Global Antimicrobial Stewardship, Surveillance, and Infection Prevention and Control Programs: Leveraging One Health, Nanotechnology, and Artificial Intelligence to Combat Antimicrobial Resistance in a Climate-Impacted World

Abstract

Introduction : Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) remains a critical global health issue contributing to increased morbidity and mortality. Antimicrobial stewardship (AMS), surveillance, and infection prevention and control (IPC) programs have been established and implemented to mitigate this crisis. Alongside this, advancements in nanotechnology and artificial intelligence (AI) or machine learning have enhanced academic tone and readability in combating AMR. This study employed a comprehensive narrative review approach to provide detailed evidence of AMS programs initiated to address AMR across One-Health sectors (human, animal, plant, and environmental health). Methods : A comprehensive narrative review was conducted to assess the global implementation of AMS, surveillance, and IPC programs, nanotechnology, and AI aimed at curtailing the rising prevalence of AMR. We also focused on the impacts of these AMS programs across diverse populations and settings. Relevant literature published between January 1995 and June 2025 was extracted from PubMed, Google Scholar, and Scopus databases. Results : The findings of this review demonstrate that AMS, surveillance, and IPC programs have been successfully established and implemented in some hospitals, community pharmacies, academic institutions, communities, and animal health. These programs have significantly promoted the rational use of antimicrobials in the One Health sector, prevented infections, reduced the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, improved adherence to treatment guidelines, awareness and knowledge of AMR, and patient outcomes. Advancements in technology, including nanotechnology and AI/machine learning, have shown promise in enhancing AMS and surveillance programs aimed at combating AMR. However, there is a dearth of empirical data on AMS activities within the environmental and animal health sectors, pointing out a critical gap in the One Health approach to AMR mitigation. Conclusions : This review underscores the importance of developing and implementing AMS, surveillance, and IPC programs as effective strategies to combat AMR using a One Health approach. Consequently, the study found very little information regarding AMS activities in the animal and environmental health sectors despite global problems as climate change. Notably, this study emphasizes the importance of embracing nanotechnology and AI within the healthcare system as innovative tools to combat AMR. It further highlights the need to promote integrated AMS, IPC, and surveillance programs across the One Health continuum, leveraging all available strategies to effectively combat AMR.