seni, J., Waswa, J.P., Kakooza, F., Tjipura, D., et al. (2023) Identifying and Addressing Challenges to Antimicrobial Use Surveillance in the Human Health Sector in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: Experiences and Lessons Learned from Tanzania and Uganda. Antimicrobial Resistance & Infection Control, 12, Article No. 9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13756-023-01213-3
Musicha, P., Feasey, N.A., Cain, A.K., Kallonen, T., Chaguza, C., Peno, C., et al. (2017) Genomic Landscape of Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase Resistance in Escherichia coli from an Urban African Setting. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, 72, 1602-1609. https://doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkx058
Yamba, K., Lukwesa-Musyani, C., Samutela, M.T., Kapesa, C., Hang’ombe, M.B., Mpabalwani, E., et al. (2023) Phenotypic and Genotypic Antibiotic Susceptibility Profiles of Gram-Negative Bacteria Isolated from Bloodstream Infections at a Referral Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia. PLOS Global Public Health, 3, e0001414. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgph.0001414
Phiri, N., Mainda, G., Mukuma, M., Sinyangwe, N.N., Banda, L.J., Kwenda, G., et al. (2020) Antibiotic-Resistant Salmonella Species and Escherichia coli in Broiler Chickens from Farms, Abattoirs, and Open Markets in Selected Districts of Zambia. Journal of Epidemiological Research, 6, 13-21. https://doi.org/10.5430/jer.v6n1p13
Muligisa-Muonga, E., Mainda, G., Mukuma, M., Kwenda, G., Hang’ombe, B., Flavien, B.N., et al. (2021) Antimicrobial Resistance of Escherichia coli and Salmonella Isolated from Retail Broiler Chicken Carcasses in Zambia. Journal of Epidemiological Research, 6, 35-43. https://doi.org/10.5430/jer.v6n1p35
Agarwal, A., Kapila, K. and Kumar, S. (2009) WHONET Software for the Surveillance of Antimicrobial Susceptibility. Medical Journal Armed Forces India, 65, 264-266. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0377-1237(09)80020-8
World Health Organization (2022) WHONET Microbiology Laboratory Database Software. World Health Organization (WHO) Collaborating Centre for Surveillance of Antimicrobial Resistance. https://whonet.org
Saeed, N., Zeeshan, M., Farooqi, J., Shakoor, S., Jabeen, K., Malik, F.R., et al. (2022) Open Online Courses for Strengthening Laboratory-Based Detection of Antimicrobial Resistance in Pakistan. Frontiers in Public Health, 10, Article ID: 773704. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2022.773704
Saeed, D.K., Hasan, R., Naim, M., Zafar, A., Khan, E., Jabeen, K., et al. (2017) Readiness for Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) Surveillance in Pakistan; a Model for Laboratory Strengthening. Antimicrobial Resistance & Infection Control, 6, Article No. 101. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13756-017-0260-6
Huber, N. andraud, M., Sassu, E.L., Prigge, C., Zoche-Golob, V., Kasbohrer, A., et al. (2022) What Is a Biosecurity Measure? A Definition Proposal for Animal Production and Linked Processing Operations. One Health, 15, Article ID: 100433. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.onehlt.2022.100433
Renault, V., Humblet, M.F. and Saegerman, C. (2022) Biosecurity Concept: Origins, Evolution and Perspectives. Animals, 12, Article No. 63. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12010063
Toroghi, R., Salamatian, I., Bassami, M.R., Irankhah, N., Emarloo, A., Mahouti, A., et al. (2020) Implementation of High-Level Biosecurity Measures Can Reduce the Baseline Antibody Titers of Newcastle Disease in Non-Integrated Layer Flocks in Northeast Iran. World’s Poultry Science Journal, 76, 757-766. https://doi.org/10.1080/00439339.2020.1823301
Conan, A., Goutard, F.L., Sorn, S. and Vong, S. (2012) Biosecurity Measures for Backyard Poultry in Developing Countries: A Systematic Review. BMC Veterinary Research, 8, Article No. 240. https://doi.org/10.1186/1746-6148-8-240
Cristalli, A. and Capua, I. (2007) Practical Problems in Controlling H5N1 High Pathogenicity Avian Influenza at Village Level in Vietnam and Introduction of Biosecurity Measures. Avian Diseases, 51, 461-462. https://doi.org/10.1637/7564-033106R.1
Henning, K.A., Henning, J., Morton, J., Long, N.T., Ha, N.T. and Meers, J. (2009) Farm- and Flock-Level Risk Factors Associated with Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Outbreaks on Small Holder Duck and Chicken Farms in the Mekong Delta of Viet Nam. Preventive Veterinary Medicine, 91, 179-188. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prevetmed.2009.05.027
Alhaji, N.B. and Odetokun, I.A. (2011) Assessment of Biosecurity Measures against Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Risks in Small-Scale Commercial Farms and Free-Range Poultry Flocks in the Northcentral Nigeria. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases, 58, 157-161. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1865-1682.2010.01195.x
Crew, C.R., Brennan, M.L. and Ireland, J.L. (2023) Implementation of Biosecurity on Equestrian Premises: A Narrative Overview. Veterinary Journal, 292, Article ID: 105950. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tvjl.2023.105950
Morley, P.S. (2002) Biosecurity of Veterinary Practices. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice, 18, 133-155. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0749-0720(02)00009-9
Rojo-Gimeno, C., Postma, M., Dewulf, J., Hogeveen, H., Lauwers, L. and Wauters, E. (2016) Farm-Economic Analysis of Reducing Antimicrobial Use Whilst Adopting Improved Management Strategies on Farrow-to-Finish Pig Farms. Preventive Veterinary Medicine, 129, 74-87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prevetmed.2016.05.001
Postma, M., Vanderhaeghen, W., Sarrazin, S., Maes, D. and Dewulf, J. (2017) Reducing Antimicrobial Usage in Pig Production without Jeopardizing Production Parameters. Zoonoses Public Health, 64, 63-74. https://doi.org/10.1111/zph.12283
Tilli, G., Laconi, A., Galuppo, F., Mughini-Gras, L. and Piccirillo, A. (2022) Assessing Biosecurity Compliance in Poultry Farms: A Survey in a Densely Populated Poultry Area in North East Italy. Animals, 12, Article No. 1409. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12111409
Scott, A.B., Singh, M., Groves, P., Hernandez-Jover, M., Barnes, B., Glass, K., et al. (2018) Biosecurity Practices on Australian Commercial Layer and Meat Chicken Farms: Performance and Perceptions of Farmers. PLOS ONE, 13, e0195582. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0195582
Haque, M. (2020) Handwashing in Averting Infectious Diseases: Relevance to COVID-19. Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology, 27, e37-e52. https://doi.org/10.15586/jptcp.v27SP1.711
Mathur, P. (2011) Hand Hygiene: Back to the Basics of Infection Control. Indian Journal of Medical Research, 134, 611-620. https://doi.org/10.4103/0971-5916.90985
Ackers, L., Ackers-Johnson, G., Welsh, J., Kibombo, D. and Opio, S. (2020) Infection Prevention Control (IPC) and Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR). In: Ackers, L., et al., Eds., Anti-Microbial Resistance in Global Perspective, Springer, Berlin, 53. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-62662-4_4
