Background: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is important nosocomial pathogen. Aim: In this paper, we determined the prevalence and the antibiotic susceptibility pattern of (MRSA) in a Sudanese surgical ward. Method: A total of 200 post-operative surgical specimens were collected from patients hospitalized in gastrointestinal tract (GIT) surgical ward in Ibn Sina hospital, Khartoum, Sudan and were subjected to MRSA screening and sensitivity test. Key findings: Out of 35 strains of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from surgical samples, 25 (71.4%) were found to be MRSA. Almost all MRSA strains were resistance to Methicillin, 96% to Ofloxacin, 92% to Pencillin G, 24% to Amikacin and 4% to Vancomycin. Cross-resistance was obviously detected. Conclusion: The present study detected alarming levels of S. aureus (MRSA) isolates, at the same time presence of high cross-resistance to other antibiotics.
J. N. Sheagren, “Staphylococcus Aureus. The Persistent Pathogen,” New England Journal of Medicine, Vol. 310, 1984, pp. 1368-1373. doi:10.1056/NEJM198405243102107
A. McGeer, et al., “Defintions of Infection for Surveillance in Long-Term Care Facilities,” American Journal of Infection Control, Vol. 19, No. 1, 1991, pp. 1-7. doi:10.1016/0196-6553(91)90154-5
P. A. C. Maple, J. M. T. Hamilton-Miller and W. Brumfitt, “Worldwide Antibiotic Resistance in Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus,” Lancet, Vol. 1, 1989, pp. 537-540. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(89)90076-7
T. J. Foster, “The Staphylococcus Aureus (Super Bug),” Journal of clinical Investigation, Vol. 114, No. 12, 2004, pp. 1693-1696.
S. E. Cosgrove, G. Skoulas, E. N. Per-encevish, M. J. Schwaber, A. W. Karchmer and Y. Carmeli, “Comparison of Mortality Associated with Methicillin-Resistant and Methicillin-Susceptible Staphylococ-cus aureus Bactermia: A Meta-Analysis,” Clinical Infectious Diseases, Vol. 36, No. 1, 2003, pp. 53-59. doi:10.1086/345476
M. Whitby, M. L. McLaws and G. Berry, “Risk of Death from Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Bacteremia: A Meta-Analysis,” Medical Journal of Australia, Vol. 175, 2001, pp. 264-267.
A. P. Mehta, C. Rodrigues, K. Sheth, S. Jani, A. Hakimiyan and N. Fazalbhoy, “Control of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in a Tertiary Care Centre. A Five- Year Study,” Journal of Medical Microbiology, Vol. 16, 1998, pp. 31-34.
S. Anupurba, M. R. Sen, G. Nath, B. M. Sharma, A. K. Gulati and T. M. Mohapatra, “Prevelance of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in a Tertiary Care Referral Hospital in Eastern Uttar Pradesh,” Indian Jour-nal of Medical Microbiology, Vol. 21, No. 1, 2003, pp. 49-51.
G. Zanetti, S. J. Goldie and R. Platt, “Clinical Consequencies and Cost of Limiting Use of Vancomycin for Preoperative Prophylaxis: Example of Coro-nary Artery Bypass Surgery,” Emerging Infectious Diseases, Vol. 7, No. 5, 2001, pp. 820-827. doi:10.3201/eid0705.010508
C. Marshal, S. Wes-selingh, M. McDonald and D. Spelman, “Control of En-demic MRSA—What Is the Evidence? A Personal Review,” Journal of Hospital Infection, Vol. 56, No. 4, 2004, pp. 253-268.
H. Grundmann, M. Airesde-Sousa, J. Boyce and E. Tiemersma, “Emergence and Resurgence of Methicillin- Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus as a Public-Health Threat,” Lancet, Vol. 368, No. 9538, 2006, pp. 874-885. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(06)68853-3
S. I. Kheder, I. Eltayeb, S. A. I. Shaddad and E. Kheder, “Impact of An-tibiotic Cycling Policy in Antimicrobial Resistance in, Two Sudanese Surgical Wards Settings: Prospective Longitudinal Interventional Study,” Journal of Pharma-ceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Vol. 5, No. 7, 2011, pp. 1-10.
S. I. Kheder, “Antibiotic Utilization and Prescribers Adherence Measurements in a Sudanese Hospital Settings after Introducing Antibiotic Policy,” Sudan Medical Monitor, Vol. 6, No. 1, 2011, pp. 39-48.