Moralejo, D., El, Dib, R., Prata, R.A., Barretti, P. and Corrêa, I. (2018) Improving Adherence to Standard Precautions for the Control of Health Care-Associated Infections. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2, CD010768. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD010768.pub2
Watson, J., D’Mello-Guyett, L., Flynn, E., Falconer, J., Esteves-Mills, J., Prual, A., et al. (2019) Interventions to Improve Water Supply and Quality, Sanitation and Handwashing Facilities in Healthcare Facilities, and Their Effect on Healthcare-Associated Infections in Low-Income and Middle-Income Countries: A Systematic Review and Supplementary Scopin. BMJ Global Health, 4, e001632. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2019-001632
Haque, M., Sartelli, M., McKimm, J. and Bakar, M.A. (2018) Health Care-Associated Infections—An Overview. Infection and Drug Resistance, 11, 2321-2333. https://doi.org/10.2147/IDR.S177247
Haque, M., McKimm, J., Sartelli, M., Dhingra, S., Labricciosa, F.M., Islam, S., et al. (2020) Strategies to Prevent Healthcare-Associated Infections: A Narrative Overview. Risk Management and Healthcare Policy, 13, 1765-1780. https://doi.org/10.2147/RMHP.S269315
Mo, Y., Pham, T.M., Lim, C., Horby, P., Stewardson, A.J., Harbarth, S., et al. (2022) The Effect of Hand Hygiene Frequency on Reducing Acute Respiratory Infections in the Community: A Meta-Analysis. Epidemiology and Infection, 150, e79. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0950268822000516
Sangalang, S.O., Lemence, A.L.G., Ottong, Z.J., Valencia, J.C., Olaguera, M., Canja, R.J.F., et al. (2022) School Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WaSH) Intervention to Improve Malnutrition, Dehydration, Health Literacy, and Handwashing: A Cluster-Randomised Controlled Trial in Metro Manila, Philippines. BMC Public Health, 22, Article No. 2034. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-022-14398-w
Gizaw, Z., Addisu, A. and Dagne, H. (2019) Effects of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) Education on Childhood Intestinal Parasitic Infections in Rural Dembiya, Northwest Ethiopia: An Uncontrolled Before-and-After Intervention Study. Environmental Health and Preventive Medicine, 24, Article No. 16. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12199-019-0774-z
Sands, M. and Aunger, R. (2020) Determinants of Hand Hygiene Compliance among Nurses in US Hospitals: A Formative Research Study. PLOS ONE, 15, e0230573. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0230573
Jeihooni, A.K., Kashfi, S.H., Bahmandost, M. and Harsini, P.A. (2018) Promoting Preventive Behaviors of Nosocomial Infections in Nurses: The Effect of an Educational Program Based on Health Belief Model. Investigacion y Educacion en Enfermeria, 36, e09. https://doi.org/10.17533/udea.iee.v36n1e09
Ravikumar, R., Chan, J. and Prabakaran, M. (2022) Vaccines against Major Poultry Viral Diseases: Strategies to Improve the Breadth and Protective Efficacy. Viruses, 14, Article No. 1195. https://doi.org/10.3390/v14061195
Hoelzer, K., Bielke, L., Blake, D.P., Cox, E., Cutting, S.M., Devriendt, B., et al. (2018) Vaccines as Alternatives to Antibiotics for Food Producing Animals. Part 1: Challenges and Needs. Veterinary Research, 49, Article No. 64. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13567-018-0560-8
Micoli, F., Bagnoli, F., Rappuoli, R. and Serruto, D. (2021) The Role of Vaccines in Combatting Antimicrobial Resistance. Nature Reviews Microbiology, 19, 287-302. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41579-020-00506-3
Buchy, P., Ascioglu, S., Buisson, Y., Datta, S., Nissen, M., Tambyah, P.A., et al. (2020) Impact of Vaccines on Antimicrobial Resistance. International Journal of Infectious Diseases, 90, 188-196. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2019.10.005
Rosini, R., Nicchi, S., Pizza, M. and Rappuoli, R. (2020) Vaccines against Antimicrobial Resistance. Frontiers in Immunology, 11, Article No. 1048. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2020.01048
Vekemans, J., Hasso-Agopsowicz, M., Kang, G., Hausdorff, W.P., Fiore, A., Tayler, E., et al. (2021) Leveraging Vaccines to Reduce Antibiotic Use and Prevent Antimicrobial Resistance: A World Health Organization Action Framework. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 73, e1011-e1017. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciab062
Adisasmito, W.B., Almuhairi, S., Behravesh, C.B., Bilivogui, P., Bukachi, S.A., Casas, N., et al. (2022) One Health: A New Definition for a Sustainable and Healthy Future. PLOS Pathogens, 18, e1010537. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1010537
World Health Organization (2021) Antimicrobial Resistance and the United Nations Sustainable Development Cooperation Framework. World Health Organization Report, 1-24. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240036024
de Mesquita, S., Saraiva, M., Lim, K., do, Monte, D.F.M., Givisiez, P.E.N., Alves, L.B.R., de Freitas, N.O.C., et al. (2022) Antimicrobial Resistance in the Globalized Food Chain: A One Health Perspective Applied to the Poultry Industry. Brazilian Journal of Microbiology, 53, 465-486. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42770-021-00635-8
Kahn, L.H. (2017) Antimicrobial Resistance: A One Health Perspective. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 111, 255-260. https://doi.org/10.1093/trstmh/trx050
Musoke, D., Kitutu, F.E., Mugisha, L., Amir, S., Brandish, C., Ikhile, D., et al. (2020) A One Health Approach to Strengthening Antimicrobial Stewardship in Wakiso District, Uganda. Antibiotics, 9, Article No. 764. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics9110764
Aenishaenslin, C., Hasler, B., Ravel, A., Parmley, E.J., Mediouni, S., Bennani, H., et al. (2021) Evaluating the Integration of One Health in Surveillance Systems for Antimicrobial Use and Resistance: A Conceptual Framework. Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 8, Article ID: 611931. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2021.611931
Wu, D., Elliott, C. and Wu, Y. (2021) Food Safety Strategies: The One Health Approach to Global Challenges and China’s Actions. China CDC Weekly, 3, 507-513. https://doi.org/10.46234/ccdcw2021.131
Ma, F., Xu, S., Tang, Z., Li, Z. and Zhang, L. (2021) Use of Antimicrobials in Food Animals and Impact of Transmission of Antimicrobial Resistance on Humans. Biosafety and Health, 3, 32-38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bsheal.2020.09.004
Dalton, K.R., Rock, C., Carroll, K.C. and Davis, M.F. (2020) One Health in Hospitals: How Understanding the Dynamics of People, Animals, and the Hospital Built-Environment Can Be Used to Better Inform Interventions for Antimicrobial-Resistant Gram-Positive Infections. Antimicrobial Resistance and Infection Control, 9, Article No. 78. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13756-020-00737-2
Babu Rajendran, N., Arieti, F., Mena-Benítez, C.A., Galia, L., Tebon, M., Alvarez, J., et al. (2022) EPI-Net One Health Reporting Guideline for Antimicrobial Consumption and Resistance Surveillance Data: A Delphi Approach. The Lancet Regional Health—Europe, 26, Article ID: 100563. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lanepe.2022.100563
Ventola, C.L. (2015) The Antibiotic Resistance Crisis: Part 1: Causes and Threats. Pharmacology & Therapeutics, 40, 277-283.
Selaledi, L.A., Hassan, Z.M., Manyelo, T.G. and Mabelebele, M. (2020) The Current Status of the Alternative Use to Antibiotics in Poultry Production: An African Perspective. Antibiotics, 1-18.
Ghosh, C., Sarkar, P., Issa, R. and Haldar, J. (2019) Alternatives to Conventional Antibiotics in the Era of Antimicrobial Resistance. Trends in Microbiology, 27, 323-338. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tim.2018.12.010
Cheng, G., Hao, H., Xie, S., Wang, X., Dai, M., Huang, L., et al. (2014) Antibiotic Alternatives: The Substitution of Antibiotics in Animal Husbandry? Frontiers in Microbiology, 5, Article No. 217. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2014.00217
Lin, D.M., Koskella, B. and Lin, H.C. (2017) Phage Therapy: An Alternative to Antibiotics in the Age of Multi-Drug Resistance. World Journal of Gastrointestinal Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 8, 162-173. https://doi.org/10.4292/wjgpt.v8.i3.162
Moghadam, M.T., Khoshbayan, A., Chegini, Z., Farahani, I. and Shariati, A. (2020) Bacteriophages, a New Therapeutic Solution for Inhibiting Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria Causing Wound Infection: Lesson from Animal Models and Clinical Trials. Drug Design, Development and Therapy, 14, 1867-1883. https://doi.org/10.2147/DDDT.S251171
Chegini, Z., Khoshbayan, A., Vesal, S., Moradabadi, A., Hashemi, A. and Shariati, A. (2021) Bacteriophage Therapy for Inhibition of Multi Drug-Resistant Uropathogenic Bacteria: A Narrative Review. Annals of Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobials, 20, Article No. 30. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12941-021-00433-y
Pires, D.P., Costa, A.R., Pinto, G., Meneses, L. and Azeredo, J. (2020) Current Challenges and Future Opportunities of Phage Therapy. FEMS Microbiology Reviews, 44, 684-700. https://doi.org/10.1093/femsre/fuaa017
Balcázar, J.L., Blas, I., Ruiz-Zarzuela, I., Cunningham, D., Vendrell, D. and Múzquiz, J.L. (2006) The Role of Probiotics in Aquaculture. Veterinary Microbiology, 114, 173-186. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2006.01.009
Callaway, T.R., Lillehoj, H., Chuanchuen, R. and Gay, C.G. (2021) Alternatives to Antibiotics: A Symposium on the Challenges and Solutions for Animal Health and Production. Antibiotics, 10, Article No. 471. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics10050471
Wall, S. (2019) Prevention of Antibiotic Resistance—An Epidemiological Scoping Review to Identify Research Categories and Knowledge Gaps. Global Health Action, 12, Article ID: 1756191. https://doi.org/10.1080/16549716.2020.1756191
Toroitich, A.M., Dunford, L., Armitage, R. and Tanna, S. (2022) Patients Access to Medicines—A Critical Review of the Healthcare System in Kenya. Risk Management and Healthcare Policy, 15, 361-374. https://doi.org/10.2147/RMHP.S348816
Shafiq, N., Pandey, A.K., Malhotra, S., Holmes, A., Mendelson, M., Malpani, R., et al. (2021) Shortage of Essential Antimicrobials: A Major Challenge to Global Health Security. BMJ Global Health, 6, e006961. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2021-006961
Nwokike, J., Clark, A. and Nguyen, P.P. (2018) Medicines Quality Assurance to Fight Antimicrobial Resistance. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 96, 135-137. https://doi.org/10.2471/BLT.17.199562
Shrestha, P., Cooper, B.S., Coast, J., Oppong, R., Do Thi Thuy, N., Phodha, T., et al. (2018) Enumerating the Economic Cost of Antimicrobial Resistance per Antibiotic Consumed to Inform the Evaluation of Interventions Affecting Their Use. Antimicrobial Resistance & Infection Control, 7, Article No. 98. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13756-018-0384-3
Zabala, G.A., Bellingham, K., Vidhamaly, V., Boupha, P., Boutsamay, K., Newton, P.N., et al. (2022) Substandard and Falsified Antibiotics: Neglected Drivers of Antimicrobial Resistance? BMJ Global Health, 7, e008587. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2022-008587
Ching, C. and Zaman, M.H. (2020) Development and Selection of Low-Level Multi-Drug Resistance over an Extended Range of Sub-Inhibitory Ciprofloxacin Concentrations in Escherichia coli. Scientific Reports, 10, Article No. 8754. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-65602-z
World Health Organization (2017) WHO Global Surveillance and Monitoring System for Substandard and Falsified Medical Products. https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/326708
Ozawai, S., Higgins, C.R., Yemeke, T.T., Nwokike, J.I., Evans, L., Hajjou, M., et al. (2020) Importance of Medicine Quality in Achieving Universal Health Coverage. PLOS ONE, 15, e0232966. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0232966
Shukar, S., Zahoor, F., Hayat, K., Saeed, A., Gillani, A.H., Omer, S., et al. (2021) Drug Shortage: Causes, Impact, and Mitigation Strategies. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 12, Article ID: 693426. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2021.693426
Anderson, M., Schulze, K., Cassini, A., Plachouras, D. and Mossialos, E. (2019) A Governance Framework for Development and Assessment of National Action Plans on Antimicrobial Resistance. The Lancet Infectious Diseases, 19, e371-e384. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(19)30415-3
Kimura, S. and Nakamura, Y. (2020) Global Circulation of Imitated Products, Poor Quality Pharmaceuticals, Fake Products, and Health Problems. In: Kimura, S. and Nakamura, Y., Eds., Poor Quality Pharmaceuticals in Global Public Health, Springer, Singapore, 27-61. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-2089-1_2
Kimura, S. and Nakamura, Y. (2020) Poor Quality Pharmaceuticals in Global Public Health. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-2089-1
Majumder, M.A.A., Rahman, S., Cohall, D., Bharatha, A., Singh, K., Haque, M., et al. (2020) Antimicrobial Stewardship: Fighting Antimicrobial Resistance and Protecting Global Public Health. Infection and Drug Resistance, 13, 4713-4738. https://doi.org/10.2147/IDR.S290835
Sharma, A., Singh, A., Dar, M.A., Kaur, R.J., Charan, J., Iskandar, K., et al. (2022) Menace of Antimicrobial Resistance in LMICs: Current Surveillance Practices and Control Measures to Tackle Hostility. Journal of Infection and Public Health, 15, 172-181. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiph.2021.12.008
Wu, S., Tannous, E., Haldane, V., Ellen, M.E. and Wei, X. (2022) Barriers and Facilitators of Implementing Interventions to Improve Appropriate Antibiotic Use in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Systematic Review Based on the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research. Implementation Science, 17, Article No. 30. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13012-022-01209-4
Ohashi, T., Nagashima, M., Kawai, N., Ohmagari, N. and Tateda, K. (2022) A Narrative Review on Drug Development for the Management of Antimicrobial-Resistant Infection Crisis in Japan: The Past, Present, and Future. Expert Review of Anti-Infective Therapy, 20, 1603-1614. https://doi.org/10.1080/14787210.2022.2142118
Bergmann, J.N., Killen-Cade, R.R., Parish, L.A., Albrecht, M.T. and Wolfe, D.N. (2022) Partnering on Vaccines to Counter Multi-Drug Resistant Threats: Workshop Proceedings, Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority. Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics, 18, Article ID: 2058840. https://doi.org/10.1080/21645515.2022.2058840