M. Cheesbrough, “District Laboratory Practice in Tropical Countries Part (2),” Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1999.
National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards, “Performance Standards for An-timicrobial Disc Susceptibility Tests, Approved Standard M2-A6,” 6th Edition, NCCLS, Wayne, 1999.
J. M. Stelling and T. F. O’breien, “Suroveillance of Antimicro-bial Resistance: The WHONET Program,” Clinical Infectious Diseases, Vol. 24, Suppl. 1, 1997, pp. S157- S168. doi:10.1093/clinids/24.Supplement_1.S157
M. A. Alsadig, “Resistance of Pathogenic Bacteria to Antibiotics in Use in Hospitals and Community,” Council of Biological Sciences, New Technologies and Environment Tropical Medicine Programmers’ Khartoum, Sudan Academy of Sciences, SAS, 2007.
N. Pal and A. Ayyagari, “Drug Resistance Pattern of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus,” Indian Pediatrics, Vol. 28, 1991, pp. 731-733.
M. Borg, E. Scicluna, M. De Kraker, N. Van de Sande, E. Tiemersma, D. Gur, S. Ben Redjeb, O. Rasslan, Z. Elnassar, M. Benbachir, D. Pieridu Bagatzouni, K. Rahal, Z. Daoud, H. Grundmann and J. Monen, “Antibiotic Resistance in the Southeastern Mediterranean. Preliminary Results from AR Medical Project,” European Surveillance, Vol. 11, No. 7, 2006, pp. 164-167.
D. J. Diekema, M. A. Pfaller, F. J. Schmitz, J. Smayersky, J. Bell, R. N. Jones, M. Beech, and Sentry Partcipant Group, “Survey of Infections Due to Staphylococci Species: Frequency of Occurrence and Antim-icrobial Susceptibility of Isolates Collected in the United States, Canada, Latin America, Europe, and the Western Pacific Region for the Sentry Antimicrobial Surveillance Program, 1997- 1999,” Clinical Infectious Disease, Vol. 32, Suppl. 2, 2001, pp. S114-S132. doi:10.1086/320184
A. C. Fluit, C. L. Wielders, J. Verhoef and F.J. Schmitz, “Epidemiology and Susceptibility of 3051 S. aureus Isolates from 25 University Hospitals Participating in the Europen Sentry Study,” Journal of Clinical Microbiology, Vol. 39, 2001, pp. 3727-3732. doi:10.1128/JCM.39.10.3727-3732.2001
W. Witte, “Antibiotic Resistance in Gram-Positive Bacteria: Epidemiological Aspects,” Journal of Antimicrobial. Chemotherapy, Vol. 44, Suppl. 1, 1999, pp. 1-9. doi:10.1093/jac/44.suppl_1.1
S. I. Kheder, I. El-tayeb and S. A. I. Shaddad, “Evaluation of Hand Hygiene Adherence by Health Care Workers in a Secondary Sudanese Hospital Setting,” Sudan Medical Monitor, Vol. 6, No. 1, 2011, pp. 7-12.
H. S. Gold and R. C. Moellering, “Antimicrobial-Drug Resistance,” New England Journal of Medicine, Vol. 335, 1996, pp. 1445-1453. doi:10.1056/NEJM199611073351907
H. Badawi, M. S. Diab and M. Elsaid, “Impact of Antibiotic Policy in a Tertiary Care Research Institute Hospital in Egypt: Three Years Experience,” International Journal of Infection Control, Vol. 3, No. 2, 2007, pp. 1-7. doi:10.3396/03-01-10-07
M. G. Hughes, H. L. Ev-ans, T. W. Chong, R. L. Smith and R. G. Sawyer, “Effect of an Intensive Care Rotating Empiric Antibiotic Schedule on the Development of Hospital-Acquired Infections on the Non-Intensive Care Unit Ward,” Critical Care Medicine, Vol. 32, No. 1, 2004, pp. 53-60. doi:10.1097/01.CCM.0000104463.55423.EF
S. I. Kheder, I. Eltayeb, S. A. I. Shaddad and E. Kheder, “Ef-fect of Antibiotic Rotation Protocol on the Development of Hospital Acquired Infections in Hospital Surgical Units in Sudan,” Sudan Medical Monitor, Vol. 5, No. 4, 2010, pp. 165-173