Dutescu, I.A. and Hillier, S.A. (2021) Encouraging the Development of New Antibiotics: Are Financial Incentives the Right Way forward? A Systematic Review and Case Study. Infection and Drug Resistance, 14, 415-434. https://doi.org/10.2147/IDR.S287792
Wouters, O.J., McKee, M. and Luyten, J. (2020) Estimated Research and Development Investment Needed to Bring a New Medicine to Market, 2009-2018. JAMA, 323, 844-853. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.1166
Jackson, N., Czaplewski, L. and Piddock, L.J.V. (2018) Discovery and Development of New Antibacterial Drugs: Learning from Experience? Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, 73, 1452-1459. https://doi.org/10.1093/jac/dky019
Ardal, C., Balasegaram, M., Laxminarayan, R., McAdams, D., Outterson, K., Rex, J.H., et al. (2020) Antibiotic Development—Economic, Regulatory and Societal Challenges. Nature Reviews Microbiology, 18, 267-274. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41579-019-0293-3
Todd, M.H., Klug, D.M., Idiris, F.I.M., Blaskovich, M.A.T., von Delft, F., Dowson, C.G., et al. (2021) There Is No Market for New Antibiotics: This Allows an Open Approach to Research and Development. Wellcome Open Research, 6, Article No. 146. https://doi.org/10.12688/wellcomeopenres.16847.1
Miethke, M., Pieroni, M., Weber, T., Bronstrup, M., Hammann, P., Halby, L., et al. (2021) Towards the Sustainable Discovery and Development of New Antibiotics. Nature Reviews Chemistry, 5, 726-749. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41570-021-00313-1
Simpkin, V.L., Renwick, M.J., Kelly, R. and Mossialos, E. (2017) Incentivising Innovation in Antibiotic Drug Discovery and Development: Progress, Challenges and Next Steps. Journal of Antibiotics (Tokyo), 70, 1087-1096. https://doi.org/10.1038/ja.2017.124
Ardal, C., Rottingen, J.A., Opalska, A., Van Hengel, A.J. and Larsen, J. (2017) Pull Incentives for Antibacterial Drug Development: An Analysis by the Transatlantic Task Force on Antimicrobial Resistance. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 65, 1378-1382. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/cix526
Brogan, D.M. and Mossialos, E. (2013) Incentives for New Antibiotics: The Options Market for Antibiotics (OMA) Model. Globalization and Health, 9, Article No. 58. https://doi.org/10.1186/1744-8603-9-58
Gotham, D., Moja, L., van der Heijden, M., Paulin, S., Smith, I. and Beyer, P. (2021) Reimbursement Models to Tackle Market Failures for Antimicrobials: Approaches Taken in France, Germany, Sweden, the United Kingdom, and the United States. Health Policy (New York), 125, 296-306. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthpol.2020.11.015
León-Buitimea, A., Garza-Cárdenas, C.R., Garza-Cervantes, J.A., Lerma-Escalera, J.A. and Morones-Ramírez, J.R. (2020) The Demand for New Antibiotics: Antimicrobial Peptides, Nanoparticles, and Combinatorial Therapies as Future Strategies in Antibacterial Agent Design. Frontiers in Microbiology, 11, Article No. 1669. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2020.01669
Mudenda, S., Hikaambo, C.N., Chabalenge, B., Mfune, R.L., Mufwambi, W., Ngazimbi, M., et al. (2023) Antibacterial Activities of Honey against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus: A Potential Treatment for Bacterial Infections and Alternative to Antibiotics. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, 12, 6-13. https://doi.org/10.22271/phyto.2023.v12.i3a.14655
Hikaambo, C.N., Chilala, P., Ndubi, F., Mayoka, G., Kampamba, M., Kabuka, R., et al. (2023) Antimicrobial Activities of Solanum aculeastrum Fruit Extract against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans: Significance of African Traditional Medicine in Combating Infections and Attaining Universal Health Coverage. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 14, 176-188. https://doi.org/10.4236/pp.2023.145013
Hikaambo, C.N., Kaacha, L., Mudenda, S., Nyambe, M.N., Chabalenge, B., Phiri, M., et al. (2022) Phytochemical Analysis and Antibacterial Activity of Azadirachta indica Leaf Extracts against Escherichia coli. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 13, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.4236/pp.2022.131001
Mutola, S., Pemunta, N.V. and Ngo, N.V. (2021) Utilization of Traditional Medicine and Its Integration into the Healthcare System in Qokolweni, South Africa; Prospects for Enhanced Universal Health Coverage. Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice, 43, Article ID: 101386. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctcp.2021.101386
Keter, L.K. and Mutiso, P.C. (2012) Ethnobotanical Studies of Medicinal Plants Used by Traditional Health Practitioners in the Management of Diabetes in Lower Eastern Province, Kenya. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 139, 74-80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2011.10.014
WHO (2021) Antibacterial Agents in Clinical and Preclinical Development. https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/340694
Wylie, M.R. and Merrell, D.S. (2022) The Antimicrobial Potential of the Neem Tree Azadirachta indica. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 13, Article ID: 891535. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2022.891535
Brown, E., O’Brien, M., Georges, K. and Suepaul, S. (2020) Physical Characteristics and Antimicrobial Properties of Apis mellifera, Frieseomelitta nigra and Melipona favosa Bee Honeys from Apiaries in Trinidad and Tobago. BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies, 20, Article No. 85. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-020-2829-5
Butler, M.S. and Buss, A.D. (2006) Natural Products—The Future Scaffolds for Novel Antibiotics? Biochemical Pharmacology, 71, 919-929. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcp.2005.10.012
Mahady, G.B., Huang, Y., Doyle, B.J. and Locklear, T. (2008) Natural Products as Antibacterial Agents. In: Studies in Natural Products Chemistry, Vol. 35, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 423-444. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1572-5995(08)80011-7
Sithole, T., Mahlangu, G., Salek, S. and Walker, S. (2020) Evaluating the Success of ZaZiBoNa, the Southern African Development Community Collaborative Medicines Registration Initiative. Therapeutic Innovation and Regulatory Science, 54, 1319-1329. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43441-020-00154-y
Blaschke, T.F., Lumpkin, M. and Hartman, D. (2020) The World Health Organization Prequalification Program and Clinical Pharmacology in 2030. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics, 107, 68-71. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpt.1680
Ncube, B.M., Dube, A. and Ward, K. (2021) Establishment of the African Medicines Agency: Progress, Challenges and Regulatory Readiness. Journal of Pharmaceutical Policy and Practice, 14, Article No. 29. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40545-020-00281-9
Sidibé, M., Dieng, A. and Buse, K. (2023) Advance the African Medicines Agency to Benefit Health And Economic Development. BMJ (Clinical Research ed.), 380, 386. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.p386
World Health Organization (2019) Turning Plans into Action for Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) Working Paper 2.0: Implementation and Coordination. World Health Orgaization (WHO/WSI/AMR/2019), Geneva. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/turning-plans-into-action-for-antimicrobial-resistance-(-amr)-working-paper-2.0-implementation-and-coordination
Jacobs, T.G., Robertson, J., Van Den Ham, H.A., Iwamoto, K., Bak, Pedersen, H. and Mantel-Teeuwisse, A.K. (2019) Assessing the Impact of Law Enforcement to Reduce Over-the-Counter (OTC) Sales of Antibiotics in Low- and Middle-Income Countries; A Systematic Literature Review. BMC Health Services Research, 19, Article No. 536. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-019-4359-8
Porter, G., Joshi, J., Bhullar, L. and Kotwani, A. (2020) Using “Smart Regulation” to Tackle Antimicrobial Resistance in Low-Income and Middle-Income Countries. BMJ Global Health, 5, e001864. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2019-001864
Dhingra, S., Rahman, N.A.A., Peile, E., Rahman, M., Sartelli, M., Hassali, M.A., et al. (2020) Microbial Resistance Movements: An Overview of Global Public Health Threats Posed by Antimicrobial Resistance, and How Best to Counter. Frontiers in Public Health, 8, Article ID: 535668. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2020.535668
Redding, L.E., Brooks, C., Georgakakos, C.B., Habing, G., Rosenkrantz, L., Dahlstrom, M., et al. (2020) Addressing Individual Values to Impact Prudent Antimicrobial Prescribing in Animal Agriculture. Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 7, Article No. 297. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2020.00297
Lee, C.R., Lee, J.H., Kang, L.W., Jeong, B.C. and Lee, S.H. (2015) Educational Effectiveness, Target, and Content for Prudent Antibiotic Use. BioMed Research International, 2015, Article ID: 214021. https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/214021
Mwatondo, A., Rahman-Shepherd, A., Hollmann, L., Chiossi, S., Maina, J., Kurup, K.K., et al. (2023) A Global Analysis of One Health Networks and the Proliferation of One Health Collaborations. The Lancet, 401, 605-616. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(22)01596-3
Wernli, D., Jorgensen, P.S., Parmley, E.J., Troell, M., Majowicz, S., Harbarth, S., et al. (2020) Evidence for Action: A One Health Learning Platform on Interventions to Tackle Antimicrobial Resistance. The Lancet Infectious Diseases, 20, e307-e311. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30392-3
Socal, M.P., Sharfstein, J.M. and Greene, J.A. (2021) The Pandemic and the Supply Chain: Gaps in Pharmaceutical Production and Distribution. American Journal of Public Health, 111, 635-639. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2020.306138
Bown, C.P. (2022) How COVID-19 Medical Supply Shortages Led to Extraordinary Trade and Industrial Policy. Asian Economic Policy Review, 17, 114-135. https://doi.org/10.1111/aepr.12359
Gereffi, G. (2020) What Does the COVID-19 Pandemic Teach Us about Global Value Chains? The Case of Medical Supplies. Journal of International Business Policy, 3, 287-301. https://doi.org/10.1057/s42214-020-00062-w
Jean, S. (2020) How the COVID-19 Pandemic Is Reshaping the Trade Landscape and What to Do about It. Intereconomics, 55, 135-139. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10272-020-0890-4
Chatterjee, P. (2020) Indian Pharma Threatened by COVID-19 Shutdowns in China. The Lancet, 395, 675. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30459-1
Banda, G., Mugwagwa, J., Mackintosh, M. and Mkwashi, A. (2022) The Localisation of Medical Manufacturing in Africa. Institute for Economic Justice, Johannesburg. https://www.iej.org.za/localisation-of-medical-manufacturing-in-africa
Berman, D., Chandy, S.J., Cansdell, O., Moodley, K., Veeraraghavan, B. and Essack, S.Y. (2022) Global Access to Existing and Future Antimicrobials and Diagnostics: Antimicrobial Subscription and Pooled Procurement. The Lancet Global Health, 10, e293-e297. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(21)00463-0
Okhravi, C., Callegari, S., McKeever, S., Kronlid, C., Baraldi, E., Lindahl, O., et al. (2018) Simulating Market Entry Rewards for Antibiotics Development. Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics, 46, 32-42. https://doi.org/10.1177/1073110518782913
McKellar, M.R. and Fendrick, A.M. (2014) Innovation of Novel Antibiotics: An Economic Perspective. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 59, S104-S107. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciu530
Towse, A., Hoyle, C.K., Goodall, J., Hirsch, M., Mestre-Ferrandiz, J. and Rex, J.H. (2017) Time for a Change in How New Antibiotics Are Reimbursed: Development of an Insurance Framework for Funding New Antibiotics Based on a Policy of Risk Mitigation. Health Policy (New York), 121, 1025-1030. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthpol.2017.07.011
Veepanattu, P., Singh, S., Mendelson, M., Nampoothiri, V., Edathadatil, F., Surendran, S., et al. (2020) Building Resilient and Responsive Research Collaborations to Tackle Antimicrobial Resistance—Lessons Learnt from India, South Africa, and UK. International Journal of Infectious Diseases, 100, 278-282. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2020.08.057
Prentiss, T., Weisberg, K. and Zervos, J. (2018) Building Capacity in Infection Prevention and Antimicrobial Stewardship in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: The Role of Partnerships Inter-Countries. Current Treatment Options in Infectious Diseases, 10, 7-16. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40506-018-0140-5
Pierce, J., Apisarnthanarak, A., Schellack, N., Cornistein, W., Maani, A., Al Adnan, S., et al. (2020) Global Antimicrobial Stewardship with a Focus on Low- and Middle-Income Countries. International Journal of Infectious Diseases, 96, 621-629. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2020.05.126
Alm, R.A. and Gallant, K. (2020) Innovation in Antimicrobial Resistance: The CARB-X Perspective. ACS Infectious Diseases, 6, 1317-1322. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsinfecdis.0c00026
Saha, M. and Sarkar, A. (2021) Review on Multiple Facets of Drug Resistance: A Rising Challenge in the 21st Century. Journal of Xenobiotics, 11, 197-214. https://doi.org/10.3390/jox11040013
Laxminarayan, R., Van, Boeckel, T., Frost, I., Kariuki, S., Khan, E.A., Limmathurotsakul, D., et al. (2020) The Lancet Infectious Diseases Commission on Antimicrobial Resistance: 6 Years Later. The Lancet Infectious Diseases, 20, e51-e60. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30003-7
Outterson, K., Rex, J.H., Jinks, T., Jackson, P., Hallinan, J., Karp, S., et al. (2016) Accelerating Global Innovation to Address Antibacterial Resistance: Introducing CARB-X. Nature Reviews Drug Discovery, 15, 589-590. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrd.2016.155
Villanueva, P., Coffin, S.E., Mekasha, A., McMullan, B., Cotton, M.F. and Bryant, P.A. (2022) Comparison of Antimicrobial Stewardship and Infection Prevention and Control Activities and Resources between Low-/Middle- and High-Income Countries. The Pediatric Infectious Disease, 41, S3-S9. https://doi.org/10.1097/INF.0000000000003318
Mukosha, M., Jacobs, C., Kaonga, P., Musonda, P., Vwalika, B., Lubeya, M.K., et al. (2023) Determinants and Outcomes of Low Birth Weight among Newborns at a Tertiary Hospital in Zambia: A Retrospective Cohort Study. Annals of African Medicine, 22, 271-278. https://doi.org/10.4103/aam.aam_22_22
Chizimu, J.Y., Solo, E.S., Bwalya, P., Kapalamula, T.F., Mwale, K.K., Squarre, D., et al. (2023) Genomic Analysis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Strains Resistant to Second-Line Anti-Tuberculosis Drugs in Lusaka, Zambia. Antibiotics, 12, Article No. 1126. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics12071126
Boutayeb, A. (2010) The Impact of Infectious Diseases on the Development of Africa. In: Preedy, V.R. and Watson, R.R., Eds., Handbook of Disease Burdens and Quality of Life Measures, Springer, Berlin, 1171-1188. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-78665-0_66
Boutayeb, A. (2006) The Double Burden of Communicable and Non-Communicable Diseases in Developing Countries. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 100, 191-199. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trstmh.2005.07.021
Van Der Ham, M., Bolijn, R., Vries, A., Campos Ponce, M. and Van Valkengoed, I.G.M. (2021) Gender Inequality and the Double Burden of Disease in Low-Income and Middle-Income Countries: An Ecological Study. BMJ Open, 11, e047388. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-047388
Manderson, L. and Jewett, S. (2023) Risk, Lifestyle and Non-Communicable Diseases of Poverty. Globalization and Health, 19, Article No. 13. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12992-023-00914-z
Ayorinde, A., Ghosh, I., Ali, I., Zahair, I., Olarewaju, O., Singh, M., et al. (2023) Health Inequalities in Infectious Diseases: A Systematic Overview of Reviews. BMJ Open, 13, e067429. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2022-067429
Bhutta, Z.A., Sommerfeld, J., Lassi, Z.S., Salam, R.A. and Das, J.K. (2014) Global Burden, Distribution, and Interventions for Infectious Diseases of Poverty. Infectious Diseases of Poverty, 3, Article No. 21. https://doi.org/10.1186/2049-9957-3-21
Pokharel, S., Raut, S. and Adhikari, B. (2019) Tackling Antimicrobial Resistance in Low-Income and Middle-Income Countries. BMJ Global Health, 4, e002104. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2019-002104
Dunachie, S.J., Day, N.P. and Dolecek, C. (2020) The Challenges of Estimating the Human Global Burden of Disease of Antimicrobial Resistant Bacteria. Current Opinion in Microbiology, 57, 95-101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mib.2020.09.013
Wozniak, T.M., Dyda, A., Merlo, G. and Hall, L. (2022) Disease Burden, Associated Mortality and Economic Impact of Antimicrobial Resistant Infections in Australia. The Lancet Regional Health—Western Pacific, 27, Article ID: 100521. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lanwpc.2022.100521
Gulumbe, B.H., Haruna, U.A., Almazan, J., Ibrahim, I.H., Faggo, A.A. and Bazata, A.Y. (2022) Combating the Menace of Antimicrobial Resistance in Africa: A Review on Stewardship, Surveillance and Diagnostic Strategies. Biological Procedures Online, 22, Article No. 19. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12575-022-00182-y
Huong, V.T.L., Ngan, T.T.D., Thao, H.P., Quang, L.M., Hanh, T.T.T., Hien, N.T., et al. (2021) Assessing Feasibility of Establishing Antimicrobial Stewardship Programmes in Two Provincial-Level Hospitals in Vietnam: An Implementation Research Study. BMJ Open, 11, e053343. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2021-053343
Langlois, E.V., McKenzie, A., Schneider, H. and Mecaskey, J.W. (2020) Measures to Strengthen Primary Health-Care Systems in Low- and Middle-Income Countries. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 98, 781-791. https://doi.org/10.2471/BLT.20.252742
World Health Organization (2019) Health Workers’ Education and Training on Antimicrobial Resistance: Curricula Guide.
Kpokiri, E.E., Ladva, M., Dodoo, C.C., Orman, E., Aku, T.A., Mensah, A., et al. (2022) Knowledge, Awareness and Practice with Antimicrobial Stewardship Programmes among Healthcare Providers in a Ghanaian Tertiary Hospital. Antibiotics, 11, Article No. 6. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics11010006
Jayatilleke, K. (2020) Challenges in Implementing Surveillance Tools of High-Income Countries (HICs) in Low Middle Income Countries (LMICs). Current Treatment Options in Infectious Diseases, 12, 191-201. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40506-020-00229-2
Mathew, P., Ranjalkar, J. and Chandy, S.J. (2020) Challenges in Implementing Antimicrobial Stewardship Programmes at Secondary Level Hospitals in India: An Exploratory Study. Frontiers in Public Health, 8, Article ID: 493904. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2020.493904
World Health Organization (2019) Global Spending on Health: A World in Transition. 1-68. https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/330357
Othieno, J.O., Njagi, O. and Azegele, A. (2020) Opportunities and Challenges in Antimicrobial Resistance Behavior Change Communication. One Health, 11, Article ID: 100171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.onehlt.2020.100171
Cuevas, C., Batura, N., Wulandari, L.P.L., Khan, M. and Wiseman, V. (2021) Improving Antibiotic Use through Behaviour Change: A Systematic Review of Interventions Evaluated in Low- and Middle-Income Countries. Health Policy and Planning, 36, 754-773. https://doi.org/10.1093/heapol/czab021
Mitchell, J., Cooke, P., Ahorlu, C., Arjyal, A., Baral, S., Carter, L., et al. (2022) Community Engagement: The Key to Tackling Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) across a One Health Context? Global Public Health, 17, 2647-2664. https://doi.org/10.1080/17441692.2021.2003839
Ghiga, I., Sidorchuk, A., Pitchforth, E., Stalsby, Lundborg, C. and Machowska, A. (2023) “If You Want to Go Far, Go Together”—Community-Based Behaviour Change Interventions to Improve Antibiotic Use: A Systematic Review of Quantitative and Qualitative Evidence. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, 78, 1344-1353. https://doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkad128
Borek, A.J., Santillo, M., Wanat, M., Butler, C.C. and Tonkin-Crine, S. (2022) How Can Behavioural Science Contribute to Qualitative Research on Antimicrobial Stewardship in Primary Care? JAC-Antimicrobial Resistance, 4, dlac007. https://doi.org/10.1093/jacamr/dlac007
Saleem, Z., Hassali, M.A., Godman, B., Fatima, M., Ahmad, Z., Sajid, A., et al. (2020) Sale of WHO AWaRe Groups Antibiotics without a Prescription in Pakistan: A Simulated Client Study. Journal of Pharmaceutical Policy and Practice, 13, Article No. 26. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40545-020-00233-3
Sweileh, W.M. (2021) Global Research Publications on Irrational Use of Antimicrobials: Call for More Research to Contain Antimicrobial Resistance. Global Health, 17, Article No. 94. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12992-021-00754-9
Mudenda, S., Witika, B.A., Sadiq, M.J., Banda, M., Mfune, R.L., Daka, V., et al. (2020) Self-Medication and Its Consequences during & after the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Pandemic: A Global Health Problem. European Journal of Public Health, 5, em0066. https://doi.org/10.29333/ejeph/9308
Petrovic, A.T., Pavlovic, N., Stilinovic, N., Lalovic, N., Kusturica, M.P., Dugandzija, T., et al. (2022) Self-Medication Perceptions and Practice of Medical and Pharmacy Students in Serbia. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19, Article No. 1193. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031193
Alomaim, L.H.M., Alnefaie, A.F., Alowaymir, N.A., Alahedb, N.A.S., Alomair, H.O.A., Alanazi, R.S.M., et al. (2023) Prevalence of Self-Medication among Female University Students During Examinations: A Cross-Sectional Study in Saudi Arabia. Cureus, 15, e37269.
Chuwa, B.B., Njau, L.A., Msigwa, K.I. and Shao, E.R. (2021) Prevalence and Factors Associated with Self Medication with Antibiotics among University Students in Moshi Kilimanjaro Tanzania. African Health Sciences, 21, 633-639. https://doi.org/10.4314/ahs.v21i2.19
Aslam, A., Zin, C.S., Jamshed, S., Ab Rahman, N.S., Ahmed, S.I., Pallós, P., et al. (2022) Self-Medication with Antibiotics: Prevalence, Practices and Related Factors among the Pakistani Public. Antibiotics, 11, Article No. 795. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics11060795
Mukokinya, M.M.A., Opanga, S., Oluka, M. and Godman, B. (2018) Dispensing of Antimicrobials in Kenya: A Cross-Sectional Pilot Study and Its Implications. Journal of Research in Pharmacy Practice, 7, 77-82. https://doi.org/10.4103/jrpp.JRPP_17_88
Malik, B. and Bhattacharyya, S. (2019) Antibiotic Drug-Resistance as a Complex System Driven by Socio-Economic Growth and Antibiotic Misuse. Scientific Reports, 9, Article No. 9788. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-46078-y
Ferdiana, A., Liverani, M., Khan, M., Wulandari, L.P.L., Mashuri, Y.A., Batura, N., et al. (2021) Community Pharmacies, Drug Stores, and Antibiotic Dispensing in Indonesia: A Qualitative Study. BMC Public Health, 21, Article No. 1800. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-11885-4
Aslam, A., Zin, C.S., Ab Rahman, N.S., Gajdács, M., Ahmed, S.I. and Jamshed, S. (2021) Self-Medication Practices with Antibiotics and Associated Factors among the Public of Malaysia: A Cross-Sectional Study. Drug, Healthcare and Patient Safety, 13, 171-181. https://doi.org/10.2147/DHPS.S331427
Zardosht, M., Dastoorpoor, M., Hashemi, F.B., Estebsari, F., Jamshidi, E., Abbasi-Ghahramanloo, A., et al. (2016) Prevalence and Causes of Self Medication among Medical Students of Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran. Global Journal of Health Sciences, 8, 150. https://doi.org/10.5539/gjhs.v8n11p150
Abdelwahed, A.E., Abd-elkader, M.M., Mahfouz, A., Abdelmawla, M.O., Kabeel, M., Elkot, A.G., et al. (2023) Prevalence and Influencing Factors of Self-Medication during the COVID-19 Pandemic in the Arab Region: A Multinational Cross-Sectional Study. BMC Public Health, 23, Article No. 180. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-023-15025-y
Owusu-Ofori, A.K., Darko, E., Danquah, C.A., Agyarko-Poku, T. and Buabeng, K.O. (2021) Self-Medication and Antimicrobial Resistance: A Survey of Students Studying Healthcare Programmes at a Tertiary Institution in Ghana. Frontiers in Public Health, 9, Article ID: 706290. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2021.706290
Darko, E. and Owusu-Ofori, A. (2020) Antimicrobial Resistance and Self-Medication: A Survey among First-Year Health Students at a Tertiary Institution in Ghana. International Journal of Infectious Diseases, 101, 43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2020.09.145
Elmahi, O.K.O., Musa, R.A.E., Shareef, A.A.H., Omer, M.E.A., Elmahi, M.A.M., Altamih, R.A.A., et al. (2022) Perception and Practice of Self-Medication with Antibiotics among Medical Students in Sudanese Universities: A Cross-Sectional Study. PLOS ONE, 17, e0263067. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0263067
Zeb, S., Mushtaq, M., Ahmad, M., Saleem, W., Rabaan, A.A., Naqvi, B.S.Z., et al. (2022) Self-Medication as an Important Risk Factor for Antibiotic Resistance: A Multi-Institutional Survey among Students. Antibiotics, 11, Article No. 842. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics11070842
Kelly, M.P. and Barker, M. (2016) Why Is Changing Health-Related Behaviour So Difficult? Public Health, 136, 109-116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.puhe.2016.03.030
Ombelet, S., Ronat, J.B., Walsh, T., Yansouni, C.P., Cox, J., Vlieghe, E., et al. (2018) Clinical Bacteriology in Low-Resource Settings: Today’s Solutions. The Lancet Infectious Diseases, 18, e248-e258. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(18)30093-8
Moirongo, R.M., Aglanu, L.M., Lamshoft, M., Adero, B.O., Yator, S., Anyona, S., et al. (2022) Laboratory-Based Surveillance of Antimicrobial Resistance in Regions of Kenya: An Assessment of Capacities, Practices, and Barriers by Means of Multi-Facility Survey. Frontiers in Public Health, 10, Article ID: 1003178. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2022.1003178
Browne, A.J., Kashef Hamadani, B.H., Kumaran, E.A.P., Rao, P., Longbottom, J., Harriss, E., et al. (2020) Drug-Resistant Enteric Fever Worldwide, 1990 to 2018: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. BMC Medicine, 18, Article No. 1. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12916-019-1443-1
Turner, P., Fox-Lewis, A., Shrestha, P., Dance, D.A.B., Wangrangsimakul, T., Cusack, T.P., et al. (2019) Microbiology Investigation Criteria for Reporting Objectively (MICRO): A Framework for the Reporting and Interpretation of Clinical Microbiology Data. BMC Medicine, 17, Article No. 70. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12916-019-1301-1
Okeke, I.N., Feasey, N., Parkhill, J., Turner, P., Limmathurotsakul, D., Georgiou, P., et al. (2020) Leapfrogging Laboratories: The Promise and Pitfalls of High-Tech Solutions for Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance in Low-Income Settings. BMJ Global Health, 5, e003622. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2020-003622
Amir, A. (2023) Challenges and Solutions towards Antimicrobial Stewardship Implementation. International Journal of Infectious Diseases, 130, S39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2023.04.092
Hazim, C., Abubeker, I.R., Westercamp, M., Belete, G.A., Amare, Kibret, B., Kanter, T., et al. (2018) Establishment of a Sentinel Laboratory-Based Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance Network in Ethiopia. Health Security, 16, S30-S36. https://doi.org/10.1089/hs.2018.0052
Larsson, D.G.J. and Flach, C.F. (2022) Antibiotic Resistance in the Environment. Nature Reviews Microbiology, 20, 257-269. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41579-021-00649-x
Annunziato, G. (2019) Strategies to Overcome Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) Making Use of Non-Essential Target Inhibitors: A Review. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 20, Article No. 5844. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20235844
Terreni, M., Taccani, M. and Pregnolato, M. (2021) New Antibiotics for Multidrug-Resistant Bacterial Strains: Latest Research Developments and Future Perspectives. Molecules, 26, Article No. 2671. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26092671
Algammal, A., Hetta, H.F., Mabrok, M. and Behzadi, P. (2023) Editorial: Emerging Multidrug-Resistant Bacterial Pathogens “Superbugs”: A Rising Public Health Threat. Frontiers in Microbiology, 14, Article ID: 1135614. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2023.1135614
Almagor, J., Temkin, E., Benenson, I., Fallach, N. and Carmeli, Y. (2018) The Impact of Antibiotic Use on Transmission of Resistant Bacteria in Hospitals: Insights from an Agent-Based Model. PLOS ONE, 13, e0197111. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0197111
Chokshi, A., Sifri, Z., Cennimo, D. and Horng, H. (2019) Global Contributors to Antibiotic Resistance. Journal of Global Infectious Diseases, 11, 36-42. https://doi.org/10.4103/jgid.jgid_110_18
Sreeja, M.K., Gowrishankar, N.L., Adisha, S. and Divya, K.C. (2017) Antibiotic Resistance-Reasons and the Most Common Resistant Pathogens—A Review. Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology, 10, 1886-1890. https://doi.org/10.5958/0974-360X.2017.00331.6
Friedman, N.D., Temkin, E. and Carmeli, Y. (2016) The Negative Impact of Antibiotic Resistance. Clinical Microbiology and Infection, 22, 416-422. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmi.2015.12.002
Sulis, G., Daniels, B., Kwan, A., Gandra, S., Daftary, A., Das, J., et al. (2020) Antibiotic Overuse in the Primary Health Care Setting: A Secondary Data Analysis of Standardised Patient Studies from India, China and Kenya. BMJ Global Health, 5, e003393. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2020-003393
Sulis, G., Sayood, S. and Gandra, S. (2022) Antimicrobial Resistance in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: Current Status and Future Directions. Expert Review of Anti-Infective Therapy, 20, 147-160. https://doi.org/10.1080/14787210.2021.1951705
Von Wintersdorff, C.J.H., Penders, J., Van Niekerk, J.M., Mills, N.D., Majumder, S., Van Alphen, L.B., et al. (2016) Dissemination of Antimicrobial Resistance in Microbial Ecosystems through Horizontal Gene Transfer. Frontiers in Microbiology, 7, Article No. 173. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2016.00173
Jordanwood, T., Nakyanzi, A., Pattnaik, A. and Ravishankar, N. (2020) How Primary Health Care Services Are Financed in Uganda: A Review of the Purchasing Landscape. 1-27. https://thinkwell.global/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/Uganda-Policy-Review_Final_21-Sept-2020-Final-.pdf
World Health Organization (2018) WHO Report on Surveillance of Antibiotic Consumption: 2016-2018 Early Implementation. https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/277359
Devriendt, T., Shabani, M. and Borry, P. (2021) Data Sharing in Biomedical Sciences: A Systematic Review of Incentives. Biopreservation and Biobanking, 19, 219-227. https://doi.org/10.1089/bio.2020.0037
Scheepers, L.N., Niesing, C.M. and Bester, P. (2023) Facilitators and Barriers to Implementing Antimicrobial Stewardship Programs in Public South African Hospitals. Antimicrobial Stewardship & Healthcare Epidemiology, 3, e34. https://doi.org/10.1017/ash.2022.355
Lambraki, I.A., Cousins, M., Graells, T., Leger, A., Henriksson, P., Harbarth, S., et al. (2022) Factors Influencing Antimicrobial Resistance in the European Food System and Potential Leverage Points for Intervention: A Participatory, One Health Study. PLOS ONE, 17, e0263914. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0263914
Tiong, J.J.L., Loo, J.S.E. and Mai, C.W. (2016) Global Antimicrobial Stewardship: A Closer Look at the Formidable Implementation Challenges. Frontiers in Microbiology, 7, Article No. 1860. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2016.01860
Steinmann, K.E., Lehnick, D., Buettcher, M., Schwendener-Scholl, K., Daetwyler, K., Fontana, M., et al. (2018) Impact of Empowering Leadership on Antimicrobial Stewardship: A Single Center Study in a Neonatal and Pediatric Intensive Care Unit and a Literature Review. Frontiers in Pediatrics, 6, Article No. 294. https://doi.org/10.3389/fped.2018.00294
Aika, I.N. and Enato, E. (2022) Health Care Systems Administrators Perspectives on Antimicrobial Stewardship and Infection Prevention and Control Programs across Three Healthcare Levels: A Qualitative Study. Antimicrobial Resistance & Infection Control, 11, Article No. 157. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13756-022-01196-7
Baraka, M.A., Alsultan, H., Alsalman, T., Alaithan, H., Islam, M.A. and Alasseri, A.A. (2019) Health Care Providers’ Perceptions Regarding Antimicrobial Stewardship Programs (AMS) Implementation-Facilitators and Challenges: A Cross-Sectional Study in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia. Annals of Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobials, 18, Article No. 26. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12941-019-0325-x
Charani, E., Smith, I., Skodvin, B., Perozziello, A., Lucet, J.C., Lescure, F.X., et al. (2019) Investigating the Cultural and Contextual Determinants of Antimicrobial Stewardship Programmes across Low-, Middle- and High-Income Countries—A Qualitative Study. PLOS ONE, 14, e0209847. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0209847
Hardefeldt, L.Y., Gilkerson, J.R., Billman-Jacobe, H., Stevenson, M.A., Thursky, K., Bailey, K.E., et al. (2018) Barriers to and Enablers of Implementing Antimicrobial Stewardship Programs in Veterinary Practices. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, 32, 1092-1099. https://doi.org/10.1111/jvim.15083
Kiggundu, R., Waswa, J.P., Nakambale, H.N., Kakooza, F., Kassuja, H., Murungi, M., et al. (2023) Development and Evaluation of a Continuous Quality Improvement Programme for Antimicrobial Stewardship in Six Hospitals in Uganda. BMJ Open Quality, 12, e002293. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjoq-2023-002293
Chetty, S., Reddy, M., Ramsamy, Y., Dlamini, V.C., Reddy-Naidoo, R. and Essack, S.Y. (2022) Antimicrobial Stewardship in Public-Sector Hospitals in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Antibiotics, 11, Article No. 881. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics11070881